WEEK 5.pptx
- 2. What Is Drama? A drama is a story enacted onstage for a live audience.
- 3. ●Origins of Drama ●The word drama comes from the Greek verb dran, which means “to do.”
- 4. ●The earliest known plays . . . ●were written around the fifth century B.C. ●produced for festivals to honor Dionysus.
- 5. DRAMA Drama is a composition in prose form that presents a story entirely told in dialogue and action and written with the intention of its eventual performance before an audience.
- 7. Setting identifies the time and place in which the events occur. It consists of the historical period, the moment, day and season in which the incidents take place. It also includes the sceneries in the performance which are usually found in the preliminary descriptions.
- 8. Characters are the people in the play and thus considered as the principal material in a drama.
- 9. Character Aspects Physical Social • Physical identifies peripheral facts such as age, sexual category, size, race and color. It deals with external attributes which may be envisaged from the description of the playwright or deduced from what the characters say or what other characters verbalize about his appearance. • Social embraces all aspects that can be gleaned from the character’s world or environment as exemplified by the economic status, occupation or trade, creed, familial affiliation of the characters.
- 10. Character Aspects Psychological Moral • Psychological discloses the inner mechanism of the mind of the character as exemplified by his habitual responses, attitudes, longings, purposes, likes and dislikes. It is considered as the most indispensable level of character categorization because routines and emotions, thoughts, attitude and behavior enable the readers to know the character intrinsically. • Moral discloses the decisions of the characters, either socially acceptable or not, exposing their intentions, thus projecting what is upright or not.
- 11. Plot lays out the series of events that form the entirety of the play. It serves as a structural framework which brings the events to a cohesive form and sense.
- 12. Types of Plot Natural Plot Episodic Plot • Natural Plot is a chronological sequence of events arrangement where actions continuously take place as an end result of the previous action • Episodic Plot – each episode independently comprises a setting, climax, and resolution; therefore, a full story in itself is formed.
- 14. Beginning identifies information about the place, such as geographical location, social, cultural, political background or period when the event took place. Exposition • Exposition is the point where the playwright commences his story. It reveals the identity of story’s initial crisis.
- 15. Middle is composed of a series of difficulties: Complications Crisis • Complications bring changes and alterations in the movement of the action which take place when discovery of novel information, unexpected alteration of plan, choosing between two courses of action or preface of new ideas are revealed. • Crisis reveals the peak of anticipation in the series of incidents.
- 16. Middle is composed of a series of difficulties: Obligatory Scene Discovery • Obligatory Scene identifies the open collision between two opposing characters or forces. • Discovery discloses points which are previously unknown, characterized as something mysterious, strange, unfamiliar and thus revealed through objects, persons, facts, values, or self- discovered.
- 17. Ending is the final major component of the story which brings the condition back to its stability. This part brings satisfaction to the audience which extends to the final curtain as peace is completely restored.
- 18. Theme is considered as the unifying element that defines the dramatized idea of the play. It is the over-all sense or implication of the action. It defines the problem, emphasizes the ethical judgment and suggest attitude or course of action that eliminates the crisis is an acceptable way.
- 19. Style refers to the mode of expression or presentation of the play which points out the playwright’s position or viewpoint in life.
- 20. Major Dramatic Attitude Realism Non-realism • Realism is an accurate detailed, and life-like description in a play where things are presented as real as can be set in actual life, with dialogues sounding like day- to-day conversation. • Non-realism is method of presentation identified as something stylized or theatricalized whereby artist uses his feral imagination in projecting his ideas.
- 22. Tragedy is a type of drama that shows the downfall and destruction of a noble or outstanding person, traditionally one who possesses a character weakness called a tragic flaw. The tragic hero, through choice or circumstance, is caught up in a sequence of events that inevitably results in disaster.
- 23. • Tragedies pit human limitations against the larger forces of destiny. right and wrong justice and injustice life and death Tragedy A tragedy is a play that ends unhappily. • Most classic Greek tragedies deal with serious, universal themes such as
- 24. Comedy is a type of drama intended to interest and amuse the audience rather than make them deeply concerned about events that happen. The characters overcome some difficulties, but they always overcome their ill fortune and find happiness in the end.
- 25. A comedy is a play that ends happily. The plot usually centers on a romantic conflict. boy meets girl boy loses girl boy wins girl Comedy
- 26. Tragicomedy is a play that does not adhere strictly to the structure of tragedy. This is usually serious play that also has some of the qualities of comedy. It arouses thought even with laughter.
- 27. Farce is a play that brings laughter for the sake of laughter, usually making use grossly embellished events and characters. It has very swift movements, has ridiculous situations, and does not stimulate thought.
