Week 11Collection of Data – questionnaire and Instruments & .docx
- 1. Week 11 Collection of Data – questionnaire and Instruments & sampling 1 RES 500 Academic Writing and Research Skills 2 Overall Flowchart for Instrument Design
- 2. 3 Flowchart for Instrument Design Phase 1 4 Disguising Study Objectives Situations where disguise is unnecessary Willingly shared, Conscious-level information Reluctantly shared, Conscious-level information Knowable, Limited-conscious-level information Subconscious-level information
- 3. 5 Flowchart for Instrument Design Phase 2 6 Question Content Should this question be asked? Is the question of proper scope and coverage? Can the participant adequately answer this question as asked? Will the participant willingly answer this question as asked?
- 4. 7 Multiple Choice Response Strategy Which one of the following factors was most influential in your decision to attend Metro U? Good academic standing Specific program of study desired Enjoyable campus life Many friends from home High quality of faculty 8 Flowchart for Instrument Design Phase 3
- 5. 9 Guidelines for Question Sequencing Interesting topics early Simple topics early Sensitive questions later Classification questions later Transition between topics Reference changes limited Sampling 10 Sampling is the process of selecting units (e.g., people, organizations) from a population of interest so that by studying the sample we may fairly generalize our results back to the population from which they were chosen.
- 6. 11 The Nature of Sampling Population Population Element Census Sample Sampling frame 12 Why Sample? Greater accuracy Availability of elements Greater speed Sampling provides
- 7. Lower cost 13 Sampling Design within the Research Process 14 Types of Sampling DesignsElement SelectionProbabilityNonprobabilityUnrestrictedSimple randomConvenienceRestrictedComplex randomPurposiveSystematicJudgmentClusterQuotaStratifiedSno wballDouble
- 8. 15 Steps in Sampling Design What is the target population? What are the parameters of interest? What is the sampling frame? What is the appropriate sampling method? What size sample is needed? References 16 Business Research Methods by Donald R Cooper, 12th Edition.
- 9. 16 INTERCULTURAL MANAGEMENT UNIT V Part I JOURNAL Instruction: What are five things you need to prepare an employee for when that employee is going overseas as an expatriate? Would you like to be an expatriate? Why, or why not? Your journal entry must be at least 200 words. No references or citations are necessary. SIMPLE SHEET / NO HEAD RUNNING / NOTHING JUST 200 WORDS. _____________________________________________________ ______________ DO NOT MIXED Part I & PART II. There are two different assignments. Posted separated. UNIT V Part II SCHOLARLY ACTIVITY Instructions: Write at least a three-page analysis using the case study on pages 311–313 in your textbook: “Kelly’s Assignment in Japan.” Your analysis should address the questions listed below. · Explain the clashes in culture, customs, and expectations that
- 10. occurred in this situation. · What stage of culture shock is Kelly’s family experiencing? · Turn back the clock to when Kelly was offered the position in Tokyo. What, if anything, should have been done differently, and by whom? · You are Kelly. What should you do now? Your case study analysis should follow APA guidelines for formatting all resources, both in-text citations and references. Your analysis should include a title page and a reference page. Remember to use the CSU Online Library to complete your research for this assignment. Week 10 Observation Studies, Experiments, Surveys, Measurement and measurement scale 1 RES 500 Academic Writing and Research Skills
- 11. Observations 2 We call a set of data derived from an object (experimental unit) an observation. Each object is measured according to various aspects, such as temperature, concentration of some constituents, frequency of occurrence of some phenomenon, etc. Each of these aspects is denoted as a variable or feature. By assembling all available data on all objects we can build a matrix - a table where the columns represent the variables and the rows represent the measured observations. The Uses of Observation 3 Observation and the Research Process
- 12. The Uses of Observation 4 Selecting Data Collection Method Non-Behavioral Observation 5 Record Analysis Physical Condition Analysis Physical Process Analysis
- 13. Behavioral Observation 6 Nonverbal Analysis Linguistic Analysis Extra-linguistic Analysis Spatial Analysis Classification of Observation 7 We can classify observation in terms of the observer participant relationship. This relationship may be viewed from three perspectives: (1) Is the observation direct or indirect? (2) Is the observer’s presence known or unknown? (3) Is the observer a participant or nonparticipant?
- 14. Limitation of Observation 8 Observation may be limited by: The difficulty of waiting for long periods to capture the relevant phenomena. The expense of observer costs and equipment. The reliability of inferences from surface indicators. The problems of quantification and disproportionately large records. The limitation on presenting activities and inferences about cognitive processes. Experiments 9 Experiments are studies involving intervention by the researcher beyond that required for measurement. The usual intervention is to manipulate some variable in a setting and observe how it affects the subjects being studied (e.g., people or physical entities). The researcher manipulates the independent or
- 15. explanatory variable and then observes whether the hypothesized dependent variable is affected by the intervention. Evaluation of Experiments 10 Advantages Disadvantages Conducting of Experiments 11 Select relevant variables. Specify the treatment levels. Control the experimental environment. Choose the experimental design. Select and assign the subjects.
- 16. Pilot test, revise, and test. Analyze the data. Validity in Experiments 12 Internal Validity Among the many threats to internal validity, we consider the following seven: History Maturation Testing Instrumentation Selection Statistical regression Experimental mortality
- 17. Validity in Experiments 13 External Validity Reactivity of testing on X . Interaction of selection and X . Other reactive factors. Experimental Research Designs 14 Preexperimental Designs True Experimental Designs Field Experiments: Quasi- or Semi-Experiments Surveys 15 A survey is an investigation about the characteristics of a given
- 18. population by means of collecting data from a sample of that population and estimating their characteristics through the systematic use of statistical methodology. The communication approach involves surveying or interviewing people and recording their responses for analysis 16 . Some attitudes are expected “There once was a demographic survey done to determine if money was connected to happiness, and Ireland was the only place where this did not turn out to be true.” Fiona Shaw Irish actress and theater director
- 19. 17 d Communication Approach Weaknesses Error Inaccessible populations Strengths Versatility Efficiency Geographic coverage 18 Communication Approaches Self- Administered Survey Survey via Personal Interview Telephone Survey
- 20. 19 10-19 Self-Administered Surveys Disk-by-Mail Intercept Modes Drop-off Mail CASI Fax 20 Designing Questionnaires Using the TDM
- 21. Easy to read Offer clear directions Include personalization Notify in advance Encourage response 21 Telephone Survey Traditional CATI systems Computer- administered
- 22. 22 Designing Questionnaires Using the TDM Lower Cost vs. Personal Interview Wide geographic coverage Fewer Interviewers Reduced interviewer bias Fast completion time Random dialing CATI 23 Measurement Select measurable phenomena Develop a set of mapping rules Apply the mapping rule to each phenomenon
- 23. 24 Levels of Measurement Ordinal interval Ratio Nominal Classification 25 Levels of Measurement Ordinal interval Ratio Nominal Classification Order Classification Order Classification Distance Natural Origin Order
- 24. Classification Distance 25 References 26 Business Research Methods by Donald R Cooper, 12th Edition. Chapter 8 - Observation Studies, PP 170-189 Chapter 9 - Experiments, PP 190-213 Chapter 10 - Surveys Studies, PP 214-242 Chapter 11 - Measurement, PP 243-265 Chapter 12 - Measurement Scale, PP 266-293 Chapter 12 - Measurement Scale, PP 266-293
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