Week 8 day two modern history

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Conservatism and Ronald Reagan

• Describe the differences between liberal and
conservative viewpoints.
• Analyze the reasons behind the rise of
conservatism in the early 1980s.
• Explain why Ronald Reagan won the
presidency in 1980.
Objectives

Terms and People
• liberal – a person who generally supports
government intervention to help the needy and
protect the rights of women and minorities
• conservative – a person who generally supports
limited government involvement in the economy
and community help for the needy, and upholds
traditional values
• New Right – a resurgent political movement that
was a coalition of several conservative groups

Terms and People (continued)
• unfunded mandate – programs required but not
paid for by the federal government
• Moral Majority − a political organization founded
by Jerry Falwell in 1979 to advance religious goals
• Ronald Reagan − the Republican candidate for
President in 1980, who won the election with the
help of the growing conservative movement

After losing the 1964 election in a landslide, conservatives built an
organization that vigorously promoted their goals and values.
In 1980, Ronald Reagan was elected President; the modern
conservative movement he spearheaded deeply affected the
nation’s policies for decades.
What spurred the rise of conservatism in
the late 1970s and early 1980s?

The major political parties in the United
States in the late 20th
century were the
Democrats and the Republicans.
Democrats were often
labeled liberals.
Republicans were usually
conservatives.

Liberal viewpoint
• Favored more government involvement to
lessen extreme economic inequalities
through social programs (often leading to
higher taxes) and government regulation
of industry
• Favored international diplomacy to combat
communism in other countries

Conservative viewpoint
• Favored limited government involvement in
order to stimulate economic growth by
reducing taxes and decreasing regulation of
industry
• Favored relying on our own national defense
and actively fighting against communism in
other countries

• Some conservatives thought
that the new freedoms
exemplified by the
counterculture posed a
danger to traditional society.
• Liberal programs, such as
welfare and busing, were
seen by some as threatening
the American dream.
• Conservatives thought that
taxes on citizens were too
high.
Liberals and
conservatives
differed over
social and
political issues.

A resurgent
conservative
movement called
the New Right
emerged, made
up largely of
Republicans.
• the Vietnam
War
• urban riots
In the 1960s and 1970s, differences between
the Republican and Democratic parties grew.
Liberal Democratic policies were strongly
criticized.
The Democratic
Party unraveled
in part because
of
• the Iran
hostage crisis
• the oil crisis of
the 1970s
Public faith in
the federal
government
was weakened
by

Conservatives argued that the government
taxed too heavily and complained about
unfunded mandates.
They also thought that President Johnson’s
promise of a Great Society increased poverty
and even contributed to the decline of
traditional family values.

The Moral Majority, a
political organization
formed by Rev. Jerry
Falwell, worked to fulfill
religious goals.
It backed the Republican
Party.
Religious groups began to actively support the
conservative movement.

Republicans also benefited from population trends.
The Democratic stronghold in northern cities weakened.
After Democrats championed civil rights
legislation in the 1960s, many white
southerners became Republicans.

The 1980 Republican
presidential nominee,
Ronald Reagan, asked:
Are you better off
today than you
were four years
ago?
Most people said, “No.”

The race for the
presidency in 1980
was close.
Reagan tipped the
balance in his favor
during the one
and only televised
debate against
Democratic
incumbent
Jimmy Carter.

In 1980, the conservatives were back.
Ronald Reagan won the presidency with 50.6
percent of the popular vote.
The Republicans achieved a majority in the
Senate for the first time in 25 years.

Reagan and George H.W. Bush

• Analyze Reagan’s economic policies as President.
• Summarize how Reagan strengthened the
conservative movement.
• Evaluate the steps taken to address various
problems in the 1980s and early 1990s.
Objectives

Terms and People
• supply-side economics – an economic theory which
holds that the government should increase the supply
of labor and goods, rather than government spending,
to achieve economic goals
• deregulation – the reduction or removal of
government control over industry
• budget deficit – the shortfall between the amount of
money spent and the amount of money taken in by the
government
• national debt − the amount of money the federal
government owes to owners of government bonds

• Savings and Loan crisis – the failure of 1,000
savings and loan banks in 1989 due to risky business
practices
• voucher − a government check that could be used by
parents to pay tuition at private schools
• Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) − a
disease with no known cure that attacks the immune
system; began spreading in the early 1980s

Conservatives celebrated the election of Ronald Reagan
to the presidency, referring to it as the “Reagan
Revolution.”
The Reagan Revolution brought a significant shift in
the political direction of the nation.
What were the major characteristics of
the conservative Reagan Revolution?

