Week Two Annotated Bibliography WorksheetReminders Each of .docx
- 1. Week Two Annotated Bibliography Worksheet Reminders: Each of the four sources here, will need to be peer- reviewed scholarly sources obtained through the AU Library Databases. Before you begin, be sure you have critically read ALL of the instructions and that you have watched the video tutorial for creating an APA formatted Annotated Bibliography and reviewed the Model APA formatted Annotated Bibliography example . A. Topic: A. Civil Rights Act 1964 The act is characterized as the US landmark of civil rights as well as labor laws o united states of America. The primary concern of the act is to outlaw all form of discrimination regarding religion, nationality, race and gender. This topic will focus on policy of ensuring justice free American citizen. The policy will also revolve around the people who discriminate against others in relations to aspects such as gender, ethnicity, race and nationality. The policy will explain how respecting civil rights of every citizen will create the favorable atmosphere for people in every state. The civil right act also plays the role of prohibiting unequal application of public accommodations, voter’s registration requirements as well as employment. In the beginning the powers enforced into the act were weak however amendment process later took place. At the same time the congress applied authority to legislate various region of US constitution by specifically regulating interstate commerce. The key aim of the arrangement was to ensure that citizen enjoyed equal law protection via14th amendment therefore, protecting the voting rights of every citizen B. Annotated Bibliography Sources (Jones, D.M.(1994). No time for trumpets:Title VII, equality, and the fin de siecle): 1. Jones, D.M.(1994). No time for trumpets:Title VII, equality, and the fin de siecle, Michigan Law review, (80,2311). 2. The Supreme Court’s examination of the equality
- 2. through civil right act of 1964 has failed to attain the social justice for the African American individuals. The adoption of societal view by the Supreme Court has led to policing of individuals violation instead of achievement of the soil justice of the black people. The societal view asserts that discrimination can only occur if the employer decides to treat individual differently given the similar situation or event. White society decided the on the meaning of equality as well as discrimination and the decision is the poor reflection of the African American’s experience. Contrarily according to black individuals, discrimination is a form of evil perpetrated on their race by the country. Thus, the Supreme Court should alter its way of thinking. C. 1. Simpson, W. (2016). Above Reproach: How The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Escapes Constitutional Checks and Balances. Review of banking & Financial Law, 36(1),343. 2. The CFPB drew a lot of constitutional issues such as the one the US court of appeal for DC circuit held the CFPPB’s single agency director is structurally unconstitutional of only the director is removed from the duties by the president. The president cannot easily remove the director of CFBP on duties according to Simpson (2016), reform and consumer protection act created the vanguard of powerful and independent agencies through development of consumer financial protection bureau. This creates separation of power doctrine, preventing the federal government from accumulating a lot of power in one branch. It is hard for the congress to review the CFPB’s budget. This is because the bureau is protected from scrutiny. D. Annotated Bibliography Sources. (Liberal and conservative dissensus in areas of domestic public policy other than business and economics): 1. Grafton, A., & Permaloff, A. (2005). Liberal and conservative dissensus in areas of domestic public policy other than business and economics. Policy Sciences, 38(1).,45-67 2. The resource aims at examining the nature of the
- 3. political ideology in US and its effect on the implementation and formulation of public policies. Grafton & Permaloff (2005) explores the foundation of liberal-conservative dissensus in the region of the domestic policy besides business as well as the economy through the model created by Goldman, Janda and Berry. The major aspects of dissensus includes the strong conservative disposition to defend order, limited exception the liberal indifferences to order as mot conservatives define it and conservative opposition to expansion of the federal power through the state or federal expansion spending or unless the order is being threatened. Liberal emphasis on the equality as well as varying conceptualization of the basic values is also crucial. E. 1. Hersch, J., & Shinall, J.B. (2015). Fifty Years Later: The Legacy of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Journal of Policy Analysis And Management, 34(2). 