Week06 bme429-cbir
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This document discusses content-based image retrieval (CBIR) systems. It covers the types of image databases and queries used, as well as common image features and distance measures for determining matches, such as color histograms, texture, shape, and objects/relationships. Relevance feedback and term weighting are described for refining search results. Specific CBIR systems are summarized, including QBIC, Blobworld, and Andy Berman's FIDS system which uses triangle inequalities for efficient retrieval. Building recognition using consistent line clusters is presented as an example of object-oriented feature extraction.
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29
JFS Distance Metric
d(I,Q) = w00 | Q[0,0] - I[0,0] | + ∑ wij | Q’[i,j] - I’[i,j] |
ij
where the w’s are weights,
Q[0,0] and I[0,0] are scaling coefficients related
to average image intensity,
Q’[i,j] and I’[i,j] are the truncated, quantized coefficients.
30
Experiments
20,558 image database of paintings
20 coefficients used
User “paints” a rough version of the painting
he /she wants on the screen.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/week06-bme429-cbir-131011075004-phpapp01/85/Week06-bme429-cbir-15-320.jpg)
![17
33
Term weighting
Term weight
assigning different weights for different keyword(terms)
according their relative importance to the document
define to be the weight for term ,k=1,2,…,N, in
the document i
document i can be represented as a weight vector in
the term space
ikw kt
[ ]iNiii wwwD ;...;; 21=
34
Term weighting
The query Q also is a weight vector in the term space
The similarity between D and Q
QD
QD
QDSim ),( =
[ ]qNqq wwwQ ;...;; 21=
.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/week06-bme429-cbir-131011075004-phpapp01/85/Week06-bme429-cbir-17-320.jpg)
Week06 bme429-cbir
- 1. 1 1 Content-based Image Retrieval (CBIR) Searching a large database for images that match a query: What kinds of databases? What kinds of queries? What constitutes a match? How do we make such searches efficient? 2 Applications Art Collections e.g. Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco Medical Image Databases CT, MRI, Ultrasound, The Visible Human Scientific Databases e.g. Earth Sciences General Image Collections for Licensing Corbis, Getty Images The World Wide Web
- 2. 2 3 What is a query? an image you already have a rough sketch you draw a symbolic description of what you want e.g. an image of a man and a woman on a beach 4 SYSTEMS
- 3. 3 5 Some Systems You Can Try Corbis Stock Photography and Pictures http://www.corbis.com/ • Corbis sells high-quality images for use in advertising, marketing, illustrating, etc. • Search is entirely by keywords. • Human indexers look at each new image and enter keywords. • A thesaurus constructed from user queries is used. 6 QBIC IBM’s QBIC (Query by Image Content) http://wwwqbic.almaden.ibm.com • The first commercial system. • Uses or has-used color percentages, color layout, texture, shape, location, and keywords.
- 4. 4 7 Blobworld UC Berkeley’s Blobworld http://elib.cs.berkeley.edu/photos/blobworld •Images are segmented on color plus texture • User selects a region of the query image • System returns images with similar regions • Works really well for tigers and zebras 8 Ditto Ditto: See the Web http://www.ditto.com • Small company • Allows you to search for pictures from web pages
- 5. 5 9 Image Features / Distance Measures Image Database Query Image Distance Measure Retrieved Images Image Feature Extraction User Feature SpaceImages 10 Features • Color (histograms, gridded layout, wavelets) • Texture (Laws, Gabor filters, local binary partition) • Shape (first segment the image, then use statistical or structural shape similarity measures) • Objects and their Relationships This is the most powerful, but you have to be able to recognize the objects!
- 6. 6 11 Color Histograms 12 QBIC’s Histogram Similarity The QBIC color histogram distance is: dhist(I,Q) = (h(I) - h(Q)) A (h(I) - h(Q))T • h(I) is a K-bin histogram of a database image • h(Q) is a K-bin histogram of the query image • A is a K x K similarity matrix
- 7. 7 13 Similarity Matrix R G B Y C V 1 0 0 .5 0 .5 0 1 0 .5 .5 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 R G B Y C V How similar is blue to cyan? ? ? 14 Gridded Color Gridded color distance is the sum of the color distances in each of the corresponding grid squares. What color distance would you use for a pair of grid squares? 1 12 2 3 34 4
- 8. 8 15 Color Layout (IBM’s Gridded Color) 16 Texture Distances • Pick and Click (user clicks on a pixel and system retrieves images that have in them a region with similar texture to the region surrounding it. • Gridded (just like gridded color, but use texture). • Histogram-based (e.g. compare the LBP histograms).
- 9. 9 17 Laws Texture 18 Shape Distances • Shape goes one step further than color and texture. • It requires identification of regions to compare. • There have been many shape similarity measures suggested for pattern recognition that can be used to construct shape distance measures.
