Week 2 progressivism

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Progressive Reform

• Identify the causes of Progressivism.
• Analyze the role that journalists played in the
Progressive Movement.
• Evaluate some of the social reforms that
Progressives tackled.
• Explain what Progressives hoped to achieve
through political reforms.
Objectives

Terms and People
• Progressivism – movement that responded to the
pressures of industrialization and urbanization by
promoting reforms
• muckraker – writer who uncovers and exposes
misconduct in politics or business
• Lincoln Steffens – muckraking author of Shame
of the Cities; exposed corruption in urban
government
• Jacob Riis – muckraking photographer and author
of How The Other Half Lives; exposed the condition
of the urban poor

Terms and People (continued)
• Jane Addams – leader in the settlement house
movement
• settlement house – community center that
provided services for the urban poor
• Social Gospel – belief that following Christian
principles could bring about social justice
• direct primary – allowed voters to select
candidates rather than having them selected by
party leaders

• initiative – process in which citizens put a
proposed new law directly on the ballot
• referendum – process that allows citizens to
reject or accept laws passed by their legislature
• recall – process by which voters can remove
elected officials from office before their terms end

What areas did Progressives think were in
need of the greatest reform?
Progressivism was a reform movement that
responded to the social challenges caused by
industrialization, urbanization, and immigration in
the 1890s and 1900s.
Progressives believed that honest and efficient
government could bring about social justice.

• believed industrialization
and urbanization had
created social and
political problems.
• were mainly from the
emerging middle class.
• wanted to reform by
using logic and reason.
Progressives
were
reformers
who

Progressives believed honest and
efficient government could bring about
social justice.
• They wanted to end corruption.
• They tried to make government
more responsive to people’s needs.
• They believed that educated leaders
should use modern ideas and scientific
techniques to improve society.

Progressives targeted a variety
of issues and problems.
• corrupt political machines
• trusts and monopolies
• inequities
• safety
• city services
• women’s suffrage

Muckrakers used investigative reporting
to uncover and dramatize societal ills.
Lincoln Steffens
The Shame of the Cities
John Spargo
The Bitter Cry of the Children
Ida Tarbell
The History of Standard Oil

Jacob Riis exposed the deplorable conditions
poor people were forced to live under through
his photography and in How the Other Half Lives.

Upton Sinclair’s novel The Jungle provided a
shocking look at meatpacking in Chicago’s
stockyards.
The naturalist novel portrayed the
struggle of common people.

Progressive
novelists
covered a
wide range
of topics.
• Theodore Dreiser’s
Sister Carrie discussed
factory conditions for
working women.
• Frances Ellen Watkins’s
Iola Leroy focused on
racial issues.
• Frank Norris’s The
Octopus centered on
the tensions between
farmers and the
railroads.

Christian reformers’
Social Gospel
demanded a shorter
work day and the
end of child labor.
Progressive reformers worked to
change society.
Jane Addams led the settlement house
movement. Her urban community centers provided
social services for immigrants and the poor.

Progressives succeeded in reducing child labor
and improving school enrollment.
The United States Children’s Bureau was
created in 1912.

In 1911, 146 workers died in
the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire.
Many young women jumped
to their deaths or burned.
In the 1900s, the U.S. had the world’s
highest rate of industrial accidents.
Worker safety was an important issue
for Progressives.

To reform
society,
Progressives
realized they
must also
reform
government.
• Government could
not be controlled by
political bosses and
business interests.
• Government needed
to be more efficient
and more accountable
to the people.

Cities and states experimented
with new methods of governing.
In Wisconsin, Governor Robert M. La Follette
and other Progressives reformed state
government to restore political control to the
people.
• direct primaries
• initiatives
• referendums
• recalls

Progressive governors achieved state-level
reforms of the railroads and taxes.
On the national level, in 1913, Progressives
helped pass the 17th Amendment, providing for
the direct election of United States Senators.
Two Progressive Governors, Theodore Roosevelt of
New York and Woodrow Wilson of New Jersey,
would become Progressive presidents.

Civil Rights 1871–1914

Objectives
• Analyze Progressives’ attitudes toward
minority rights.
• Explain why African Americans organized.
• Examine the strategies used by members of
other minority groups to defend their rights.