- 28. Melodrama shows events that follow each other rapidly, but seems to be governed always by chance. The characters are victims in the hands of merciless fate.
- 29. The Elements of Drama The elements of drama, by which dramatic works can be analyzed and evaluated, can be categorized into three major areas: LITERARY ELEMENTS TECHNICAL ELEMENTS PERFORMANCE ELEMENTS
- 30. Aristotle’s Six Elements of Drama --Literary Elements-- Plot Theme Characters Dialogue Music/Rhythm Spectacle
- 31. Plot Plot refers to the action; the basic storyline of the play. Initial incident Preliminary event Rising action Climax Falling action Denouement Six Stages in a Plot Structure
- 32. Theme refers to the meaning of the play. Theme is the main idea or lesson to be learned from the play. In some cases, the theme of a play is obvious; other times it is quite subtle. Some General Themes Theme Conflict-- between two individuals Conflict between man and a supernatural power Conflict between the man and himself
- 33. Characters Foil Stock Character Stereotype Archetype Protagonist Antagonist Flat Round Static Dynamic The people (sometimes animals or ideas) portrayed by the actors in the play. It is the characters who move the action or plot. Characterization is the way an author presents a character. Types of Characters
- 34. Various Forms of Dialogue Dialogue This refers to the words written by the playwright and spoken by the characters in the play. The dialogue helps move the action of the play along. An exchange between two or more characters Soliloquy • A character that is typically alone on stage delivers a long speech which is called a soliloquy. Emotions and innermost thoughts of the character are revealed in a soliloquy. Aside • This is spoken by a character to another character or to the audience but is not heard by the other characters on stage. Asides reveal what a character is thinking or feeling.
- 35. This refers to the visual elements of a play: sets, costumes, special effects, etc. Spectacle is everything that the audience sees as they watch the play. While music is often featured in Music/Rhythm drama, in this case Aristotle was referring to the rhythm of the actors' voices as they speak. Spectacle
- 36. Elements of Drama in The Modern Theater --Literary Elements-- Characters Plot Theme Dialogue Convention Genre Audience
- 37. Genre refers to the type of play. Some examples of different genres include comedy, tragedy, mystery and historical play. These are the techniques and methods used by the playwright and director to create the desired stylistic effect. Convention Genre Audience This is the group of people who watch the play. Many playwrights and consider the audience to be the actors most important element of drama, as all of the effort put in to writing and producing a play is for the enjoyment of the audience.
- 39. Clothing and accessories are worn by actors to portray character and period. The theatrical equipment, such as curtains, flats, backdrops, or platforms, used in a dramatic production to communicate environment. Properties are any article, except costume or scenery, used as part of a dramatic production; any moveable object that appears on stage during a performance, from a telephone to a train Scenery (set) Costumes Properties
- 40. A stage’s set might be realistic and detailed Setting the Stage abstract and minimal
- 41. Props are items that the characters carry or handle onstage. • The person in charge of props must make sure that the right props are available to the actors at the right moments. Setting the Stage
- 42. The costume director works with the director to design the actors’ costumes. • Like sets, costumes can be detailed minimal Setting the Stage
- 43. The effects an audience hears during performance to communicate character, context, or environment. Light elements means that every placement, intensity, and color of lights have to be set as needed to help communicate environment, mood, or feeling. Makeup includes costumes, wigs, and body paint used to transform an actor into a character. Lights Sound Makeup
- 44. A lighting director skillfully uses light to change the mood and appearance of the set. Setting the Stage
- 45. --Performance Elements-- • The use of face, body, and voice to portray character Acting • The reason or reasons for a character’s behavior; an incentive or inducement for further action for a character in drama. Character Motivation • In responding to dramatic art, the process of examining how the elements of drama –literary, technical, and performance –are used. Character Analysis • The capacity to relate to the feelings of another Empathy
- 46. Conclusion In drama, there are 3 major elements which are literary, technical, and performance elements. Literary elements consist of plot, theme, characters, dialogue, music, spectacle, convention, genre, and audience. Technical elements consist of scenery (set), costumes, properties, lights, sound, and makeup. And the last, performance elements consist of acting, character motivation, character analysis, and empathy. For each element hold specific role in ensuring the success of a drama, we have to pay attention to each element that constructs it.
- 47. Like the plot of a story, the plot of a drama follows a rising-and-falling structure. Climax tension at highestpoint Complications tension builds Resolution conflict is settled, play ends Exposition conflict is introduced
- 48. Aristotle Aristotle (384-322 BC) was a Greek philosopher whose writings still influence us today. He was the firstto write about the essential elements of drama more than 2,000 years ago. While ideas have changed slightly over the years, we still discuss Aristotle's list when talking about what makes the best drama.