424-456. 2. Dress the issue of enhancing the outcome of protected classes the act founded the period of expanding civil legislation and then implemented the framework which permit the expansion of coverage via judicial interpretation minus requiring the passage of the new laws. The resource analyze the legacy of the civil right act over the previous 50 threats by reviewing the history, employment, effect on wages scope as well as the segregation consequences of the act’s five protected classes. Further, the application entails prohibiting sexual harassment, protection against Color discrimination distinct from race discrimination which might increase multi race population as well as immigration. Annotated Bibliography Example: This is an example of how your annotations should look on the Week 2 Annotated Bibliography Worksheet once completed. Please note this is an actual source, but NOT one applicable for your final research paper. Source:
- 4. Brown, K., Royer, S., Waterhouse, J., & Ridge, S. (2005). Virtual workforces and the shifting frontier of control. The Journal of Industrial Relations, 47(3), 310-325. Retrieved from EbscoHost database. Paragraph: The political process has a significant impact on virtual workforces. Brown, Royer, Waterhouse, and Ridge (2005) studied how organizations innovate and create new technology to allow remote employees to communicate virtually. This has changed a great deal since 2005, but the important aspect of rethinking how employees and managers do business and manage assignments within the virtual workplace is discussed. As online education continues to evolve, more changes will be necessary within online colleges and universities to keep up with the changing technology and to restructure their workforce to meet the needs of students. These changes can result in new organizational structures that lead to the need for less hierarchy within an organization (Brown, Royer, Waterhouse, & Ridge, 2005). Ford Motor Company Asia Sabree April 1st, 2020 Wilmington University FIN 306: Corporate Finance Ford Motor Company
- 5. Founded in 1903. Global automotive and mobility company. Net worth of $27.64B. Firm, Industry, Environment An impending recession is reducing demand for automobiles, and impacting Ford’s sales and profitability Currently redesigning domestic and international business structures. William Clay Ford is the Executive Chairman. Jim Hackett, President and Chief Executive Officer. Ford’s top competitors American auto manufacturer General Motors (net worth $43.88B). Japanese auto manufacturer Toyota Motors (net worth $236B). Indian auto manufacturer, Tata Motors (net worth $6.6B). German auto manufacturer Daimler AG (net worth $44.85B). South Korean auto manufacturer Hyundai Motors (net worth
- 6. $19.6B). Consolidation of Financial position Assets Equity Liabilities Short term liquidity: FORD V GMC Ford: 2019 2018 2017 Current Ratio 1.16 1.20 1.23 Quick (Acid-Test) Ratio 0.11 0.12 0.12 General Motors 2019 2018 2017 Current Ratio 0.88 0 .91 0.89 Quick (Acid-Test) Ratio 0.12 0.11 0.13 Activity Ratios: FORD V GMC Ford: 2019 2018 2017 Inventory Turnover 12.49 12.14 12.78 Average Collection Period 23 28 27 Average Payment Period 56 58 65
- 7. Total Asset Turnover 0.56 0.58 0.56 General Motors 2019 2018 2017 Inventory Turnover 10.64 12.29 10.77 Average Collection Period 20 18 22 Average Payment Period 69 67 76 Total Asset Turnover 0.54 0.59 0.63 Financial Leverage: FORD V GMC Ford: 2019 2018 2017 Debt Ratio 7.79 7.14 7.39 Time Interest Earned 0.37 4.54 8.19 General Motors 2019 2018 2017 Debt Ratio 5.46 5.85 6.07 Time Interest Earned 10.51 14.05 21.63 Profitability/Market Ratios: FORD V GMC Ford: 2019 2018 2017 Gross Profit Margin 6.20% 8.11% 9.83% Operating Profit Margin 0.40% 2.16% 3.30% Net Profit Margin 0.03% 2.48% 5.22% Earnings per share $0.01 $0.92 $1.93 Return on Total Assets 0.02% 1.43% 2.95% Return on Common Equity 0.14% 10.23% 21.79% General Motors 2019 2018 2017 Gross Profit Margin 9.82% 9.31% 13.92%
- 8. Operating Profit Margin 4.47% 3.34% 7.51% Net Profit Margin 5.49% 6.02% -2.90% Earnings per share $4.57 $5.53 $-2.60 Return on Total Assets 2.95% 3.53% -1.82% Return on Equity 16.11% 20.62 -11.04% FORD’s Common-Sized Income Statement FORd’s Common-Sized Income Statement (continued) Common-Sized Income Statement Analysis For full year 2019, Ford’s revenue was down 3 percent, to $155.9 billion. Net income margin was 0.0 percent in 2019, down from 2.3 percent in 2018. Automotive revenue was down 3.1 percent from 2018, reflecting decreases in mobility and ford credit segments.
