Wheat package of practices in general
- 1. PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Term paper on wheat Submitted to : Dr. hussain Department of Agronomy. Submitted by : RAM/15-03
- 2. Wheat in India • Second most important winter cereal after rice. • Bread wheat contributes approximately 95% to total production • Remaining 4% from durum wheat and 1% from Dicoccum
- 3. Top 10 wheat producers (2009-10) Country Quantity (m tons) China 115.0 India 80.7 Russia 61.7 USA 60.3 France 39.4 Canada 26.5 Germany 25.1 Pakistan 24.0 Australia 22.5 Ukraine 20.0 Turkey 17.8 Global Wheat Scenario 2nd largest producer in the world next to China from last 10 years 2nd largest producer in the world next to China from last 10 years
- 4. The Production Scenario Growth rate (2006-07 to 2009-10) Area – 1.57 % Production – 3.67% Productivity – 1.75% Year Wheat Area (m ha) Production (m t) Productivity (t/ha) 2000-01 25.7 69.7 2.7 2001-02 26.3 72.8 2.8 2002-03 25.2 65.8 2.6 2003-04 26.6 72.1 2.7 2004-05 26.4 68.6 2.6 2005-06 26.7 69.4 2.6 2006-07 28.5 74.9 2.6 2007-08 28.1 78.6 2.8 2008-09 27.8 80.68 2.9 2009-10 28.5 80.71 2.8 * 4th estimates, DAC, MoA, GOI In last 25 yrs, moderate growth rate of 2.27 %. Growth rate since 2000-01 is 1.77%.
- 5. Wheat Growing Zones Zone Area covered Area m ha (%) Northern Hills Zone (NHZ) Western Himalayan regions of J&K (except Jammu and Kathua distt.); H.P. (except Una and Paonta Valley); Uttarakhand (except Tarai area); Sikkim and hills of West Bengal and N.E. States 0.8 (2.9%) North Western Plains Zone (NWPZ) Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan (except Kota and Udaipur divisions), Western UP (except Jhansi division), parts of J&K (Jammu and Kathua districts), HP (Una dist. and Paonta valley) and Uttarakhand (Tarai region) 11.3 (40.1%) North Eastern Plains Zone (NEPZ) Eastern UP, Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, West Bengal, Assam and plains of NE States 9.5 (33.2%) Central Zone (CZ) MP, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Rajasthan(Kota and Udaipur divisions) and UP ( Jhansi division) 5.2 (18.1%) Peninsular Zone (PZ) Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Goa, plains of Tamil Nadu 1.6 (5.4%) Southern Hills Zone (SHZ) Hilly areas of Tamil Nadu and Kerala comprising the Nilgiri and Palni hills of southern plateau 0.1 (0.4%) TOTAL 28.5
- 6. Productivity of wheat growing states (q/ha)
- 7. The yield gaps…. Zonal (q/ha) WFLD – Regional yield
- 8. Wheat Targets - 2030 AD 90.0 m tons of wheat to feed our population by the year 2030 A.D.
