Web development system project report.pdf

1
AN
INTERNSHIP REPORT
ON
WEB DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM PROJECT
REPORT
BY
KAMAL ACHARYA
(Tribhuvan University)
Date: 2022/02/30

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ABSTRACT
Currently the development and creation of websites is imposed on the world as a
technological tool to unite the regions, create businesses, support companies, be displayed
in the market and infinity of applications according to the perspectives of people and their
scope, finding on the internet, a vital source of job creation, efficient and intelligent
businesses and great help in achieving objectives and approaches.
Web development in recent decades has been transforming and driving the
evolution of the Internet, every day greater progress on this issue, directly involving the
ingenuity of the developer on the subject.
With the passing of time, new steps are being taken in search of a more stable,
creative and efficient web environment where user interaction with the network is simple
and practical for users.
The web entrepreneur must know deeply about the design of virtual spaces, having
clear the minimum requirements for the creation of sites, where the priority is the
information and the use of it creating rapid and efficient exchange methods, to carry out
projects that comply with the required guidelines; One of the tasks is to create systems that
generate solutions to problems related to communication, currently based on the use of the
Internet.
In order for websites to be dynamic and efficient, very specific and relevant aspects
must be taken into account for the proper use of this technology, both the technical part
and the use of external resources, it is not the same to see a website in the city where data
transfer resources are high to visualize it in rural environments where resources are limited
or nonexistent, this is one of the great risks that are faced, which can lead to losing interest
in it because it is not accessible , so the planning is vital for the good performance of the
same in environments of different characteristics being just one of the problems that can
affect the creation of a website.

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INSTITUTE PROFILE
Gems IT Expert`
Gems IT Expert has been founded by group of senior IT Professionals. Right from the
inception of this start up, Gems IT Expert has prospered by leaps and bounds in technology
products and critical solutions. Our technologies are acknowledged by leading names of
the industry such as Sun Microsystems, Oracle, and Computer Associates etc.
From innovative ideas to their implementation and thereafter, Gems IT Expert offers all
business transformation outsourcing services to clients under one flagship in four different
phases of consulting, developing, outsourcing and training
LOGIC BUILDING
Coding in its most essential form is nothing but problem solving. It deals with figuring out
logical solutions and implementing them optimally. The process of learning to code,
transforms a person into an analytical thinker with strong mathematical and logical skills.
CAREER TRANSFORMATION
Having been a standalone field for a long time, the software industry has now come neck
to neck with most of the other industries by close coordination and easy integration. From
the smallest light bulb to the most massive aircrafts, every industry is now implementing
the use of computer programming for the convenience of the end user. A good command
over coding can thus open a wide variety of employment opportunities.
GLOBAL IMPACT
Computer programming these days is also being used to address some of the biggest issues
that humankind is facing with like climate change, healthcare, education and many more.
More than being a developer or a designer, knowledge of coding can also help you become
the harbinger of the change that you want to see.

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Index
CERTIFICATE
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
Chapter 1 Introduction to Machine Learning
1.1 WHY MACHINE LEARNING?
Chapter 2 Learning means?
2.1 THE ARCHITECTURE OF A LEARNING AGENT
Chapter 3 History of Machine leaning
3.1 The Neural Modeling (Self Organized System)
3.2 The Symbolic Concept Acquisition Paradigm
3.3 The Modern Knowledge-Intensive Paradigm
Chapter 4 Wellsprings of Machine Learning
4.1 Statistics
4.2 Brain Models
4.3 Adaptive Control Theory
4.4 Psychological Models
4.5 Artificial Intelligence
4.6 Evolutionary Models
Chapter 5 Machine Learning Overview
5.1 The Aim of Machine Learning
5.2 Machine Learning as a Science
Chapter 6 Classification of Machine Learning
Chapter 7 Types of Machine Learning Algorithms
7.1 Algorithm Types
7.2 Machine Learning Applications
7.3 Examples of Machine Learning Problems
Chapter 8 Future Directions
PROJECT DISCUSSION AND SNAPSHOTS
WEEKLY JOBS SUMMARY
REFERENCES

