2. Course Objectives
Discuss Fundamental Concepts of Information
Technology (IT)
Show how Computers are Used as Practical Tools for
Solving Personal, Business, and Academic Problems
Learn Basic Computer Skills that Enables the Students
Explore IT World
Enabling students to work with various office software's
3. Course Contents
Introduction to IT
Computing & Communication
Understanding Computer
Difference between Data & Information
Number System
Peripheral Devices
Connectivity, Interactivity & Multimedia
Internet Access Devices
World Wide Web
Browsers & Search Engines
Web Page Basic Design
Application Software
Microsoft Office
System Unit
Storage Devices
Input Devices
Output Devices
Telecommunications
Digital Communication
Networks & Protocols
Databases
Computer Security
E-Commerce
Artificial Intelligence
System Development
Operating Systems
Hardware Technology
4. Books
Reference Books
Peter Norton’s Introduction to Computers latest
Edition
Computer Fundamentals by P.K. Sinha
www.howstuffworks.com
www.whatis.com
6. Rules
No late work will be accepted (unless arrangements have
been made in advance)
Ask questions; participate actively in class
Turn off Cell Phones in the Class and Lab
You are responsible for what is covered in class – even if
you don’t show up
Deficiency in attendance may lead to termination
or relegation
You are encouraged to help each other with your homework
assignments – but you must turn in your own work
Plagiarism is not allowed
If you are found to be cheating, you will fail at least the
assignment / test and perhaps the entire class
8. Characteristics of a Computer
SPEED : In general, no human being can compete
to solving the complex computation, faster than
computer.
ACCURACY : Since Computer is programmed, so
what ever input we give it gives result with accuracy.
STORAGE : Computer can store mass storage of
data with appropriate format.
9. DILIGENCE : Computer can work for hours
without any break and creating error.
VERSATILITY : We can use computer to perform
completely different type of work at the same time.
POWER OF REMEMBERING : It can remember
data for us.
10. NO IQ : Computer does not work without
instruction.
NO FEELING : Computer does not have emotions,
knowledge, experience, feeling.
11. Computer
• Word computer came from the word ‘compute’ which
means to calculate
• Thereby, computer is an electronic device that performs
arithmetic operations at a very high speed
• Also called data processor because it can process, store and
retrieve data whenever required
12. Data Processing
Data is a raw material used as an input and
information is a processed data obtained as an
output of data processing.
13. Computers In History
A computer is something that computes.
Up until the end of World War II, a computer was a person
who computed. She might use a pencil (a pen if she were
particularly confident of her results), and even a
mechanical calculator.
The early machines for mathematics were once all known as
calculators.
Charles Babbage, a 19th-century English country gentleman
conceived the idea of a machine that would replace the
human computers used to calculate values.
14. Computers In History
Babbage foresaw his mechanical computer-replacement as
having three advantages over those who used pencil and paper:
The machine would eliminate mistakes.
it would be faster.
and it would be cheaper.
The word computer was first applied to machines after electricity
replaced blood as the working medium inside them.
The first of these machines—a mechanical computer of which
Babbage would have been proud—was the IBM-financed
Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, which is often called
Harvard Mark I. The five-ton design included 750,000 parts,
including switches, relays, and rotating shafts and clutches. It
stretched out for 50 feet and was eight feet tall.
15. Computers In History
Many of the fundamentals of today's computers first took
form in the partly electronic, partly mechanical machine
devised by John Vincent Atanasoff at Iowa State College
(now University).
His ideas and a prototype built with the aid of graduate
student Clifford Berry have become a legend known as
the Atanasoff Berry Computer (with the acronym ABC),
the first electronic digital computer—although it was
never at that period called a "computer." Iowa State
called the device "the world's fastest calculator" as late as
1942.
It introduced the concept of binary arithmetic and logic
circuits.
16. Computers In History
In Britain, crypto-analysts developed a vacuum-tube device they called
Colossus that some people now call the first electronic computer.
Colossus used to decode German secret messages
In 1943,ENIAC (the most complex vacuum tube-based device ever
made) was first proposed as a collaboration between the United States
Army and the University of Pennsylvania. ENIAC stands for the
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer.
In Hollywood, such thinking machines grew even bigger and took over
the world, at least in 1950s science fiction movies.
Scientists tried to figure out how to squeeze a room-sized computer into
a space capsule .
The scientists pretty much figured things out—they created the
microprocessor (1971) .
Once the microprocessor hit, however, thinkers figured how to make
small computers cheap enough that everyone could afford one.
Computers became personal
18. Computer Generations
“Generation” in computer talk is a step in
technology. It provides a framework for the growth
of computer industry
Till today, there are five computer generations
23. Basic Operations of a Computer System
Inputting: entering data and instruction to
computer
Storing : saving data and instructions to make
them available for processing whenever required
Processing: performing arithmetic operations or
logical operation to convert data into useful
information
24. Outputting: process of producing useful information
to the user
Controlling: Directing the manner and sequence in
which the operations must be performed
26. Input Unit
Accepts instruction and data from outside world
Converts these instructions in computer readable
form
Supplies the converted instructions and data to the
computer system for further processing
28. Output Unit
Accepts the results produced by the computer
( which are in coded form, hence cannot be
understood by us)
It transforms these instructions to human readable
form
Supplies the results to outside world
30. Storage unit
It holds
Data and instructions for processing
Intermediate results of processing
Final results of processing before they are released to
an output device
32. Primary Storage
Used to hold running program instructions
Used to hold data, intermediate results and results of
on-going jobs
Fast in operation
Small capacity
Expensive
Volatile ( looses data on power dissipation)
33. RAM: (Random Access memory)
Electronic scratch pad inside a computer
RAM holds the data, while CPU works with them
Volatile
Tremendous impact on speed
34. Secondary Storage
Used to hold Stored program instructions
Used to hold data and information of Stored
programs
Slower than primary storage
Large capacity
Lot cheaper
Non-volatile ( retains data even without power)
35. Storage devices
Electronic file cabinet
Storage devices VS Primary Storage(RAM)
More room in storage devices
Contents are retained
Storage devices are much slower
Magnetic storage(hard disk, floppy disk)
Optical storage( CDs, DVDs)
36. Arithmetic Logic Unit
Where actual executions of the instructions takes
place during processing operation
It includes arithmetic & logical operations
37. Control Unit
Manages and coordinates the operations of all other
components of a computer system
Acts as a central nervous system
38. Central Processing Unit
Brain of a computer
Responsible for controlling the operations of all
other units of a computer system
39. Computer System
• Hardware - physical parts of the computer
• Software - instructions to the computer
• Data - raw facts the computer can manipulate
• People - also known as users
41. Computer Hardware
Any part of the computer you can touch.
• Processor
• Memory
• Input and Output Devices
• Storage Devices
42. Output
Some types of hardware devices.
Storage
Input
Processor
Input and
output
Memory
43. Software
Software - electronic instructions to the computer.
Also referred to as a “program.”
Two types:
• System Software(Operating System)
• Application Software
45. Application Software:
• Word Processing
• Spreadsheets
• Graphics
• Databases
• Entertainment
• Educational
• Communications
• Presentation
46. 46
So A Computer Is
an electronic device
operating under the control of instructions
stored in its own memory unit
that can accept data (input)
process data arithmetically and logically
produce results (output)
and store the results for future use
47. 47
So A Computer Is
Does not create information
Cannot think (unlike brain).
Future: Network - Sharing information. (Internet &
Intranet)