- 9. National Wheat Programme DWR and AICW&BIP DWR – nodal centre of wheat & barley research Regional Stations Flowerdale, Shimla Dalang Maidan (>10,000’) 46 Scientists (56– sanctioned strength) presently at DWR Breeding - 11 Cytogenetics – 02 Economic Botany - 01 Biotechnology – 5 Crop Protection – 10 Quality – 04 Plant Physiology-01 (on deputation) Resource Mgmt – 07 Social Sc. – 03 Statistics - 02 107 scientists from 31 funded centers 123 non-funded cooperating centers National coordination: rice-wheat cropping system
- 10. AICW&BIP Network: Funded centers Zone Centers NHZ CSK-HPKV-Palampur, Bajaura & Dhaulakuan NWPZ SKUAS&T-Jammu, PAU-Ludhiana, CCSHAU-Hisar, RAU-Durgapura, SVBPUA&T, Modipuram, GBPUA&T- Pantnagar NEPZ AAU-Shillongani, RAU-Sabour, BAU-Ranchi, CSAUA&T-Kanpur, BHU-Varanasi, NDUA&T-Faizabad, Directorate of Agriculture, Mantripukhri, BCKV-Kalyani, UBKV-Pundibari CZ IGKVV-Bilaspur, SDAU-Vijapur, JAU-Junagarh, JNKVV- Sagar, Powarkheda & Rewa, RVRSUA&T-Gwalior, MPUA&T- Udaipur and Kota PZ UAS-Dharwad, MPKV-Niphad & Mahabaleshwar, ARI-Pune
- 11. Fertilizer managementFertilizer management The time and placement of fertilizer is another area where significant progress was made. It was demonstrated that 120 kg nitrogen, 60 kg phosphorus and 30 kg potash per hectare were required for optimum productivity. The N was to be applied in two split doses of 60 kg as basal and the remaining 60 kg at first irrigation and full phosphorus and potash to be applied as basal. Recently, the new wheat varieties have responded up to 180 kg N/ha with optima dose around 150 kg/ha. In the Indo-Gangetic plains, application of zinc @ 25kg/ha in rice-wheat system was found to increase the yield substantially. Recently, the use of sulphur has been found beneficial for enhancing the productivity as well as the grain protein content of wheat. Response to Mn (pockets in the Indo-Gangetic plains) and
- 12. Nutrient management The work conducted under the All India Coordinated Research Project on Micronutrient in Crops and Soils, has shown wide spread deficiency of zinc in soils in India. At the national level, the deficiency level in micro nutrients is Zn: 46 %, B: 17 %, Mo: 12 %, Fe: 11 % and Cu: 5%. The deficiency of sulphur has also been reported across a wide range of soils (38%). The yield response to sulphur has been obtained in more than 40 crops including cereal, millets, oilseeds and pulses etc. To realize the potential yield, strategies may include Site specific nutrient management for targeted yields Integration of crop residues, bio fertilizers etc with inorganic fertilization Tillage techniques like FIRBS for increasing nutrient use efficiencies Remote sensing for efficient Nutrient management With intensive agriculture, deficiency of essential nutrients has also become wide spread.
- 13. • timely sown conditions : 100 kg/ha • late and rainfed conditions : 125 Kg/ha (increased by 25%) Seed Rate:
- 14. The average temperature at sowing : around 23 - 10C Timely sown : 5th to11th Nov. ; Late sown : 10th to 16th Dec.
- 15. • In lines using fertilizers-cum-seed drills and discourage broadcast sowing • Row to row spacing : 23cm (timely sown) and 18 cm (late sown) Seeding depth : around 4-5 cm. • Zero till and rotary till drill can be used for economising cost of cultivation. Sowing methods:
- 16. • application & conservation methods ,their water use efficiency ,water requirement of crop, critical stages for irrigation and probable losses if not applied : Adequate soil moisture is required for normal development of the wheat plant at all the stages of growth. The crow root initiation stage and heading stage are crucial stages when plant suffers most due to moisture stress . Water Management
- 17. • Weeds emerge with the emerging crop seedlings and if not controlled in the early stages of crop growth these may cause • reduction in yield varying from 10-40 % depending upon the intensity and kind of weeds present in an area. When field is generally infested from both dicot and monocot weeds . The major dicot weeds are Chenopodium album, Fumaria purviflora, Cirsium arvense • Anagalis arvensis , Melilotus alba, and Melilotus indica,Vicia sativa, , lathyrus spp.,etc., Monocot weeds include: Phalaris minor, • Avena fatua, , Polypogon monspllensis, Cyperus rotundus and Cynodon dactylon. . Weed Management
- 18. • 1st irrigation: The 1st irrigation to the standing crop should be given 20-25 DAS(CRI stage) Different irrigation stages
- 19. • 2nd Irrigation: At tillering stage, within 40-45 DAS. • 3rd irrigation: At late jointing stage , within 70- 75 DAS. • 4th irrigation: At flowering stage ,within 90-95 DAS. Irrigation at this stage is also important because during this period plants • suffer most from soil moisture deficiency . The grain number and grain size are reduced considerable. • 5th irrigation: At dough stage, within 110-115 DAS. Continuation
- 20. 1. Where only one irrigation is possible, give it at crown root initiation (CRI) stage (20-25 DAS). 2. Where two irrigations are available, 1st irrigation should be given at CRI stage and 2nd at flowering stage. 3. Where three irrigations are a possible, 1st irrigation should be given at CRI stage and 2nd at late jointing (boot) and 3rd at milking stage.