- 9. The $3.6 billion year-over-year decline in net income in 2019 is explained by the $6 billion of “special item” charges related to Ford’s global redesign. Ford’s gross profit for the year is $12.22 billion Ford’s Capital Structure Current ratio indicates that, at year-end 2019, current assets covered current liabilities 1.16 times, less from 2018. Ford’s capital structure is 62.26% equity and 37.74% debt. Total assets increased by $19.97 billion, due to deferred income taxes, asset depreciation on net operating leases. Ford’s Capital Structure Total assets increased by $19.97 billion, due to deferred income taxes, asset depreciation on net operating leases. Total liabilities increased by a total of 48.3 billion over the years. Ford’s Strengths
- 10. Ford’s competitive advantage is innovative technology and low production cost. The introduction of technology and making some of the process online cuts down Ford’s excessive cost. This low-cost strategy gives Ford a competitive advantage as compared to its competitors. Ford’s Weaknesses Ford is declining in sales volume, particularly in the United States, Europe, & China. Lower-than-anticipated market acceptance of Ford’s new & existing products or services. Failure to achieve expected growth. Investment Potential For the past two years Ford’s stock prices have been falling. Currently Ford’s stock is trading at $6.96 per share. Ford stock returns of 0.5% underperformed in the market.
- 11. Ford intends to continue to pay a quarterly cash dividend on our outstanding Common Stock and Class B Stock. conclusion Industry forecasts predict a bearish economic outlook for short- term, mid-term, and long-term investments. According to Ford, it is too early to estimate implications of the coronavirus outbreak on its business. Resources Ford Historic timeline. (2020). Retrieved from https://corporate.ford.com/history.html Ford Stock Metrics. (2020) retrieved from https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/F?p=F&.tsrc=fin-srch Ford Industry Averages. (2020). Retrieved from FORD MOTOR COMPANY ISSUES A SAFETY COMPLIANCE RECALL AND TWO SAFETY RECALLS. (2020). Retrieved from https://media.ford.com/content/fordmedia/fna/us/en/news.html Ford Annual 10-K. (2020). Retrieved from https://s22.q4cdn.com/857684434/files/doc_financials/2019/q4/ Ford-2019-10-K-Report.pdf Ford Annual 10-K. (2019). Retrieved from https://s22.q4cdn.com/857684434/files/doc_financials/2019/q4/ Ford-2019-10-K-Report.pdf
- 12. General Motor Company Annual 10-K (2020). Retrieved from https://investor.gm.com/sec-filings/sec-filing/10-k/0001467858- 19-000033 General Motor Company Annual 10-K (2019). Retrieved from https://investor.gm.com/sec-filings/sec-filing/10-k/0001467858- 19-000033 .MsftOfcThm_Accent1_Fill { fill:#C34D7E; } .MsftOfcThm_Accent1_Stroke { stroke:#C34D7E; } Corporate Finance Final Apple vs. Dell By: Stacy Simmerman Apple Inc. Industry - Information Tech, Computing and Smartphones Founders - Stephen Wozniak and Steven Jobs in 1976 First Successful personal computer company Popularized the graphical user interface Headquarters - Cupertino, California Employees - 137,000+ Main Markets - USA and China
- 13. Net Revenue - $260B Net Income - $552561M Employees (CNN Business, 2020) Apple Management CEO - Tim Cook Senior VP of Operations - Sabih Khan Senior VP of General Counsel - Katherine Adams Senior VP Software Engineering - Craig Federighi Senior VP and Chief Financial Officer - Luca Maestr Chief Operating Officer - Jeff Williams Other institutional32.93%Mutual fund holders28.80%Individual stakeholders1.09% Shareholders (CNN Business, 2020) Values and Culture Excellence - reinforces a corporate culture that promotes, appreciates, and expects top-notch excellence among employees (Meyer, P., 2019). Innovation - trains and motivates employees to innovate in terms of individual work performance and contributions to product development processes (Meyer, P., 2019). Creativity - Utilizes employees’ abilities, knowledge, and skillsets. Accessibility Education Inclusion and Diversity Privacy Environment Supplier Responsibility
- 14. Labor and Environment In 2018, Apple was under fire for labor violations. Improper provision of wages, benefits, and working hours. 700 Filipino workers were forced to pay $1 million to their employers. Apple discovered three bonded labor violations in 2017. Bonded labor - when labor is a condition of repayment for debt. Another 38 violations were found including: working hours falsification, access restriction, and underage labor. Apple’s average environmental score was 91% while their health and safety was 90%. Apple had many environmental violations as well, including: hazardous substance management, permits, improper waste disposal, and air emissions. Apple’s Income Statement Apple’s Assets Apple’s Liabilities 2017-2019 Apple Financial Overview 201720182019Total