Reagan based his
economic policy on the
theory of supply-side
economics. He believed
that lower taxes would
increase spending.
Some people referred to his
economic policies as
Reaganomics.

• Reagan’s Economic Recovery
Act of 1981 cut taxes by 25
percent.
• He convinced Congress to cut
$40 billion from the federal
budget, largely from social
programs.
• He brought deregulation to
industries including the
banking, telecommunications,
and airline industries.

In spite of Reagan’s policies, the economy
experienced a severe recession lasting from 1980 to
1982.
• More than 10 percent of workers were
unemployed.
• Blue-collar workers were hit especially hard.
• The number of poor people grew, while the
richest percentage of Americans became richer.

The recession ended in 1983. The economy began
to rebound, but other economic problems persisted.
Reagan increased defense spending, but he did not persuade
Congress to make huge budget cuts in other areas.
The national debt rose to $2.5 trillion.
In 1985, Congress passed the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings
Act, requiring automatic cuts in federal spending.
Nevertheless, the federal budget deficit grew from $79
billion in 1981 to $221 billion in 1986.

About 1,000 banks failed due
to fraudulent behavior and
risky loans.
The federal government
spent more than $200 billion
to bail them out.
Many blamed
Reagan’s
deregulation
policies for
allowing banks to
make such risky
investments.
In 1989, the Savings and Loan crisis occurred.

He appointed
conservative
justices to the
Supreme Court,
including Sandra
Day O’Connor,
the first female
justice.
He promoted
legislation allowing
religious groups
access to public
school facilities.
Despite the deficit, the growing economy made Reagan
a very popular president who strengthened the
conservative cause.
Reagan easily won reelection in 1984, but the Democrats
retained control of the House of Representatives.

He won by calling for
a “kinder, gentler
nation” and promising
not
to raise taxes.
Reagan’s Vice
President George
H.W. Bush
won the
presidency in
1988.

• the rising costs of Social
Security
• the budget deficit
• the failure of public
education
Challenging
issues from the
1980s would
continue to
confront Bush.
Bush called for community
volunteers to provide
services for the needy.
He supported the use of
vouchers in public schools.

Another challenge faced the nation, in the
form of a new disease called Acquired
Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
Nevertheless, by 1994,
AIDS had killed more than
250,000 Americans.
President Reagan responded
slowly to the AIDS crisis.
Funding for research on the
disease rose during George
H.W. Bush’s term.

End of the Cold War

• Analyze the ways that Ronald Reagan challenged
communism and the Soviet Union.
• Explain why communism collapsed in Europe and
in the Soviet Union.
• Describe other foreign policy challenges that
faced the United States in the 1980s.
Objectives

Terms and People
• Strategic Defense Initiative – President Reagan’s
plan to develop innovative defenses to guard the U.S.
against nuclear missile attacks
• Contras – anticommunist counterrevolutionaries in
Nicaragua who were backed by the Reagan
administration
• Mikhail Gorbachev – the President of the Soviet
Union beginning in 1985 who ushered in a new era of
social and economic reforms

• glasnost – Russian term meaning “a new openness”; a
policy in the Soviet Union in the 1980s calling for open
discussion of national problems
• perestroika − a policy in the Soviet Union in the
1980s calling for restructuring of the stagnant Soviet
economy
• Iran-Contra affair − a political scandal under
President Reagan involving the use of money from
secret arms sales to Iran to illegally support the
Contras in Nicaragua

President Reagan believed that the United States
should seek to roll back Soviet rule in Eastern Europe
and that peace would come through strength.
His foreign policies initially created tensions between
the superpowers, but ultimately contributed to the
end of the Cold War.
What were Reagan’s foreign policies,
and how did they contribute to the
fall of communism in Europe?

Reagan did not think that
the Soviet Union could
afford to spend as much on
defense.
The military build-up
included the Strategic
Defense Initiative.
Defense spending rose
dramatically.
President Reagan believed that communism could be
weakened by building up the American military.

• Afghanistan – U.S.–backed guerillas fought
Soviet forces.
• El Salvador - The U.S. backed the right-wing
government against leftist rebels.
• Grenada - U.S. troops invaded to prevent the
nation from becoming a communist outpost.
• Nicaragua - The U.S. backed Contras to prevent
the new government from providing the Soviets
with a “safe house” in America’s backyard.
The Reagan administration also aimed to weaken
the Soviet Union by supporting anticommunist
groups around the world.
Some of these actions were legally questionable.