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Chapter 1
Introduction to Web Development
Among web professionals, "web development" usually refers to the main non-design
aspects of building web sites: writing markup and coding. Web development may use content
management systems (CMS) to make content changes easier and available with basic
technical skills.
Web development can range from developing a simple single static page of plain text
to complex web-based internet applications (web apps), electronic businesses, and social
network services. A more comprehensive list of tasks to which web development commonly
refers, may include web engineering, web design, web content development, client liaison,
client-side/server-side scripting, web server and network security configuration, and e-
commerce development.
DEFINATION: Web development is the work involved in developing a web site for the
Internet (World Wide Web) or an intranet (a private network).
For larger organizations and businesses, web development teams can consist of
hundreds of people (web developers) and follow standard methods like Agile methodologies
while developing websites. Smaller organizations may only require a single permanent or
contracting developer, or secondary assignment to related job positions such as a graphic
designer or information systems technician. Web development may be a collaborative effort
between departments rather than the domain of a designated department.
1.1 WHY WEB DEVELOPMENT?
To answer this question, we should look at two issues:
(1). What are the goals of Web Development
(2). Why these goals are important and desirable

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1.1.1 The Goals of Web Development
One of the greatest advances in technological tools has been the use of the Internet, due
to its rapid reception, its transfer speeds and the effectiveness of resources, since access
to its different applications is almost immediate, information of any content can be found
, in any class and of any kind, it is important to set clear goals and objectives, in the
creation of websites defining the service and use that will be given to the information,
having a clear vision of the type of audience that will host these pages and will be
potential users of them.
Currently the development and creation of websites is imposed on the world as a
technological tool to unite the regions, create businesses, support companies, be
displayed in the market and infinity of applications according to the perspectives of
people and their scope, finding on the internet, a vital source of job creation, efficient and
intelligent businesses and great help in achieving objectives and approaches.
Web development in recent decades has been transforming and driving the evolution of
the Internet, every day greater progress on this issue, directly involving the ingenuity of
the developer on the subject.
With the passing of time, new steps are being taken in search of a more stable, creative
and efficient web environment where user interaction with the network is simple and
practical for users.
1.1.2 Why the goals of Web-D are important and desirable.
It is self-evident that the goals of Web-D are important and desirable. However, we still
give some more supporting argument to this issue.
First of all, the web entrepreneur must know deeply about the design of virtual spaces,
having clear the minimum requirements for the creation of sites, where the priority is the
information and the use of it creating rapid and efficient exchange methods, to carry out
projects that comply with the required guidelines; One of the tasks is to create systems
that generate solutions to problems related to communication, currently based on the use
of the Internet.

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In order for websites to be dynamic and efficient, very specific and relevant aspects must
be taken into account for the proper use of this technology, both the technical part and the
use of external resources, it is not the same to see a website in the city where data transfer
resources are high to visualize it in rural environments where resources are limited or
nonexistent, this is one of the great risks that are faced, which can lead to losing interest
in it because it is not accessible , so the planning is vital for the good performance of the
same in environments of different characteristics being just one of the problems that can
affect the creation of a website.
The implementation of new updates, allow developers to be proactive in the solution and
implementation of new designs more effective and competitive, leading by new
directions in search of a final product according to the needs of each new user, where the
marketing of These pages require web designers innovation in creation. You should have
ideas that awaken in the users an interest when exploring these proposals.
The stages of development of current websites and their programming languages are very
complex because of their extensive and varied code. Therefore, it is necessary to know
tools that are currently available to dynamically develop web pages.
For the initiation of website design it is very important to have knowledge bases in the
use of the programming language, both in HTML and other tools such as PHP, JAVA-
SCRIPT, Dreamweaver, among others. They are a very interesting tool that induces joint
work in the wonderful world of web page design, with the appropriation and correct
handling of the tools, you can get to operate innovative and creative designs when
marketing and offering the products made.
The network is a mechanism where information is stored and processed at great speeds,
mostly handled through web pages, where daily users perform a number of operations
according to their web management.