- 21. At present, nearly 95% of the area sown to wheat in Punjab and Haryana has assured irrigation.
- 22. The agronomy group has demonstrated that irrigating wheat at crown root initiation stage (CRI) which is approximately 21days after sowing is most crucial. If water is available subsequently, it was advised to utilize the irrigation during tillering and at flowering stages. Using the FIRB technology, it had been demonstrated that water saving to the extent of about 30 percent could be achieved for wheat cultivation. Source : DWR
- 23. Pre-emergence • As pre-emergence, only Stomp 30EC (Pendimethalin) is available which can be applied @ 3300 ml/ha (1000 g a.i/ha) at 0-3 days after sowing in 500 liters of water /ha. Care must be taken to have fine tilth for better performance of pendimethalin. It controls both grasses and broadleaved weeds.
- 24. • The herbicides that are to be applied as post emergence after first irrigation at 30-35 days of sowing or 2-3 leaf stage of Phalaris minor Post-emergence
- 25. • Generally weeds are eradicated with the help of hoe, khurpi etc. • However, now-a-days it has become difficult due to labour • cost and unavailability of labour. • Now a number of chemical weedicides are available that control the weeds in wheat rather Effectively.
- 26. • IPM in wheat specially to manage the diseases like Karnal Bunt, Powdery Mildew, loose sMut and insects like foliar & root aphids • Managing new emerging threats • stem rust (Ug99), • leaf rust (77-5, 77-10, 104-2) • stripe rust (78S84, 46S119) • Foliar blight • Fusarium head blight (FHB)s, termites, root nematodes Plant Protection
- 27. • • Resource Conservation Technologies • Sustaining wheat production & soil health • Residue management • • Diversification /intensification of RWCS • Farm profitability under rice-wheat system • • Integrated Nutrient Management • Balanced use of fertilizers • Conjunctive use of inorganic & organic fertilizers • Correcting micro-nutrient deficiencies • improving C/N ratio • • Integrated Water Management for increasing WUE • • Water harvesting (storage of rain water) • • Genotypes with less water requirement • • Integrated Weed Management • herbicide resistance • Weed dynamics Major Issues : Resource Management
- 39. Indian Wheat Programme: Significant Achievements • 373 wheat varieties released in the country since 1965 • 122 genetic stocks for various traits • Advanced production technologies with Conservation Agriculture • No epidemic since last 4 decades due to advanced protection strategies • Germplasm enrichment and sharing across the country • Infrastructure created to produce breeder seed to the tune of 30,000q • Quality parameters standardized for specific products • Strengthened the wheat research with partner countries for global food security • Developed international linkages for wheat & barley research
- 40. Constraints in wheat production Biotic stresses – Rusts • Stripe, Leaf & Stem – Leaf Blight – Karnal bunt – Powdery mildew – Aphids and termites – Weeds • Broad and narrow leaved Abiotic stresses – Drought – Heat • Early as well as terminal – Suppressive soils/Soil health • Salinity, alkalinity • Nutrient deficient soils • Waterlogging Yield plateau in north western parts Other constraints – Availability of essential inputs for timely sowing • Improved seed (More problem in J&K, HP, Rajasthan) • Fertilizer availability (its availability in required quantity and at initial and growth stage, is critical. • Irrigation water (Timely availability of optimum quantity) • Use of Farm machinery – Infrastructure • Roads • Storage • Market – Extension facilities • Farmers need more awareness of new improved varieties and production technologies • Faster extension activities
- 41. Major Issues : Wheat Improvement Breaking yield barriers Broadening of genetic base of varieties - pre-breeding o Through use of winter x spring hybridization o Use of germplasm from the centre of origin (ICARDA), Chinese germplasm o New plant type approach o Use of alien species for biotic and abiotic stresses • Exploitation of heterosis for developing hybrids o Based on CMS system • Biotechnological interventions o Gene pyramiding o Marker aided selection for biotic, abiotic and quality traits o Structural and functional genomics • Abiotic Stresses –climate change o Heat and drought o Salt stress o Waterlogging
- 42. New wheat varieties released (2009-10)
- 43. Wheat genetic stocks registered in 2009-10
- 44. Breeder seed production 2009-10 • Against an indent of 30968 q of breeder seed, the production was of 35049 q. • 144 varieties in seed chain out of which Lok 1, PBW 343 and PBW 502 were the varieties with highest seed production.