Terms and People
• Americanization – belief that assimilating
immigrants into American society would make
them more loyal citizens
• Booker T. Washington – favored a gradualist
approach for blacks to earn rights through
economic progress and employment in the
skilled trades
• W.E.B. Du Bois – demanded immediate and full
rights for blacks as guaranteed by the Constitution

• Niagara Movement – group of African American
thinkers founded in 1905 that pushed for
immediate racial reforms
• National Association for the Advancement of
Colored People (NAACP) – interracial
organization founded in 1909 to abolish
segregation and discrimination and achieve
political rights for African Americans
• Urban League – organization to assist
working class African Americans with relief, jobs,
clothing, and schools

• Anti-Defamation League – organization whose
goal is to defend Jews and others from false
statements and verbal or physical attacks
• mutualistas – Mexican American groups that
provided loans, legal assistance, and disability
insurance for members

Prejudice and discrimination continued
even during the Progressive Era.
Minorities, including African Americans,
Latinos, Catholics, Jews, and Native
Americans, worked to help themselves.
Their efforts paved the way for the era of
civil rights several decades later.
What steps did minorities take to combat
social problems and discrimination?

Most Progressives were white,
middle-class Protestants who
held the racial and ethnic
prejudices common in that era.
They envisioned a
model America based
on Protestant ethics
and a white middle-
class lifestyle.
As a result, they
were often hostile
to minority or
immigrant
cultures.

Progressives believed assimilation
would turn immigrants into loyal
and moral citizens.
• The results were well-intentioned, but were often
insensitive efforts to change the immigrants.
• While teaching English to immigrants, the
Progressives also advised them to replace their
customs with middle-class practices and
Protestant values.
• Settlement houses and other civic groups played
a prominent role in Americanization efforts.

This prejudice
against immigrant
customs and
culture gave
strength to the
temperance
movement.
Progressives saw many immigrant
customs as moral failures.
Immigrants’ use
of alcohol, such as
serving wine with
meals, alarmed
some people.

• The Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) decision furthered
discrimination in the North as well as in the South.
• By 1910, segregation was the norm nationwide.
• After 1914, even federal offices were segregated
because of policies approved by President Woodrow
Wilson, a Progressive.
Racial theories were also used to justify
laws that kept blacks from voting. Many
Progressives supported racial prejudices.

African Americans were split over
how to end racial discrimination.
Booker T.
Washington
urged a patient,
gradual effort
based on earning
equality through
training and work
in the skilled
trades.
W.E.B. Du Bois
demanded that
African Americans
receive all
constitutional
rights
immediately.

• Their Niagara Movement rejected the
gradualist approach, stating that trade skills
“can create workers, but cannot make men.”
• They also believed African Americans should
learn how to think for themselves through the
study of history, literature, and philosophy.
In 1905, Du Bois and William Monroe Trotter
were concerned that all across the South,
black men could not vote.

After a 1908 riot
against African
Americans in
Springfield, Illinois, a
number of white
Progressives joined
together with the
Niagara Movement to
form the National
Association for the
Advancement of
Colored People
(NAACP).
NAACP protested against
lynching laws.

The NAACP aimed to
help African Americans
become “physically free
from peonage, mentally
free from ignorance,
politically free from
disfranchisement, and
socially free from
insult.”
The NAACP was
founded to demand
voting and civil
rights for African
Americans.

The NAACP attracted prominent
Progressives to their cause.
Supporters: Their tactics:
Jane Addams
Ray Stannard Baker
Florence Kelley
Ida B. Wells
• used newspapers to publicize
the horrors of race riots
and lynching
• used the courts to challenge
unfair housing laws
• promoted professional careers
for African Americans

In 1911, the Urban League was formed
to create a network of local clubs and
churches to assist African Americans
migrating to northern cities.
While the NAACP focused on
political justice, the Urban
League helped the poor find
jobs, housing, clothing, and
schools for their children.

Many ethnic groups formed self-help
organizations to combat prejudice
and protect their rights.
African Americans NAACP
Jews B’nai B’rith
Mexican Americans mutualistas
Native Americans
Society of American
Indians

1843
Jewish families formed
the B’nai B’rith to
provide religious
education and
support.
1913
The Anti-Defamation
League was formed to
defend Jews and others
against physical and
verbal attacks, false
statements, and to
“secure justice
and fair treatment to
all citizens alike.”

Mexican Americans formed mutualistas,
groups that provided legal assistance
and insurance.
The Partido Liberal Mexicano (PLM) in
Arizona served Mexican Americans in
the same way the Urban League
helped African Americans.
Many Latinos were subject to unfair
labor contracts, which the mutualistas
helped to defeat.

In 1911, Carlos
Montezuma helped form
the Society of American
Indians to protest
federal policy.
Nevertheless, by 1932,
two thirds of all tribal
lands had been sold off.
Despite organized protests, Native Americans
and Japanese lost their ownership of land.
In 1913, California
restricted land
ownership to American
citizens only, which
excluded the Japanese,
who were not allowed
to become citizens.
In a 1922 decision, the
Supreme Court allowed
the limitation.