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Chapter 2
Web Development Overview
There are two broad divisions of web development –
(1) Front-end development (also called client-side development)
(2) Back-end development (also called server-side development).
Front-end development refers to constructing what a user sees when they load a web
application – the content, design and how you interact with it. This is done with three
codes – HTML, CSS and JavaScript.
 HTML – All code in a web application is eventually translated to HTML. It’s the
language that web browsers understand and use to display information to users. A web
developer’s understanding of HTML is analogous to a carpenter’s understanding of a
screwdriver. It’s so important and necessary that it’s often assumed for employment.
 CSS – By itself, HTML is quite plain. HTML does provide some basic style options, but
to build a good frontend, developers must have experience with CSS. CSS provides the
paint, templates, glitter, buttons, tassel, lights, and many other things that can be used to
improve the presentation of a web page. CSS is so commonly used that languages have
been built to make writing CSS easier. These languages – like Sass and LESS – are also
known as CSS precompilers, but they are simply used to write more efficient and
manageable CSS code.
 JavaScript – If you could only learn one language in your lifetime, you’d be well-
advised to choose JavaScript. Though it’s not exclusively a frontend language, that’s
where it’s most commonly used. JavaScript is a language that is run on a client machine,
i.e. a user’s computer. This means that JavaScript can be used to program fast, intuitive
and fun user experiences, without forcing a user to refresh their web page. Drag-and-
drop, infinite-scroll and videos that come to life on a web page can all be programmed
with JavaScript. Frameworks like Angular, Ember, React and Backbone are all very
widely used for JavaScript-heavy frontends.

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Here’s an example. Say you log into your Facebook account, and you are greeted with
the latest updates in your News Feed. They’re not going to be the same updates that you
saw yesterday.
How did the page change? Did a Facebook employee manually edit the page to update
your news feed? Of course not. A script on the Facebook back-end would have received
the updates and re-generated the front-end accordingly.
Back-end scripts are written in many different coding languages and frameworks, such as…
 PHP
 Ruby on Rails
 ASP.NET
 Perl
 Java
 Node.js
 Python
Back-end Development is the term used for the behind-the-scenes activities that happen
when performing any action on a website. It can be logging in to your account or
purchasing a watch from an online store.
Backend developer focuses on databases, scripting, and the architecture of websites.
Code written by back-end developers helps to communicate the database information to
the browser. Most common example of Backend programming is when you are reading
an article on the blog. The fonts, colors, designs, etc. constitute the frontend of this page.
While the content of the article is rendered from a server and fetched from a database.
This is the backend part of the application
The backend of a web application is an enabler for a frontend experience. An
application’s frontend may be the most beautifully crafted web page, but if the
application itself doesn’t work, the application will be a failure. The backend of an
application is responsible for things like calculations, business logic, database
interactions, and performance. Most of the code that is required to make an application

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work will be done on the backend. Backend code is run on the server, as opposed to the
client. This means that backend developers not only need to understand programming
languages and databases, but they must have an understanding of server architecture as
well. If an application is slow, crashes often, or constantly throws errors at users, it’s
likely because of backend problems.
Backend development is not all ones and zeros though. Much like frontend development,
backend development has a human aspect to it as well. Since most of the code for an
application is written on the backend, it should be easy to understand and work with.
Most backend languages – like Ruby and Python – have standardized styles and idioms
that make reading and writing code more efficient and enjoyable.
2.1 The Architecture of a PHP Web Application

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Chapter-3
INTRODUCTION TO HTML
HTML is a Hypertext MarkupLanguage for describing web documents (web pages).
 HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
 HTML describes the structure of a Web page
 HTML consists of a series of elements
 HTML elements tell the browser how to display the content
 HTML elements are represented by tags
 HTML tags label pieces of content such as "heading", "paragraph", "table", and so on
 Browsers do not display the HTML tags, but use them to render the content of the page
Basics of HTML
Syntax:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Heading</h1>
<p>Paragraph</p>
</body>
</html>
Syntax Explained:
 The <!DOCTYPE html> declaration defines this document to be HTML5
 The <html> element is the root element of an HTML page
 The <head> element contains meta information about the document
 The <title> element specifies a title for the document
 The <body> element contains the visible page content
 The <h1> element defines a large heading
 The <p> element defines a paragraph