- 45. Major Issues : Crop Protection • Survey and surveillance for monitoring diseases and insect-pest • IPM in wheat specially to manage the diseases like KB, PM, LS and insects like foliar & root aphids, termites, root nematodes • Managing new emerging threats o stem rust (Ug99), o leaf rust (77-5, 77-10, 104-2) o stripe rust (78S84, 46S119) o Foliar blight o Fusarium head blight (FHB) • Monitoring dynamics of diseases and insect pest situation in new RCTs and in view of changing climate contd…
- 46. Leaf /brown Stem /black All Zones CZ, PZ & SHZNWPZ &NHZ Stripe /yellow Rust diseases in Wheat
- 47. Puccinia Path in India
- 48. Monitoring Yellow Rust Area (Encircled) Intensively Surveyed Every Year
- 49. Date Team composition Areas covered Dec. 15, 2009 Drs. Indu Sharma and Madhu Meeta Ludhiana, Rajpura, Banur, Kalomajra, Ramnagar (Punjab) Dec. 16-18, 2009 Drs. MC Jat, KS Babu and Beant Singh Parts of Haryana, Punjab and Rajasthan along international border 8 January, 2010 Dr. V. L. Majumdar Tonk (Rajasthan) 11-12 January, 2010 Drs. Indu Sharma , M Prashar and KS Babu Bathinda, Mukatsar, Abohar and Hoshiarpur (Punjab) 18 January, 2010 Drs. A. K. Sharma, M. C Jat and K. S. Babu Kaithal and Karnal (Haryana) 27-29 January, 2010 Drs. S.S.Karwasra, M S Beniwal and Rajender Singh Hisar, Jind, Kaithal, Kurukshetra, Karnal, Yamuna Nagar and Ambala (Haryana) 28 January, 2010 Drs. V. L. Majumdar, K. K. Bhargava Dausa (Rajasthan) 10 February, 2010 Dr. M. Prashar Ropar and Nawa Sahar (Punjab) 23 February, 2010 Drs. Indu Sharma and Daman Jeet Kaur Sangrur and Ludhiana (Punjab) 26 February, 2010 Dr. S. S. Singh, Project Director Karnal, Panipat and Sonepat (Haryana) Monitoring of Wheat Rusts in NWPZ during 2009-10
- 50. 19-21 February, 2010 Drs. S. S. Karwasara, Madhu Meeta and M S Saharan Punjab and Haryana 26-28 February, 2010 Dr. S. S. Singh Haryana and Rajasthan 6 March, 2010 Drs. Indu Sharma and Daman Jeet Kaur Ropar and Ludhiana (Punjab) 6 March, 2010 Dr. V. L. Majumdar Kotputli (Rajasthan) 11 March, 2010 Dr. S. S. Singh Karnal, Jind, Hisar and Kaithal (Haryana) 14-15 March, 2010 Drs. S. S. Singh and M. S. Saharan Punjab and Haryana 15 March, 2010 Drs. A. K. Sharma and K. S. Babu Punjab and Haryana 29 March, 2010 Drs. A. K. Sharma and M. S. Saharan Punjab and Haryana 20-22, March, 2009 Drs. MC Jat, KS Babu and Mangal Singh Parts of Punjab and Haryana along the international border
- 51. Crop health scenario – based on survey and surveillance Disease free crop year. Ug99 was not detected from any place in India. • Most frequent yellow rust pathotypes • 78S84 & 46S119 • Most prevalent pathotypes of leaf rust • 121R63-1 (77-5), 21R55 (104-2), 21R63 (104-3) & 125R28-1 (77-11) Dominant Pathotypes of Rusts
