Week2 lecture
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The document provides an overview of the historical perspectives of the origins and development of a free press. It discusses early challenges to a free press from colonial governments. It then covers the development of newspapers in colonial America and revolutionary press during the American Revolution. Key figures discussed include Benjamin Franklin and the passage of the Bill of Rights. The document also summarizes laws and events that threatened press freedom such as the Alien and Sedition Acts and World War I/II censorship.
Week2 lecture
- 3. What will we cover today?
- 4. 1. Origins of & challenges to a free press
- 5. 1. Origins of & challenges to a free press 2. Financing and developing a free press
- 6. 1. Origins of & challenges to a free press 2. Financing and developing a free press 3. Sensationalizing the press
- 7. 1. Origins of & challenges to a free press 2. Financing and developing a free press 3. Sensationalizing the press 4. Threats to and adjustments by the press
- 8. 1. Origins of & challenges to a free press 2. Financing and developing a free press 3. Sensationalizing the press 4. Threats to and adjustments by the press 5. Pedagogy
- 9. Origins of & challenges to a free press
- 10. Printing z z Long history Spread of printing = agent for change
- 11. z z z z News Newspapers did not create news News becomes a commodity British monarch & prior restraint First newspaper (March 11, 1702 in London) Daily Courant
- 12. State of free expression z “We have not free schools nor printing...For learning has brought disobedience and heresy and sects into the world; and printing has divulged them and libels against government. God keep us from both.” – Williams Berkeley, Virginia Governor, 1671
- 13. William Bradford z z Philadelphia 1685 Arrested for printing pamphlet critical of Quaker government z Moved to New York 1693
- 14. Colonial Press z Benjamin Harris: Public Occurrences, Both Forreign and Domestick z Reported that the French king had ...well.. “hooked up” with his daughter-in-law, the princess.
- 15. Colonial Press z Benjamin Harris: Public Occurrences, Both Forreign and Domestick z Reported that the French king had ...well.. “hooked up” with his daughter-in-law, the princess.
- 16. Colonial Press z James Franklin: New England Courant z First North American newspaper to supply public with what they liked & needed z Without authority (established editorial independence)
- 17. Colonial Press z Benjamin Franklin: Pennsylvania Gazette z Anonymous essays (“Busy-Body Papers”) z z First cartoon “An Apology For Printers” (1731) Printers are educated in the Belief, that when Men differ in Opinion, both Sides ought equa&y to have the Advantage of being heard by the Publick; and that when Truth and Error have fair Play, the former is always an overmatch for the latter.
- 18. Colonial Press z Benjamin Franklin: Pennsylvania Gazette z Anonymous essays (“Busy-Body Papers”) z z First cartoon “An Apology For Printers” (1731) Printers are educated in the Belief, that when Men differ in Opinion, both Sides ought equa&y to have the Advantage of being heard by the Publick; and that when Truth and Error have fair Play, the former is always an overmatch for the latter.
- 19. Colonial Press z John Peter Zenger, New York Weekly Journal z New York gov. Wm. Cosby replaces Lewis Morris as chief justice; Zenger publishes an article critical of Cosby – probably written by Morris Cosby Morris
- 20. Colonial Press z Seditious libel – greater the truth, the greater the libel z Andrew Hamilton argued inherent right to write or speak the truth
- 22. z Revolutionary Press The Stamp Act of 1765 z z z Increased cost Censorship Repealed after one year
- 23. Revolutionary Press z Stamp act leads to politicization of press z Colonial Press was mostly politically neutral, religious in nature z Tombstone issue
- 25. Philosophical Influences z Thomas Paine’s Common Sense
- 26. Philosophical Influences z John Milton’s Areopagitica
- 27. Philosophical Influences z John Locke: Individual’s right to choose their government
- 28. Bill of Rights - 1791 z Anti-Federalists insist upon it z First Amendment z Nine of 13 states already had such a provision
- 29. Bill of Rights - 1791 z Anti-Federalists insist upon it z First Amendment z Nine of 13 states already had such a provision
- 30. Bill of Rights - 1791
- 31. Bill of Rights - 1791
- 32. Bill of Rights - 1791 Congress sha& make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the 'ee exercise therof; or abridging the 'eedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances
- 33. Alien & Sedition Acts 1798 z Extended naturalization: 5 to 14 years z President could deport any male over age of 14 viewed to be a threat and were subjects of countries at war with U.S. z Illegal to conspire to oppose measures of the government (write, utter, publish, etc.)