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Paragraphs Tag: The <p> tag defines a paragraph. Browsers automatically add some
space (margin) before and after each <p> element. The margins can be modified with CSS
(with the margin properties).
Line Breaks: The <br> tag inserts a single line break. The <br> tag is an empty tag which
means that it has no end tag.
Headings: Headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.<h1> defines the most
important heading. <h6> defines the least important heading.
Strong and Emphasized text: The <em> tag is a phrase tag. It renders as emphasized text.
The <strong> tag defines important text.
Html Formatting Tag: HTML uses tags like <b> and <i> for formatting output,
like bold and italic text respectively.
HTML Lists
Unordered HTML Lists: An unordered list starts with the <ul> tag. Each list item starts
with the <li> tag. The list items will be marked with bullets (small black circles).
Ordered HTML Lists: An ordered list starts with the <ol> tag. Each list item starts with
the <li> tag. The list items will be marked with numbers.
HTML Description Lists: A description list , is a list of terms, with a description of each
term. The <dl> tag defines a description list. The <dt> tag defines the term (name), and
the <dd> tag defines the data (description).
HTML Images: In HTML, images are defined with the <img> tag. The <img> tag is
empty, it contains attributes only, and does not have a closing tag. The src attribute defines
the url (web address) of the image
Syntax:-<img src="url" alt="some_text">

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HTML Links: HTML links are hyperlinks. A hyperlink is an element, a text, or an image
that you can click on, and jump to another document.
Syntax:-<a href="url">link text</a>
HTML Tables: Tables are defined with the <table> tag. Tables are divided into table
rows with the <tr> tag. Table rows are divided into table data with the <td> tag. A table
row can also be divided into table headings with the <th> tag.
HTML Forms
HTML forms are used to pass data to a server. An HTML form can contain input elements
like text fields, checkboxes, radio-buttons, submit buttons and more. A form can also
contain select lists, textarea, fieldset, legend, and label elements. The <form> tag is used
to create an HTML form:
<form>
input elements
</form>
The Input Element: The most important form element is the <input> element. The
<input> element is used to select user information. An <input> element can vary in many
ways, depending on the type attribute. An <input> element can be of type text field,
checkbox, password, radio button, submit button, and more. The most common input types
are described below:
<input type="text"> defines a one-line input field that a user can enter text into:
Example:
<form>
First name: <input type="text" name="firstname"><br/>
Last name: <input type="text" name="lastname">
</form>

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Output:
Password Field: <input type="password"> defines a password field:
Example:
<form>
Password: <input type="password" name="pwd">
</form>
Output:
Radio Buttons: <input type="radio"> defines a radio button. Radio buttons let a user select
ONLY ONE of a limited number of choices:
Example:
<form>
<input type="radio" name="sex" value="male">Male<br/>
<input type="radio" name="sex" value="female">Female
</form>
Output:

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Checkboxes Buttons: <input type="checkbox"> defines a checkbox. Checkboxes let a
user select ZERO or MORE options of a limited number of choices.
Example:
<form>
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Bike">I have a bike<br/>
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Car">I have a car
</form>
Output:
HTML Headings
HTML headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.
<h1> defines the most important heading. <h6> defines the least important heading:
Example:
<h1>This is heading 1</h1>

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Output:
HTML Links
HTML links are defined with the <a> tag:
The link's destination is specified in the href attribute.
Attributes are used to provide additional information about HTML elements
Example:
<a href="#">This is a link</a>
Output:

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Chapter-4
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)
 CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets
 CSS describes how HTML elements are to be displayed on screen, paper, or in other
media
 CSS saves a lot of work. It can control the layout of multiple web pages all at once
 External stylesheets are stored in CSS files
Why Use CSS?
CSS is used to define styles for your web pages, including the design, layout and
variations in display for different devices and screen sizes.
HTML was NEVER intended to contain tags for formatting a web page!
HTML was created to describe the content of a web page, like:
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
When tags like <font>, and color attributes were added to the HTML 3.2 specification, it
started a nightmare for web developers. Development of large websites, where fonts and
color information were added to every single page, became a long and expensive process.
To solve this problem, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) created CSS.
CSS removed the style formatting from the HTML page!
CSS is mainly of 3 types:-
1. Inline CSS.
2. Internal CSS.