- 10. 10 19 Global Shape Properties: Projection Matching 0 4 1 3 2 0 0 4 3 2 1 0 In projection matching, the horizontal and vertical projections form a histogram. Feature Vector (0,4,1,3,2,0,0,4,3,2,1,0) What are the weaknesses of this method? strengths? 20 Global Shape Properties: Tangent-Angle Histograms 135 0 30 45 135 Is this feature invariant to starting point?
- 11. 11 21 Boundary Matching • Fourier Descriptors • Sides and Angles • Elastic Matching The distance between query shape and image shape has two components: 1. energy required to deform the query shape into one that best matches the image shape 2. a measure of how well the deformed query matches the image 22 Del Bimbo Elastic Shape Matching query retrieved images
- 12. 12 23 Regions and Relationships • Segment the image into regions • Find their properties and interrelationships • Construct a graph representation with nodes for regions and edges for spatial relationships • Use graph matching to compare images Like what? 24 Tiger Image as a Graph sky sand tiger grass above adjacent above inside above above adjacent image abstract regions
- 13. 13 25 Object Detection: Rowley’s Face Finder 1. convert to gray scale 2. normalize for lighting* 3. histogram equalization 4. apply neural net(s) trained on 16K images What data is fed to the classifier? 32 x 32 windows in a pyramid structure * Like first step in Laws algorithm, p. 220 26 Fleck and Forsyth’s Flesh Detector The “Finding Naked People” Paper • Convert RGB to HSI • Use the intensity component to compute a texture map texture = med2 ( | I - med1(I) | ) • If a pixel falls into either of the following ranges, it’s a potential skin pixel texture < 5, 110 < hue < 150, 20 < saturation < 60 texture < 5, 130 < hue < 170, 30 < saturation < 130 median filters of radii 4 and 6 Look for LARGE areas that satisfy this to identify pornography.
- 14. 14 27 Wavelet Approach Idea: use a wavelet decomposition to represent images What are wavelets? • compression scheme • uses a set of 2D basis functions • representation is a set of coefficients, one for each basis function 28 Jacobs, Finkelstein, Salesin Method for Image Retrieval (1995) 1. Use YIQ color space 2. Use Haar wavelets 3. 128 x 128 images yield 16,384 coefficients x 3 color channels 4. Truncate by keeping the 40-60 largest coefficients (make the rest 0) 5. Quantize to 2 values (+1 for positive, -1 for negative)
- 15. 15 29 JFS Distance Metric d(I,Q) = w00 | Q[0,0] - I[0,0] | + ∑ wij | Q’[i,j] - I’[i,j] | ij where the w’s are weights, Q[0,0] and I[0,0] are scaling coefficients related to average image intensity, Q’[i,j] and I’[i,j] are the truncated, quantized coefficients. 30 Experiments 20,558 image database of paintings 20 coefficients used User “paints” a rough version of the painting he /she wants on the screen.
- 16. 16 31 Relevance Feedback In real interactive CBIR systems, the user should be allowed to interact with the system to “refine” the results of a query until he/she is satisfied. Relevance feedback work has been done by a number of research groups, e.g. • The Photobook Project (Media Lab, MIT) • The Leiden Portrait Retrieval Project • The MARS Project (Tom Huang’s group at Illinois) 32 Information Retrieval Model* An IR model consists of: a document model a query model a model for computing similarity between documents and the queries Term (keyword) weighting Relevance Feedback *from Rui, Huang, and Mehrotra’s work
- 17. 17 33 Term weighting Term weight assigning different weights for different keyword(terms) according their relative importance to the document define to be the weight for term ,k=1,2,…,N, in the document i document i can be represented as a weight vector in the term space ikw kt [ ]iNiii wwwD ;...;; 21= 34 Term weighting The query Q also is a weight vector in the term space The similarity between D and Q QD QD QDSim ),( = [ ]qNqq wwwQ ;...;; 21= .