- 49. Aristotle considered these six things to be essential to good drama: Plot Theme Characters Dialogue Music/Rhythm Spectacle
- 50. The listof essential elements in modern theater is as follows: • Characters • Plot • Theme • Dialogue • Convention • Genre • Audience Modern Theater
- 51. Literary elements Technical elements Performance elements Three Major Elements
- 52. Exposition: “who,when, where and what” Initial incident: “getsthe storygoing” Preliminary event: Whatever takes place BEFORE the action Conflict: struggle between opposing forces, ideas, or interests Climax: The turning point or high point of a story. Suspense: A feeling of uncertainty as to the outcome, used to build interest and excitement on the part of the audience Rising action: following the initial incident and leading up to the dramatic climax Falling action: The series of events following the climax Denouement: Sudden drop Literary Elements
- 53. Technical Elements Scenery (set): theatrical equipment used in a dramatic production Costumes: Clothing and accessories worn by actors Props: Short for properties Lights: to help communicate environment, mood, or feeling Sound: The effects an audience hears during performance Makeup: Costumes, wigs, and body paint used.
- 54. Acting: Use of face, body, and voice to portray character Character analysis: examining how the elements of drama are used Empathy: The capacity to relate to the feelings of another Speaking: The mode of expression or delivery of lines Breath control: Proper use of the lungs and diaphragm muscle. Vocal expression: How an actor uses his or her voice Inflection: Change in pitch or loudness of the voice. Projection: How well the voice carries to the audience Speaking style: The mode of expression or delivery of lines Diction: Selection and pronunciation of words; clarity of speech. Gestures: movement of the actor’s body to convey meaning Facial expression: Physical and vocal aspects used by an actor Performance Elements
- 55. The World Is an Apple By: Alberto Florentino
- 56. Plot Mario and Gloria has no money to buy food for their daughter. Mario lost his job for stealing an apple. Falsely figuring out the situation as misfortune he left his wife and daughter, went back to his partner in crime Pablo and did crimes again to have money. Character Mario –the man who lost his job. Gloria –wife Pablo –the crime buddy of Mario. Tita –daughter Exposition Mario enters from the street at left. He is in the late twenties shabbily dressed and with hair that seems to have been uncut for weeks. Gloria greeted him and then Mario asked about the condition of their child
- 57. Conflict Man vs. Self - Internal Conflict Setting House –two wooden boxes flank the doorway. At left is an Acacia tree with wooden bench under it. Rising Action Mario started to elaborate his reasons why he doesn’t have money. Climax Mario confessed that he lost his job because of stealing an apple
- 58. Falling Action Mario revealed the reason why he stole an apple and that he’s planning to apply as a night watchman in a company. Denouement Gloria comes up him after he finishes and tries to hug him, but he pushes her away. Suddenly confused, he sitson the steps. Gloria sits beside him and plays with his hands. Suddenly unnerved, Mario starts to fidget . Gloria rises and walks to the center, her eyes burning with hate and then she saw Pablo. Resolution Mario decides to get a "job" working with his old criminal friend Pablo. He is going back to a life of thievery.
- 59. Mood Sad, angry, bad, gloomy etc. Tone Acerbic, sarcastic, snarky etc. Symbolism Apple - symbol of Original Sin in Christian art and literature. Genre Drama
- 60. Dialogue Lines of Mario: “whenIsaw thisapple roll out of the broken crate, Ithought that Tita would love to have it.” “All right, so Ididn’t go drinking.” “Ithought Icould get another, without making you worry.” Lines of Gloria: “I’mglad you’re home early” “My God! Wasn’t Ithinking of her? Whydo you think Ineed some money? To buy me a pretty dress? Or see a movie?” “IknewGod wouldn’tletusdown. Henever letsanybody down. I’llpray tonight and ask Him to let you have that job.”
- 61. Theme Itisman’s basic instinct that drives himtowards hissurvival. But, no matter what, he should not forget that society expects him to conformto itsnorms. One’s action isweighed right or wrong and thus should be kept towards the proper action and how wrong decisions become greater burdens to a family.
- 63. 1. Make a script of the assigned task to your group. 2. Get ready to dramatize it on December 11, 2013 (Wednesday) in front of the class.
- 64. ●Group 1: Choosing between father and a boyfriend ●Group 2: Letting go a friend due to some conflicts
- 65. ●Group 3: Deciding between a love one and a newly found faith/religion ●Group 4: Deciding whether to live independently or to stay with parents after schooling