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3. External CSS.
Inline CSS
I have not mentioned them until now because in a way they defeat the purpose of using
CSS in the first place. Inline styles are defined right in the (X)HTML file alongside the
element you want to style.
See example below.
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<p style=”color:blue”>hello</p>
<h1 style=”font-family:arial”>Baby</h1>
</body>
</html>
Internal Css
First we will explore the internal method. This way you are simply placing the CSS code
within the <head></head> tags of each (X)HTML file you
want to style with the CSS.
The format for this is shown in the example below.
<html>
<head>
<style>
h1{
Color:blue;
Font-family:Times new Roman;}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>HTML stands for Hyper Text markup language</h1>
</body>
</html>
External CSS
An external CSS file can be created with any text or HTML editor such as "Notepad" or
"Dreamweaver". A CSS file contains no (X) HTML, only CSS. You simply save it with

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the .css file extension. You can link to the file externally by placing one of the following
links in the head section of every (X)HTML file you want to style with the CSS file.
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="Path To stylesheet.css" />
By using an external style sheet, all of your (X)HTML files link to one CSS file in order to
style the pages. This means, that if you need to alter the design of all your pages, you only
need to edit one .css file to make global changes to your entire website. Here are a few
reasons this is better.
(1) Easier Maintenance
(2) Reduced File Size
(3) Reduced Bandwidth
(4) Improved Flexibility
CSS Syntax
A CSS rule-set consists of a selector and a declaration block:
The selector points to the HTML element you want to style.
The declaration block contains one or more declarations separated by semicolons.
Each declaration includes a CSS property name and a value, separated by a colon.
A CSS declaration always ends with a semicolon, and declaration blocks are surrounded
by curly braces.
Example
In this example all <p> elements will be center-aligned, with a red text color:

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p {
color: red;
text-align: center;
}
Output:
CSS Selectors
CSS selectors are used to "find" (or select) the HTML elements you want to style.
We can divide CSS selectors into five categories:
 Simple selectors (select elements based on name, id, class)
 Combinator selectors (select elements based on a specific relationship between them)
 Pseudo-class selectors (select elements based on a certain state)
 Pseudo-elements selectors (select and style a part of an element)
 Attribute selectors (select elements based on an attribute or attribute value)
Note: The universal selector (*) selects all HTML elements on the page.
Example The CSS rule below will affect every HTML element on the page:
* {
text-align: center;
color: blue;
}

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Chapter-5
JAVASCRIPT
JavaScript was released by Netscape and Sun Microsystems in 1995. However,
JavaScript is not the same thing as Java.
It is a programming language. It is an interpreted language. It is object-based
programming. It is widely used and supported. It is accessible to the beginner.
Why JavaScript ?
JavaScript is one of the 3 languages all web developers must learn:
1. HTML to define the content of web pages
2. CSS to specify the layout of web pages
3. JavaScript to program the behavior of web pages
Web pages are not the only place where JavaScript is used. Many desktop and server
programs use JavaScript. Node.js is the best known. Some databases, like MongoDB and
CouchDB, also use JavaScript as their programming language.
Uses of JavaScript
• Use it to add multimedia elements
With JavaScript you can show, hide, change, resize images, and create image rollovers.
You can create scrolling text across the status bar.
• Create pages dynamically
Based on the user's choices, the date, or other external data, JavaScript can produce pages
that are customized to the user.
• Interact with the user
It can do some processing of forms and can validate user input when the user submits the
form.

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Writing JavaScript
JavaScript code is typically embedded in the HTML, to be interpreted and run by the
client's browser. Here are some tips to remember when writing JavaScript commands.
• JavaScript code is case sensitive
• White space between words and tabs are ignored
• Line breaks are ignored except within a statement
• JavaScript statements end with a semi colon (;)
What JavaScript can do?
1. JavaScript Can Change HTML Content
One of many JavaScript HTML methods is getElementById().
This example uses the method to "find" an HTML element (with id="demo") and
changes the element content (innerHTML) to "Hello JavaScript":
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = "Hello
JavaScript";
2. JavaScript Can Change HTML Styles (CSS)
Changing the style of an HTML element, is a variant of changing an HTML attribute:
document.getElementById("demo").style.fontSize = "35px";
3. JavaScript Can Hide HTML Elements
Hiding HTML elements can be done by changing the display style:
document.getElementById("demo").style.display = "none";
The <script> Tag
In HTML, JavaScript code must be inserted between <script> and </script> tags.
<script>
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = "My First JavaScript";
</script>