- 52. Yellow Rust Epidemics in Neighboring Countries 1994 - 96 Serious epiphytotics in Pakistan due to new pathotype 46S119 (Yr 9 Virulence) Saari and Nayar (1998) 1993,1995 Iran, losses > 30% Torabi et al. (1995) 1990 Baluchistan, Pakistan (local white wheat); losses about USD 0.8m Ahmed et al. (1991) 1990’s Several epidemics in Syria Torabi and Nazari (1998) 1988 On variety Maxipak in Pakistan, losses 29 % Mamluk et al. (1989) 1970’s Serious disease in Afghanistan Saari and Prescott( 1978)
- 53. Targeting Ug99, a new virulence of stem rust Ug99 or TTKSK virulent on Sr31 was first time detected in February 1999 in Uganda, East Africa Kenya in 2000 Ethiopia in 2001 Migrated to Sudan, Yemen in 2006 and Iran in 2007 Resistance genes effective against Ug99 Sr28, 29 and Tmp from Triticum aestivum Sr2 and 13 from T. turgidum Sr3, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 33, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45, R and 1A/1R from related species Two Ug99 variants carrying separate virulences for Sr24 and 36 have also been identified in 2008.
- 54. Screening of Indian Wheat Material in Kenya ICAR-BGRI Collaboration Year Entries 2005 22 2006 102 2008 318 2009* 420 2010** 241 *Kenya & Ethiopia ** Under screening Resistance to Ug99 (2009 results) 40 released varieties 22 in seed chain at present 21 Genetic Stocks
- 55. Major Issues : Resource Management • Resource Conservation Technologies o Sustaining wheat production & soil health o Residue management • Diversification /intensification of RWCS o Farm profitability under rice-wheat system • Integrated Nutrient Management o Balanced use of fertilizers o Conjunctive use of inorganic & organic fertilizers o Correcting micro-nutrient deficiencies o improving C/N ratio • Integrated Water Management for increasing WUE • Water harvesting (storage of rain water) • Genotypes with less water requirement • Integrated Weed Management o Herbicide resistance o Weed dynamics • Farm Machineries • Fine tuning
- 56. Frontline demonstrations •805 WFLDs conducted through 103 coordinating centers, covering 819.87 ha area of 1753 farmers in 18 states. •The maximum number of WFLDs were conducted in UP (115) followed by Haryana (92), Bihar (79), Punjab (61), Rajasthan (54) and Jharkhand (50)
- 57. Major issues • Yellow rust in PBW 343 and strategies for faster replacement. • Sowing time of wheat • Need of short duration varieties for restricted irrigation • Varieties for rainfed areas of Uttaranchal and J&K • Imbalanced use of fertilizers • Unavailability of quality seeds • Water scarcity due to drought conditions. • Problem of salinity and • Shift in land use from agriculture to constructions. The state-wise strategy plan was discussed and recommendations were made.
