Global warming is occurring due to greenhouse gas emissions. While some populations are growing wealthier and consuming more, resources are becoming more constrained. If current energy use patterns continue, CO2 levels will rise dangerously in the next 45 years. This will likely cause feedback loops and temperature increases beyond 2°C, with severe environmental consequences. Peak oil production has already occurred in some countries. Higher energy prices, carbon pricing schemes, new technologies and changing preferences will drive increased efficiency, clean energy adoption and reduced emissions. However, meeting technical needs to avoid runaway climate change will be challenging with more people consuming more with fewer resources.