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JavaScript in <head> or <body>
You can place any number of scripts in an HTML document.
Scripts can be placed in the <body>, or in the <head> section of an HTML page, or in
both.
JavaScript in <head>
In this example, a JavaScript function is placed in the <head> section of an HTML page.
The function is invoked (called) when a button is clicked:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<script>
function myFunction() {
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = "Paragraph After.";
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<h1>A Web Page</h1>
<p id="demo">Paragraph Before</p>
<button type="button" onclick="myFunction()">Try it</button>
</body>
</html>
Output:
External JavaScript
Scripts can also be placed in external files:
External file: myScript.js

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function myFunction() {
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = "Paragraph changed.";
}
External scripts are practical when the same code is used in many different web pages.
JavaScript files have the file extension .js. To use an external script, put the name of the
script file in the src (source) attribute of a <script> tag:
Example
<script src="myScript.js"></script>
You can place an external script reference in <head> or <body> as you like. The script will
behave as if it was located exactly where the <script> tag is located. External scripts cannot
contain <script> tags.
External JavaScript Advantages
Placing scripts in external files has some advantages:
 It separates HTML and code
 It makes HTML and JavaScript easier to read and maintain
 Cached JavaScript files can speed up page loads
To add several script files to one page - use several script tags:
Example
<script src="myScript1.js"></script>
<script src="myScript2.js"></script>
External References
External scripts can be referenced with a full URL or with a path relative to the current
web page. This example uses a full URL to link to a script:
Example
<script src="https://www.w3schools.com/js/myScript1.js"></script>

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Chapter-6
PHP (HyperText Pre-Processor)
What is PHP?
 PHP is an acronym for "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor"
 PHP is a widely-used, open source scripting language
 PHP scripts are executed on the server
 PHP is free to download and use
PHP is an amazing and popular language. It is powerful enough to be at the core of the
biggest blogging system on the web (WordPress). It is deep enough to run the largest
social network (Facebook). It is also easy enough to be a beginner's first server side
language.
What is a PHP File?
 PHP files can contain text, HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and PHP code
 PHP code are executed on the server, and the result is returned to the browser as plain
HTML
 PHP files have extension ".php"
What Can PHP Do?
 PHP can generate dynamic page content
 PHP can create, open, read, write, delete, and close files on the server
 PHP can collect form data
 PHP can send and receive cookies
 PHP can add, delete, modify data in your database
 PHP can be used to control user-access
 PHP can encrypt data

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With PHP you are not limited to output HTML. You can output images, PDF files, and
even flash movies. You can also output any text, such as XHTML and XML.
Why PHP?
 PHP runs on various platforms (Windows, Linux, Unix, Mac OS X, etc.)
 PHP is compatible with almost all servers used today (Apache, IIS, etc.)
 PHP supports a wide range of databases
 PHP is free. Download it from the official PHP resource: www.php.net
 PHP is easy to learn and runs efficiently on the server side
What's new in PHP 7
 PHP 7 is much faster than the previous popular stable release (PHP 5.6)
 PHP 7 has improved Error Handling
 PHP 7 supports stricter Type Declarations for function arguments
 PHP 7 supports new operators (like the spaceship operator: <=> )
Instead of lots of commands to output HTML (as seen in C or Perl), PHP pages contain
HTML with embedded code that does "something" (in this case, output "Hi, I'm a PHP
script!"). The PHP code is enclosed in special start and end processing instructions <?php
and ?> that allow you to jump into and out of "PHP mode." What distinguishes PHP from
something like client-side JavaScript is that the code is executed on the server, generating
HTML which is then sent to the client. The client would receive the results of running
that script, but would not know what the underlying code was. You can even configure
your web server to process all your HTML files with PHP, and then there's really no way
that users can tell what you have up your sleeve.
The best things in using PHP are that it is extremely simple for a newcomer, but offers
many advanced features for a professional programmer. Don't be afraid reading the long
list of PHP's features. You can jump in, in a short time, and start writing simple scripts in
a few hours. Although PHP's development is focused on server-side scripting, you can
do much more with it.