- 34. Benjamin Franklin Bache z Philadelphia Aurora & General Advertiser zz Anti-Federalist Criticized George Washington, John Adams z Indicted the day it became law – $4,000 zbail Died of yellow fever before trial
- 35. Benjamin Franklin Bache z Philadelphia Aurora & General Advertiser zz Anti-Federalist Criticized George Washington, John Adams z Indicted the day it became law – $4,000 zbail Died of yellow fever before trial
- 36. Jefferson on Free Press z “Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate for a moment to prefer the latter.” (In a letter to Colonel Edward Carrington, 16 January 1787)
- 37. Jefferson on Free Press z “Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate for a moment to prefer the latter.” (In a letter to Colonel Edward Carrington, 16 January 1787)
- 38. Harry Croswell zz W (Federalist) asp Charged with seditious libel in 1804 z Used Zenger defense, but lost zNevertheless, argument has great appeal & leads to New York passing the country’s first law to accept truth as a defense
- 39. Comstock Law 1873 • Creates New York Society for the Suppression of Vice • Convinces Congress to pass Comstock Law, outlawing delivery of “obscene and lascivious” materials Anthony Comstock
- 40. Espionage Act 1917 • Crime to interfere with the operation or success of the armed forces or to promote success of enemy • Punishable by death or 30 years in prison • Sedition Act 1918 illegal to speak Eugene Debs out against the government
- 41. World War II Censorship • War Powers Act includes provisions for censorship • Executive order establishes Office of Censorship Byron Price • Information of value to enemy • Voluntary within the country • Censors employed in theater
- 43. Office of War Information Originally Coordinator of Information Elmer Davis
- 44. Paul White - CBS News • 1933 - First radio network news operation • Bureaus in New York, Washington, Chicago, Los Angeles • Newspaper stringers
- 45. Edward R. Murrow
- 46. Post-War • Fred Friendly • 1950-52 “Hear it Now” • 1952 “See It Now” begins • Sponsor - Alcoa • “Christmas in Korea” • “High Murrow”
- 47. Post-War • Fred Friendly • 1950-52 “Hear it Now” • 1952 “See It Now” begins • Sponsor - Alcoa • “Christmas in Korea” • “High Murrow”
- 48. Person to Person • Celebrity interviews • Rehearsed, live look • “Low Murrow”
- 50. McCarthyism • Senator Joseph McCarthy (R) Wisconsin • Claimed Eisenhower government infiltrated by Communists • Claims made at height of “Red Scare” and blacklisting
- 51. Milo Radulovich • Air Force meteorologist • Ordered to sever ties with his father
- 53. William S. Paley
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- #14: Bradford, William, 1663–1752, British pioneer printer in the American colonies. Born in Leicestershire, England, he served an apprenticeship under a London printer before emigrating in 1685 to Philadelphia, where he set up the first press. He added a bookstore in 1688 and was in 1690 one of the founders of the first paper mill in the colonies. He was arrested for printing a pamphlet critical of the Quaker government; his trial, at which no verdict was reached, was probably the first in the United States involving freedom of the press. Bradford moved (c.1693) to New York City where he became royal printer and issued some 400 items in the next 50 years, including the first American Book of Common Prayer (1710), some of the earliest of American almanacs and many pamphlets and political writings. In 1725 he began publication of the royalist New York Gazette, the first New York newspaper. Many of his descendants, including Andrew Bradford and William Bradford, became printers.\n
- #15: September 25, 1690, Boston\nFour sheets, size of modern-day notepaper\nHouse fires, suicide, smallpox epidemic\nIndians who “barbarously Butcher’d” forty white settlers\nimproprieties within French Royal Court.\nAuthorities shut it down after 4 days:\n“Doubtful and uncertain reports.”\ncolonial policy had become one of conciliation with natives \nHarris fled to England...ended his days hawking quack medicines\n
- #16: Ben Franklin was apprentice\n
- #17: Cartoon: 1754, start of French and Indian Wars (a plea for colonial unity)\n
- #18: Published with financial support of Lewis Morris\nZenger not literate in English\nCosby administration most corrupt of colonial goverments\nCosby heavy drinker, partier...would offer patronage to those who offered their wives or daughters for sexual favors\nCosby replaces Morris with DeLauncey -- a young man whose father is friends with Cosby. Unpopular move.\n1734: Zenger publishes article criticizing Cosby for not defending coastline from pirates.\nDon’t know if he even understood what he was printing.\n\n
- #19: Cosby orders Zenger’s lawyers disbarred.\nComes to attention of Benjamin Franklin... asked to find Philadelphia lawyer too prestigious to be disbarred: Andrew Hamilton.\nHamilton ignores the law.\nHuge symbolic victory -- not a precedent.\nZenger continues publishing... demonstrates opposition to England.\n
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- #21: Premise that money was needed to protect the colonies from French and Indian attack.\nAmong other things, taxed paper. \nIncreased cost by 50 percent.\nMany either had to stop printing or charge more (when many wouldn’t pay it)\n
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- #38: • Accused Jefferson of being a robber, liar, perjurer\n• Croswell is defended by Alexander Hamilton... uses same defense he used for Zenger...\n• This time, he loses... Jury rules their argument was outside the law (which it was).\n• Crosswell pays a fine.\n• Significance is the argument had great appeal and shortly afterward the NY state legislature becomes first in America to pass legislation accepting truth as a defense.\n
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