- 58. Major Follow Up in 2009-10 • Varietal replacement of PBW 343 with DBW 17 & PBW 550 • Use of tilt for control of diseases specially rust Impact • Disease free crop year • Enhanced production
- 59. Region wise Recommendations for Increased wheat productivity
- 60. Varietal Preference Wheat type Production conditions Normal sown Late sown Rainfed Sodic soils / Others Northern Hills Zone (NHZ) Western Himalayan regions of J&K (except Jammu and Kathua distt.); H.P. (except Una and Paonta Valley); Uttarakhand (except Tarai area); Sikkim and hills of West Bengal and N.E. States Bread wheat VL, 907, VL 738, VL 804, HS 240, HW 5207 HS 295, HS 420 VL 907, VL 738, HPW 42, HS 365, VL829, VL832 SKW 196 HS 375 (For summer sowing) Triticale - - DT 46 - Southern Hills Zone (SHZ) Hilly areas of Tamil Nadu and Kerala comprising the Nilgiri and Palni hills of southern plateau Bread wheat HUW 318, HW 1085, HW 2044 - - -
- 61. Varietal Preference Wheat type Production conditions Normal sown Late sown Rainfed Sodic soils / Others North Western Plains Zone (NWPZ) Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan (except Kota and Udaipur divisions), Western UP (except Jhansi division), parts of J&K (Jammu and Kathua districts), HP (Una dist. and Paonta valley) and Uttarakhand (Tarai region) Bread wheat DBW 17, PBW 550, PBW 502, PBW 343, WH 542, UP 2338, HD 2687, HD2967 WH1021, PBW 373, UP 2425, RAJ3077, DBW16, RAJ 3765,PBW 590 PBW299, PBW 175, WH 533, PBW 396 RAJ3077, KRL-19, KRL 210, KRL 213 Durum PBW 34, PDW 215, PDW 233, WH 896, PDW 291, PDW 314 - - - North Eastern Plains Zone (NEPZ) Eastern UP, Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, West Bengal, Assam and plains of NE States Bread wheat CBW 38, Raj 4120, K 0307, NW 1012, HUW 468,PBW443,HD2733,H D2824, K 9107, HD 2967, DBW 39 HD2643, HP 1633,HP1744, NW1014, HW 2045, DBW 14, NW2036,HD 2985 HDR77,K8962, K 9465,K8027, HD 2888, MACS 6145 RAJ3077, KRL-19 KRL 210, KRL 213
- 62. Varietal Preference Wheat type Production conditions Normal sown Late sown Rainfed Sodic soils / Others Central Zone (CZ) MP, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Rajasthan(Kota and Udaipur divisions) and UP( Jhansi division) Bread wheat GW 190, GW 273, DL803-3, GW 322, GW 366, HI 1544 GW 173, DL 788-2, MP 4010, HD 2932, MP 1203, HD 2864 HW 2004, JWS 17, HI 1500, HI 1531, Sujata RAJ 3077, KRL- 19,KRL 210, KRL 213 Durum HI 8381, HI 8498, MPO 1215 - HD 4672, HI 8627 - Peninsular Zone (PZ) Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Goa, plains of Tamil Nadu Bread wheat DWR162, MACS 2496, GW 322, Raj 4037, NIAW 917, UAS 304, MACS 6222, MACS 6273 DWR 195, HD 2501, NIAW 34, HUW 510, HD 2932, HI 977, HD 2833, PBW 533, Raj 4083, AKAW 4627 K9644,HD2781, PBW596,HD 2987 _ Durum MACS 2846, HI 8663, UAS 415 - AKDW 2997-16 - Dicoccum DDK 1025, DDK 1029, DDK 1066 - - -
- 63. • Replacement of yellow rust susceptible varieties PBW 343, PBW 502 and HD 2687 with DBW 17, PBW 550 & WH 542. • Under late sown conditions (late basmati-wheat, potato-wheat and sugarcane-wheat) – PBW 373 should be replaced with DBW 16, WH 1021, PBW 590, Raj 3765 as PBW 373 has become susceptible to brown rust Varietal replacement
- 64. Eastern UP, Bihar • Under TSI conditions, varieties like HD 2733, HD 2824, PBW 443, HUW 468 needs to be promoted and breeder seed production of varieties like UP 262 and HUW 234 should be curtailed. • Under LSI conditions, varieties like DBW 14, NW 2036, HW 2045, NW 1014, K 8962 and HD 2643 should be promoted. Madhya Pradesh, Chhatisgarh, Gujarat and Kota region • Lok 1 is still a reigning variety which needs replacement. • Under TSI, GW 322, GW 273 while under LSI cnditions HD 2864, MP 4010, DL 788-2 requires promotion. • For durums HI 8498 and HI 8381 are the best varieties for the area. • As these states have a sizeable area under rainfed or limited irrigation – HI 1531, HI 1500 of bread wheat and HD 4672 and HD 8627 for durum should be promoted while WH 147 should be phased out. Varietal replacement