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A PHP script is executed on the server, and the plain HTML result is sent back to the
browser.
Basic PHP Syntax
A PHP script can be placed anywhere in the document. A PHP script starts with <?php
and ends with ?>:
<?php
// PHP code goes here
?>
The default file extension for PHP files is ".php". A PHP file normally contains HTML
tags, and some PHP scripting code. Below, we have an example of a simple PHP file,
with a PHP script that uses a built-in PHP function "echo" to output the text "Hello
World!" on a web page:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>My first PHP page</h1>
<?php
echo "Hello World!";
?>
</body>
</html>
Note: PHP statements end with a semicolon (;).

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PHP Case Sensitivity
In PHP, NO keywords (e.g. if, else, while, echo, etc.), classes, functions, and user-defined
functions are case-sensitive. In the example below, all three echo statements below are
equal and legal:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<?php
ECHO "Hello World!<br>";
echo "Hello World!<br>";
EcHo "Hello World!<br>";
?>
</body>
</html>
Look at the example below; only the first statement will display the value of the $color
variable! This is because $color, $COLOR, and $coLOR are treated as three different
variables:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<?php
$color = "red";
echo "My car is " . $color . "<br>";
echo "My house is " . $COLOR . "<br>";
echo "My boat is " . $coLOR . "<br>";
?>
</body>
</html>

29
Chapter-7
Project Discussion and Snapshots
Today Online Examination System has become a fast growing examination method
because of its speed and accuracy. It is also needed less manpower to execute the
examination. Almost all organizations now-a-days, are conducting their objective exams
by online examination system, it saves students time in examinations. Organizations can
also easily check the performance of the student that they give in an examination. As a
result of this, organizations are releasing results in less time. It also helps the environment
by saving paper.
According to today’s requirement, online examination project in php is very useful to
learn it.
What is an Online Examination System?
In an online examination system examine get their user id and password with his/her
admit card. This id is already saved in the examination server. When examine login to the
server he/she get his/her profile already register. On the certain time examine gets the
message to start the examination. All answers given by examine are saved into the server
with his/her profile information. Online examination system also allows to correct the
answer if the examine needed to change any answer in the examination time duration,
however, after the time duration any change will not allow. This also makes c checking
the answer easy and error proof as computers are more accurate than man and provide
fast results too. Php is a web base language so we can create an online examination
system in PHP.
Administrator of Online Examination has multiple features such as Add, Delete, Update
Topics and Question.
To Login as Admin put inside your browser "www.applicationname/admin"

30
The user will automatically get the updated version by logging using the user
ID and Password provided at the time of registration.
No need of reprinting, appearance, vigilance and the job is done.
Online examination system features
1. Login system must be present and secured by password.
2. Ability to save the answer given by the candidate along with the question.
3. Answer checking system should be available.
4. Could Update Profile
5. Log out after the over.
6. Admin Panel
Project objective:
Online examination system is a non removable examination pattern of today’s life. We
need more time saving and more accurate examination system as the number of
applicants is increasing day by day. For all IT students and professionals, it is very
important to have some basic understanding about the online examination system.
TECHNOLOGIES USED
1. Tools to Be Used
 Database design:- MySQL
 Website design:- Bootstrap with Custom Designing using CSS3, Wordpress
 Coding(logic):- PHP and JavaScript
 Server:- XAMPP
 Platform:- Windows
 Application:-Notepad++

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2. Requirements and setting up system for PHP development
 What we need to know:
Designing part of the website is done with the help of Bootstrap 4.0 and CSS3 and
for the database designing we use My SQL
 What we need to have (System Requirements):
To run Website we need a browser and to code we need application like
Notepad++,atom, etc.
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
1. Software Requirements
Initially we need to have a development machine that is running any of the following
operating systems:
 Windows XP, Vista, Windows 7, 8
 Development environment (Notepad++).
 XAMPP server.
2. Software Requirement Analysis: The software requirement specification is produced
at the culmination of the analysis task. The function and performance allocated to
software as part of system engineering are refined by establishing a complete
information description, a detailed functional description, a representation of system
behavior, an indication of performance requirement and design constraints appropriate
validation criteria, and other information pertinent to requirement.
The introduction to software requirements specification states the goals and objectives
of the software, describing it in the context of the computer based system. The
Information Description provides a detailed description of the problem that the
software must solve. Information content, flow and structure are documented.