Mikhail Gorbachev became the president of
the Soviet Union in 1985.
His twin policies of glasnost and
perestroika moved the Soviet Union
away from socialism and marked the
beginning of a new era in U.S.–
Soviet relations.
Some scholars also credit Reagan’s arms buildup
with hastening the collapse of the Soviet Union.

In 1989, several Eastern European nations
ousted their communist regimes.
• Poland
• Hungary
• Czechoslovakia
• Germany
• Bulgaria
• Romania
The fall of the Berlin Wall
in Germany symbolized
the end of communism
in Europe.

The Soviet Union broke apart in 1991.
The Cold War, which had lasted more than
45 years, was finally over.
Newly elected President
George H.W. Bush signed
agreements with
Gorbachev and his
successor, President Boris
Yeltsin.
They pledged friendship,
cooperation, and reduction
in the buildup of nuclear
weapons.

But the United States continued to confront
trouble in the Middle East.
The United States clashed with Libya throughout the 1980s.
In 1983, 241 American marines were killed in Lebanon.

In 1985, the
United States
sold weapons
to Iran.
In return, Iran
pressured
Lebanese terror
groups to release
some American
hostages.
The U.S used
the money from
gun sales to
secretly fund
the Contras in
Nicaragua.
But Congress banned sending funds to the Contras in 1983.
Several leading Reagan officials were convicted in this
scandal, but Reagan remained popular after he left office.
The Iran-Contra affair damaged Reagan’s reputation during his
second term.

Foreign Policy During George H.W.
Bush’s Presidency

• Analyze why George H.W. Bush decided to use
force in some foreign disputes and not in others.
• Summarize the Persian Gulf War and its results.
Objectives

Terms and People
• Manuel Noriega – Panama’s dictator who was
arrested by American troops in 1989 and convicted of
drug trafficking
• Tiananmen Square – the site in Beijing where, in
1989, Chinese students staged prodemocracy protests
that were put down by the Chinese government
• apartheid – a political system of strict racial
segregation in South Africa
• Nelson Mandela − the leader of South Africa’s
antiapartheid movement

• divest – to withdraw investments
• Saddam Hussein − the dictator of Iraq, who invaded
Kuwait in 1990 in an effort to gain control of 20 percent
of the world’s oil production
• Operation Desert Storm − 1991 American-led attack
on Iraqi forces to expel them from Kuwait

When the Cold War ended, Americans hoped a
new era of global peace would dawn.
Instead, a dangerous era of regional conflicts
challenged the Bush administration.
What actions did the United States
take abroad during George H.W.
Bush’s presidency?

In China, a prodemocracy protest in
Tiananmen Square was crushed by
Chinese tanks.
Bush sent 12,000 U.S. troops to invade
Panama. Dictator
Manuel Noriega was deposed
and convicted of drug trafficking.

In South Africa, democracy replaced segregation.
• Private firms in the U.S. began
to divest their
South African investments
to protest its policies.
• Protests against apartheid
were growing.
• Nelson Mandela, imprisoned
since 1962 for leading the
antiapartheid movement, was
released from prison in 1990. Nelson Mandela was elected
President of South Africa in 1994.

But in 1992, he sent
Marines to Somalia to
establish a cease-fire
between rival warlords and
to deliver food to starving
people.
When Yugoslavia erupted into civil war in 1991,
Bush was reluctant to get involved.
The Bush administration adopted
the role of international peacekeeper.

In 1990, Iraq’s ruthless dictator, Saddam
Hussein, invaded neighboring Kuwait,
determined to take over its significant oil
deposits.
Bush’s most significant foreign policy challenge
occurred in the Persian Gulf.
The U.S. was determined to repel
Hussein’s aggression, which threatened to
destabilize the Middle East and US access
to oil.

Diplomacy and sanctions failed to make Hussein
withdraw. The Persian Gulf War began.
Operation Desert Storm, the American-led attack
on Iraq, began on January 16, 1991.

The military operation consisted of five weeks of
devastating aerial bombardments on Iraqi forces.
Coalition ground troops stormed into Kuwait on
February 23. Within five days, Iraq agreed to a UN
cease-fire and withdrew from Kuwait.
Coalition forces were not permitted to pursue
Hussein back to Baghdad by UN decree. He lost the
war, and 25,000 soldiers, but his regime survived.
The Persian Gulf War

Week 8 day two modern history

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