The document discusses various analytical techniques used in data analysis:
1) What-if analysis allows making hypothetical changes to variables to observe impact on results, including scenario analysis, data tables analysis, and goal seek analysis.
2) Sensitivity analysis determines the effect of changes to independent variables on dependent variables under certain assumptions, including partial sensitivity analysis and best/worst case scenarios.
3) Optimization analysis finds optimal values for target variables given constraints by changing other variables repeatedly.
4) Data mining discovers interesting patterns from large datasets and involves exploration, model building/validation, and deployment stages.