32
SNAPSHOTS
1) Home Page
2) Registration Page

33
3) LogIn page for an Adminstrator
4) Dashboard for creating the test with Test_name and Description about the test

34
5) Creating Multiple Choice Questions
6) Giving the Online Test as an registered user

35
7) Result Page after giving the online test
8) Varity of tests to choose from

36
WEEKLY REPORT
WEEK: 1
Description of activity, task, duty or Performed with Performed Time Spent
responsibility team Alone
Introduction to HTML Yes 1 lecture
Basic Tags and HTML Lists Yes 1 lecture
HTML Tables and Attributes Yes 1 lecture
Introduction to Forms and Form Yes 1 lecture
Validation
List one thing that went particularly well this week (area of improvement, new task, etc.)
=>HTML overview and basics of Front-End Web Development
List one thing that was the most challenging this week (issue, problem, difficulty, etc.)
=>It’s all related to basics
List one way you can improve your performance:
=>By practicing HTML

37
WEEK: 2
Description of activity, task, duty or Performed with Performed Time Spent
CSS Basics Yes 1 lecture
Floating Yes 1 lecture
Styling Texts Yes 1 lecture
Text and Fonts using Google Fonts Yes 1 lecture
=>Floating is quite interesting
=>There was some issue in understanding up the float property
=>By practicing CSS

38
WEEK: 3
Description of activity,task,duty or Performed with Performed Time Spent
Introduction To Javascript Section Yes 1 lecture
Manipulating Styles With Javascript Yes 1 lecture
If else and Loops Yes 1 lecture
Functions and External JS Yes 1 lecture
=>JavaScript Functions was pretty interesting topic
=>There were some difficulties in Control Flow in JavaScript
=>By optimizing the algorithms in JS

39
WEEK: 4
Introduction To jQuery Section Yes 1 lecture
Changing Website Content Yes 1 lecture
Animating Content Yes 1 lecture
Regular Expressions and Yes 1 lecture
Form Validation
=>Animation was a pretty new concept
=> There were some difficulties in Draggables & Resizables
=>By analyzing AJAX

40
WEEK: 5
Introduction To PHP Yes 1 lecture
GET and POST variables Yes 1 lecture
Loops in PHP Yes 1 lecture
Introduction to phpMyAdmin Yes 1 lecture
=> phpMySQL was easy
=> There were some difficulties in GET and POST variables
=>By analyzing the problems in GET and POST variables

41
WEEK: 4
Connecting and Retrieving Data from
A Database Yes 1 lecture
Inserting And Updating Data Yes 1 lecture
Session Variables and Cookies Yes 1 lecture
Project-eCommerce Website Yes 1 lecture
=>SQL was easy
=> There were some difficulties with Session Variables and Cookies
=>By practicing by making projects.

42
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
From this summer training and the project, we are able to experience a technology which is Web
Development. We are confident enough to tack the real-life problems or task based on the
supervised and unsupervised learning. A website is the representation of the business online.
These days, every business realizes the need for having a website and are putting in efforts to
design and develop the best site for taking their products or services online. This is where we can
see a great deal of scope for web development and design
.
With the tremendous progress in the launch of websites, people who can create exemplary
designs and platforms for their online presence is what businesses are searching for. Web
developers and designers are bringing in all the best of their technical expertise and skills to
develop and unique design websites that are and capable of pulling the crowd.
Most web developers and designers are familiar with the latest tools, techniques, technologies,
and frameworks that will help them get beautiful sites up in a short span of time. The
development time of websites has come down with the agile technologies that make
development easier. Here, we will cover the scope and future of web development.

43
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