- 15. Revenue$229,234,000$265,595,000$260,174,000Gross Profit$88,186,000$101,839,000$98,392,000Operating Expenses$26,842,000$30,941,000$34,462,000Operating Income/Loss$61,344,000$70,898,000$63,930,000Net Income $48,351,000$59,531,000$55,256,000 Apple has had fluctuations in all areas of their business, but are performing very well in comparison to industry competitors. Apple Short Term Liquidity Apple 201720182019Current Ratio1.51.72.8Quick Ratio1.41.62.7Cash Ratio 2.11.51.8Dell201720182019Current Ratio1.61.61.3Quick Ratio1.41.51.1Cash Ratio.6.6.1 Apple Ratios Ratios201720182019Gross Profit38%38%38%Return on Asset41%44%35%Return on Equity36%54%63%Times Interest Earned262219Inventory Turnover1086763Operating Profit Margin27%27%25%Net Profit Margin21%22%22%Debt to Asset Ratio.5.4.3Average Collection Period253232Total Asset Turnover222Price/Book Ratio19.7021.9816.44PE Ratio211.63125.9977.53 Common Size Income Statement AppleIncome Statement2017 %2018 %2019 %Sales100100100Cost of Goods Sold626262Gross Profit383838Selling and Admin. Exp.767Depreciation Exp.000Operating Income272724Interest Exp. 111Earnings Before Tax282726Income Taxes754Net Income212222Dividends Paid 000 Common Size Income Statement Cont. AppleBalance Sheet2017 %2018 %2019 %Cash624961Accounts Receivable 131714Inventory232Plant and Equip.516758Less
- 16. Accumulated Depreciation. Gross293636Plant and Equip. Net233123Land000Accounts Payable314128Notes Payable000Accrued Expenses2200Bonds Payable000Common Stock303027Retained Earnings 835228 Competitor: Dell Industry - Information Tech, Computing Founder/CEO - Michael S. Dell in 1984 Headquarters - Round Rock, Texas Market - USA, North America, Global Employees - 157,000+ Revenue - $90M Net Income - $-2.31M Dell Financial Overview 201720182019Total Revenue$61,642,000$78,660,000$90,621,000Gross Profit$12,959,000$20,054,000$25,053,000Operating Expenses$16,211,000$23,387,000$25,244,000Operating Income/Loss$-3,252,000$-3,333,000$-191,000Net Income $- 1,672,000$-3,728,000$-2,310,000 Dell’s Revenue and Gross profit are increasing throughout the past 3 years, Their operating expenses are increasing causing them lose money. Their Operating Income Loss is decreasing, but still too high. Net Income is becoming increasingly worse over the last 3 years. Dell RatiosRatios2017 2018 2019Gross Profit21%25%28%Return on Asset-6%-11%-7%Return on Equity-11%-35.5%44%Times Interest Earned91010Inventory
- 17. Turnover242925Operating Profit Margin26%30%28%Net Profit Margin-3%-5%-3%Debt to Asset Ratio.5.5.6Avg. Collection Pd.565250Total Asset Turnover223PE Ratio008.36Price/Book Ratio3.173.97-10.70 Common Size Income Statement DellIncome Statement2017 %2018 %2019 %Sales100100100Cost of Goods Sold797572Gross Profit212528Selling and Admin. Exp.222423Depreciation Exp.000Operating Income263028Interest Exp. 333Earnings Before Tax-9-7-3Income Taxes-3-20Net Income-3-5-3Dividends Paid 000 Common Size Income Statement DellBalance Sheet2017 %2018 %2019 %Cash394631Accounts Receivable 323240Inventory9812Plant and Equip.453844Less Accumulated Depreciation. Gross262227Plant and Equip. Net191517Land000Accounts Payable505262Notes Payable000Accrued Expenses111Bonds Payable000Common Stock705652Retained Earnings -19-26-69 Apple Capital Structure 2014-2018: Total Debt has grown 73B 2015-2019: Dividends/Share Repurchases increased 34B 2016-2019: Debt to Equity Ratio has risen from 50% to 112% 2016-2019: Total Liabilities increased 63% Low interest rates combined with debt is funding a growing capital return program Apple is worth $1.12T Apple SWOTBrand Recognition - valuable Advance Technology
- 18. Sustainability Proficient Quality products and services Expanding Services International Presence InnovativeExpensive Fluctuating Sales Incompatibility with competitor software Limited Marketing Campaigns Expanding into non-competency areas - streaming networks Customer Growth Expanding teams of qualified professionals Network Expansion Recycled or Environmentally friendly technology Artificial Intelligence and Smart Technology Advancement Coronavirus Pandemic Knockoff Products Competition Tariffs overseas Pending Litigations Market Saturation Economic Fluctuations Regulations Strengths Weaknesses Threats Opportunities Dell SWOTLargest PC creator in the world Brand Recognition - market presence Loyal Customer Following - direct relationship Low Operating Costs Excellent Customer Service Technologically Advanced Customizable Technology