- 18. 18 35 Using Relevance Feedback The CBIR system should automatically adjust the weight that were given by the user for the relevance of previously retrieved documents Most systems use a statistical method for adjusting the weights. 36 The Idea of Gaussian Normalization If all the relevant images have similar values for component j the component j is relevant to the query If all the relevant images have very different values for component j the component j is not relevant to the query the inverse of the standard deviation of the related image sequence is a good measure of the weight for component j the smaller the variance, the larger the weight
- 19. 19 37 Leiden Portrait System The Leiden Portrait Retrieval System is an example of the use of relevance feedback. 38 Andy Berman’s FIDS System multiple distance measures Boolean and linear combinations efficient indexing using images as keys
- 20. 20 39 Andy Berman’s FIDS System: Use of key images and the triangle inequality for efficient retrieval. 40 Andy Berman’s FIDS System: Bare-Bones Triangle Inequality Algorithm Offline 1. Choose a small set of key images 2. Store distances from database images to keys Online (given query Q) 1. Compute the distance from Q to each key 2. Obtain lower bounds on distances to database images 3. Threshold or return all images in order of lower bounds
- 21. 21 41 Andy Berman’s FIDS System: 42 Andy Berman’s FIDS System: Bare-Bones Algorithm with Multiple Distance Measures Offline 1. Choose key images for each measure 2. Store distances from database images to keys for all measures Online (given query Q) 1. Calculate lower bounds for each measure 2. Combine to form lower bounds for composite measures 3. Continue as in single measure algorithm
- 22. 22 43 Andy Berman’s FIDS System: Triangle Tries A triangle trie is a tree structure that stores the distances from database images to each of the keys, one key per tree level. root 3 4 1 9 8 W,Z X Y Distance to key 1 Distance to key 2 44 Andy Berman’s FIDS System: Triangle Tries and Two-Stage Pruning • First Stage: Use a short triangle trie. • Second Stage: Bare-bones algorithm on the images returned from the triangle-trie stage. The quality of the output is the same as with the bare-bones algorithm itself, but execution is faster.
- 23. 23 45 Andy Berman’s FIDS System: 46 Andy Berman’s FIDS System:
- 24. 24 47 Andy Berman’s FIDS System: Performance on a Pentium Pro 200-mHz Step 1. Extract features from query image. (.02s ≤ t ≤ .25s) Step 2. Calculate distance from query to key images. (1μs ≤ t ≤ .8ms) Step 3. Calculate lower bound distances. (t ≈ 4ms per 1000 images using 35 keys, which is about 250,000 images per second.) Step 4. Return the images with smallest lower bound distances. 48 Andy Berman’s FIDS System:
- 25. 25 49 Weakness of Low-level Features Can’t capture the high-level concepts 50 Current Research Objective Image Database Query Image Retrieved Images Images Object-oriented Feature Extraction User … Animals Buildings Office Buildings Houses Transportation •Boats •Vehicles … boat Categories
- 26. 26 51 Overall Approach • Develop object recognizers for common objects • Use these recognizers to design a new set of both low- and high-level features • Design a learning system that can use these features to recognize classes of objects 52 Boat Recognition
- 28. 28 55 Building Features: Consistent Line Clusters (CLC) A Consistent Line Cluster is a set of lines that are homogeneous in terms of some line features. Color-CLC: The lines have the same color feature. Orientation-CLC: The lines are parallel to each other or converge to a common vanishing point. Spatially-CLC: The lines are in close proximity to each other. 56 Color-CLC Color feature of lines: color pair (c1,c2) Color pair space: RGB (2563*2563) Too big! Dominant colors (20*20) Finding the color pairs: One line → Several color pairs Constructing Color-CLC: use clustering
- 29. 29 57 Color-CLC 58 Orientation-CLC The lines in an Orientation-CLC are parallel to each other in the 3D world The parallel lines of an object in a 2D image can be: Parallel in 2D Converging to a vanishing point (perspective)
- 30. 30 59 Orientation-CLC 60 Spatially-CLC Vertical position clustering Horizontal position clustering
- 31. 31 61 Building Recognition by CLC Two types of buildings → Two criteria Inter-relationship criterion Intra-relationship criterion 62 Inter-relationship criterion (Nc1>Ti1 or Nc2>Ti1) and (Nc1+Nc2)>Ti2 Nc1 = number of intersecting lines in cluster 1 Nc2 = number of intersecting lines in cluster 2
- 32. 32 63 Intra-relationship criterion |So| > Tj1 or w(So) > Tj2 S0 = set of heavily overlapping lines in a cluster 64 Experimental Evaluation Object Recognition 97 well-patterned buildings (bp): 97/97 44 not well-patterned buildings (bnp): 42/44 16 not patterned non-buildings (nbnp): 15/16 (one false positive) 25 patterned non-buildings (nbp): 0/25 CBIR
- 33. 33 65 Experimental Evaluation Well-Patterned Buildings 66 Experimental Evaluation Non-Well-Patterned Buildings
- 34. 34 67 Experimental Evaluation Non-Well-Patterned Non-Buildings 68 Experimental Evaluation Well-Patterned Non-Buildings (false positives)
- 35. 35 69 Experimental Evaluation (CBIR) 91.7 87.5 89.6 100 Accuracy (%) 04444Yellowstone 601830Cannonbeach 502127Campusinfall 00470Arborgreens False negative (#) False positive (#) Total Negative Classification (#) Total Positive Classification (#) 70 Experimental Evaluation (CBIR) False positives from Yellowstone
- 36. 36 71 Future Work Future Work Constructing hierarchically structured clusters Using CLC on other objects Combining CLC with other features Developing a learning approach using hierarchical, multiple classifiers (Chou 2000)