Women's Rights 1890-1920

• Analyze the impact of changes in women’s
education on women’s roles in society.
• Explain what women did to win workers’
rights and to improve family life.
• Evaluate the tactics women used to win
passage of the Nineteenth Amendment.
Objectives

Terms and People
• Florence Kelley – founded the National
Consumer’s League (NCL)
• National Consumer’s League (NCL) – group
that labeled and publicized “goods produced under
fair, safe, and healthy working conditions”
• temperance movement – aimed at stopping
alcohol abuse and the problems created by it
• Margaret Sanger – nurse who opened the first
birth control clinic
• Ida B. Wells – helped to found the National
Association of Colored Women (NACW)

• suffrage – the right to vote
• Carrie Chapman Catt – president of the NAWSA,
campaigned to pass women’s suffrage at both the
state and national levels
• National American Woman Suffrage
Association – group that worked on the state and
national levels to earn women the right to vote
• Alice Paul – social activist, led women to picket
at the White House to get the right to vote
• Nineteenth Amendment – 1919, constitutional
amendment that granted women the right to vote

In the early 1900s, many women were no
longer content to play a limited role in society.
Activists helped bring about Progressive
reforms including women’s suffrage.
Women would continue the struggle to expand
their roles and rights in the future.
How did women of the Progressive
Era make progress and win the right
to vote?

However, most poor women
continued to labor long hours,
often under dangerous or
dirty conditions.
By the early 1900s, a growing number of
middle-class women wanted to do more
than stay at home as wives and mothers.
Colleges like Pennsylvania’s
Bryn Mawr and New York’s
School of Social Work armed
middle-class women with
education and modern ideas.

Progressive
reforms
addressed
working
women’s
conditions:
• They worked long hours in
factories and sweatshops,
or as maids, laundresses
or servants.
• They were paid less and
often didn’t get to keep
their wages.
• They were intimidated
and bullied by employers.

In Muller v. Oregon, the
Supreme Court ruled that states
could legally limit a women’s
work day.
This ruling recognized the
unique role of women as
mothers.
Reformers saw limiting the length of a
woman’s work day as an important goal
and succeeded in several states.

In 1899, Florence Kelley helped found the
National Consumers League which aimed to
make workplaces safer and urged women to buy
products made in safe conditions.
Florence Kelley also founded the Women’s Trade
Union League which worked for a federal minimum
wage and a national eight-hour workday.
The WTUL also helped support families who
refused to work in unsafe or unfair conditions.

The Woman’s Christian Temperance Union grew
steadily until the passage of the 18th Amendment
which banned the sale and production of alcohol
in 1919.
Progressives supported the temperance
movement.
They felt that alcohol often led
men to spend their earnings on
liquor, neglect their families, and
abuse their wives.

In 1921,
Sanger
founded the
American Birth
Control League
to make
information
available to
women.
In 1916,
Margaret
Sanger opened
the first birth
control clinic.
She believed
that having
fewer children
would lead to
healthier
women.
She was jailed.
The courts
eventually ruled
that doctors
could give out
family planning
information.

• Ida B. Wells founded the National Association of
Colored Women or NACW in 1896.
• The NACW supported day care centers for the
children of working parents.
• Wells also worked for suffrage, to end lynchings,
and to stop segregation in the Chicago schools.
African Americans also worked
for women’s rights.

Ultimately suffrage was seen as the only way
to ensure that government protected children,
fostered education, and supported family life.
Since the 1860s, Susan B. Anthony
and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
worked relentlessly for
women’s suffrage - their right to vote.
Still, by the 1890s, only Wyoming
and Colorado allowed women to vote.

In the 1890s Carrie Chapman Catt, President
of the National American Suffrage
Association, promoted a two-part strategy to
gain the vote for women.
NAWSA lobbied Congress for a
constitutional amendment.
Supporters, called suffragettes,
used the referendum process to
pass state laws.
1
2

In 1917, social activists led by Alice Paul formed
the National Woman’s Party. Their radical actions
made the suffrage movement’s goals seem less
dramatic by comparison.
The NWP picketed
the White House.
Hundreds of
suffragettes were
arrested and jailed.

The National Association
Opposed to Woman’s Suffrage
feared voting would distract
women from their family roles.
Many men and women were
offended by Paul’s protests in
front of the White House. A mob
shredded her signs and pickets.
Not all
women
supported
suffrage.

States
gradually
granted
suffrage to
women,
starting in
the western
states.

In June 1919, the Nineteenth Amendment was
passed by Congress. The amendment stated
that the vote “shall not be denied or abridged
on account of sex.”
Due to the efforts
of the suffragists,
women nationwide
voted in a
presidential election
for the first time on
November 2, 1920.

Week 2 progressivism

More Related Content

What's hot (20)

Viewers also liked (18)

Similar to Week 2 progressivism (20)

More from krobinette (15)

Week 2 progressivism