- 19. Wide variety of products and services Privately Owned Research and Development Lacking Relationships with Educational Institutions High Operating Expenses Lack of Individuality Growth in Big Data Entering Other Markets - cloud computing and Artificial Intelligence Pacific Markets Diversity Online Retail Presence Competition Fading PC Market Regulations Customer Prices Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats Conclusion Apple is more financially stable than Dell. Despite having extremely high debt, Apple is able to maintain a positive cash flow. Apple has a more broad-spectrum of products and has the advantage of being utilized in multiple markets throughout the US and China. Apple’s brand recognition is more universal than Dell due to their wide variety, store accessibility, online presence, and customer service. Dell has major room for improvement in their brand approach, product selection, and target market. Dell may be a name brand; however, their financials fall extremely short in comparison to Apple. Apple has a positive Net Income; whereas, Dell has a negative
- 20. Net Income. Apple seems to be struggling in certain areas but would be a good investment. They are a forward-thinking company that value’s their employees and allows their employees to be a part of their growth and innovation process. Dell does not appear to be credit worthy. The CEO makes all product decisions and employee’s opinions do not matter in the growth of future product development. References Bhasin, H. (2019, January 29). SWOT analysis of DELL - DELL SWOT analysis & Internal analysis. Retrieved April 15, 2020, from https://www.marketing91.com/swot-analysis-of-dell/ Business Strategy Hub. (2020, March 10). Apple SWOT 2020: SWOT Analysis of Apple. Retrieved April 15, 2020, from https://bstrategyhub.com/swot-analysis-of-apple-apple-swot- 2018/ Carmichael, C. (2020, January 29). Understanding Apple's Capital Structure. Retrieved April 15, 2020, from https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/081716/underst anding-apples-capital-structure-aapl.asp CNN Business . (2020, April 17). AAPL. Retrieved April 18, 2020, from https://money.cnn.com/quote/profile/profile.html?symb=AAPL DeBos, C. (2019, April 25). Tim Cook Calls For Government Regulations On Tech: The Burn. Retrieved April 15, 2020, from https://www.theburnin.com/technology/apple-ceo-tim-cook- calls-for-government-regulations-on-technology/ Ehrenkranz, M. (2018, March 8). Apple Details Alarming Labor Issues In Latest Supply Chain Report. Retrieved April 1, 2020, from https://gizmodo.com/apple-details-alarming-labor-issues- in-latest-supply-ch-1823611397 Gurman, M., & Bloomberg. (2019, September 9). Apple Admits Breaking Chinese Labor Laws in the World's Largest iPhone Factory. Retrieved April 1, 2020, from
- 21. https://fortune.com/2019/09/09/apple-admits-breaking-china- labor-laws-foxconn-iphone-factory/ References (Cont.) Hellman, J. (2019, January 30). Value Line - The Most Trusted Name in Investment Research. Retrieved April 15, 2020, from https://www.valueline.com/Stocks/Highlights/Dow_30_Earnings __Apple_Inc___First_Quarter_Fiscal_2019.aspx#.Xpdj5chKjIV Jurevicius, O. (2017, January 24). Full Analysis of Apple Inc. Competitors. Retrieved April 1, 2020, from https://appleknowledge.xyz/apple-competitors.html Levy, S. (2020, February 7). Apple Inc. Retrieved April 1, 2020, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/Apple-Inc Linton, I. (2019, February 11). What Is Apple's Competitive Advantage in Its Industry? Retrieved April 1, 2020, from https://bizfluent.com/info-8734236-apples-competitive- advantage-industry.html Macrotrends. (n.d.). Apple: Number of Employees 2006-2019: AAPL. Retrieved April 1, 2020, from https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/AAPL/apple/number- of-employees Macrotrends. (n.d.). Dell: Number of Employees 2015-2020: DELL. Retrieved April 1, 2020, from https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/DELL/dell/number- of-employees Macrotrends. (2020). Dell Shares Outstanding 2015-2020: DELL. Retrieved April 15, 2020, from https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/DELL/dell/shares- outstanding Macrotrends. (2020). Amazon Shares Outstanding 2006-2019: AMZN. Retrieved April 15, 2020, from https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/AMZN/amazon/share s-outstanding
- 22. References (Cont.) Meyer, P. (2019, February 15). Apple Inc.s Organizational Culture & Its Characteristics (An Analysis). Retrieved April 15, 2020, from http://panmore.com/apple-inc-organizational- culture-features-implications The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. (2019, January 7). Dell Inc. Retrieved April 15, 2020, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dell-Inc Tony Romm, D. P. (2019, January 2). Adding to fears of economic slowdown, Apple warns sales will fall short and cites 'deterioration' in China. Retrieved April 1, 2020, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/adding-to- fears-of-economic-slowdown-apple-warns-sales-will-fall-short- and-cites-deterioration-in-china/2019/01/02/75e7653c-0eda- 11e9-831f-3aa2c2be4cbd_story.html Yahoo Finance. (2020, April 15). Apple Inc. (AAPL) Income Statement. Retrieved April 15, 2020, from https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/AAPL/financials?ltr=1 Yahoo Finance . (2020, April 15). Dell Technologies Inc. (DELL) Income Statement. Retrieved April 15, 2020, from https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/DELL/financials?ltr=1 Week 3 Final Research Paper Outline Worksheet REMINDER: Please be sure you have critically read the instructions for BOTH the Week 3 Final Paper Outline Assignment, and the Week 5 Final Research Paper. Final Paper Outline 1. Introduction Your introduction should start with a hook to draw your reader in, establish your topic, and create interest. It should then provide very brief background on your topic before including your thesis statement and an overview of the main points of your paper. It should be a minimum of one complete
- 23. paragraph of at least five sentences in length. 2. Thesis Statement Your thesis statement, should come at the end of your introduction to fully address your topic and the four main points of your position. Your thesis statement should be one sentence in length. It should be a statement, not a question. It should clearly and concisely establish your topic, explain why your topic is important, and address how it connects to the four main points of the Final Research Paper. The Ashford Writing Center has several resources that can help you develop your thesis statement. 3. Heading for Main Point 1-Describes the historical and Constitutional basis of American Government’s structure and how this relates to the policy. Each heading should address a specific topic or component of your paper. This area will be the body paragraphs of your paper. This is where you will explain your ideas and support your topic with the references you have found. This section of the outline can be quite long and does not have to be condensed into only four headings. Within your outline, you must cite (within the text) at least six references; four of which must be scholarly peer-reviewed sources obtained through the AU Library databases. While this is an outline, all sentences must be complete thoughts and support your topic. a. Subheading 1- This should be the first main point to support your argument or assertion here. This is where you will outline this point, and include the APA in-text citation when you are incorporating your research information. b. Subheading 2- This should be the second main point to support your argument or assertion here. This is where you will outline this point, and include the APA
- 24. in-text citation when you are incorporating your research information. 4. Heading for Main Point 2 – Explains how the policy is involved within the process of checks and balances. a. Subheading 1- This should be the first main point to support your argument or assertion here. This is where you will outline this point, and include the APA in-text citation when you are incorporating your research information. b. Subheading 2- This should be the second main point to support your argument or assertion here. This is where you will outline this point, and include the APA in-text citation when you are incorporating your research information. 5. Heading for Main Point 3 – Describes how the policy relates to public policy and elections and how the policy is portrayed by the media. a. Subheading 1- This should be the first main point to support your argument or assertion here. This is where you will outline this point, and include the APA in-text citation when you are incorporating your research information. b. Subheading 2- This should be the second main point to support your argument or assertion here. This is where you will outline this point, and include the APA in-text citation when you are incorporating your research information. 6. Heading for Main Point 4 – Explains how the policy impacts voting and the election process.
- 25. a. Subheading 1- This should be the first main point to support your argument or assertion here. This is where you will outline this point, and include the APA in-text citation when you are incorporating your research information. b. Subheading 2- This should be the second main point to support your argument or assertion here. This is where you will outline this point, and include the APA in-text citation when you are incorporating your research information. 7. Conclusion Your conclusion should summarize the key points, restate your thesis (but not verbatim), and establish a conclusion regarding your topic. It should be a minimum of one complete paragraph of at least five sentences in length. 8. Reference List Full APA citations for all six sources referenced in your outline, should be included in this section. Please be sure to use proper APA formatting and hanging indents. You may click here to see specific examples of APA formatted references, provided by the Ashford Writing Center.