- 65. Maharashtra, Karnataka • For TSI conditions GW 322, RAJ 4037, NIAW 917, DWR 162 and MACS 2496 for bread wheat and MACS 2846 for durum • LSI sown conditions: PBW 533, HD 2833 and NIAW 34 • Rainfed conditions: HD 2781, K 9644 for bread wheat and AKDW 2997-16 for durum. Non-traditional wheat growing area - Jharkhand, Orissa, West Bengal and plains of N.E. States; some parts of the plains of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh • Due to early onset of rains and to avoid pre-harvest sprouting, these areas require short duration wheat varieties like DBW 14, NW 2036, HW 2045. variety DBW 14 has shown promise in Jharkhand and Assam • For plains of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh – a state release variety, CoW(W)-1 has been showing promise. Varietal replacement
- 66. Plant Protection Measures • Replace with new resistant varieties for rust resistance • Spray the crop (susceptible varieties only) with propiconazole 25 EC (Tilt 25 EC) @ 0.1% at yellow rust initiation. This spray will also help in control of powdery mildew and Karnal bunt diseases. • Seed treatment with T. viride @ 4 g / Kg seed in combination with carboxin 75 WP (Vitavax 75 WP) @ 1.25 g / Kg seed or tebuconazole 2 DS (Raxil 2 DS) @ 1.0 g / Kg seed. For managing cereal cyst nematode (CCN) in dry belt of northern Rajasthan CCN resistant wheat variety - Raj MR-1 Barley varieties - RD 2035 and RD 2052.
- 67. Resource Management Sowing time The average temperature at sowing : around 23±10 C Timely sown : 5th to11th Nov. ; Late sown : 10th to 16th Dec. Seed Rate: timely sown conditions : 100 kg/ha late and rainfed conditions : 125 Kg/ha (increased by 25%) Sowing methods: In lines using fertilizers-cum-seed drills and discourage broadcast sowing Row to row spacing : 23cm (timely sown) and 18 cm (late sown) Seeding depth : around 4-5 cm. Zero till and rotary till drill can be used for economising cost of cultivation. Use of rotary tiller followed by broadcasting of seed and fertilizer causes the lodging problem leading to reduced yields. Thus, Rotary tiller having drilling mechanism for seed and fertilizer should only be used.
- 68. Nutrient management • Use of recommended doses of the fertilizers (NPK) • Nitrogen use efficiency is more when fertilizer is placed by drill • 1/3rd N application at sowing and 2/3rd at first node stage. • Supplementing inorganic fertilization (NPK) with Zn and FYM increases the wheat yield. • Application of K is necessary. • Micronutrient deficiency appears under light soils under intensive cropping especially in rice-wheat cropping system. • In sulfur deficient soils, SSP, Cosavet -90 WDG (10 kg/ha) or gypsum (250 kg/ha) can be applied. : increasing yield and protein content. • Zinc sulphate should be applied @ 25kg/ha once in rice-wheat system or 2-3 foliar spray of 0.5% zinc sulphate (21% zinc) at 15DI • In Mn deficient soil, spray 0.5% managanese sulphate solution 2-4 days before first irrigation and two to three sprays afterwards at weekly intervals on clear sunny day.
- 69. Nutrient management Sowing conditions Time of sowing Irrigated timely sown 150:60:40 kg NPK /ha 1/3 N +P + K at sowing and 2/3 at first node stage i.e. 35-40 DAS Irrigated late sown 120:60:40 kg NPK /ha 1/3 N +P + K at sowing and 2/3 at first node stage i.e. 35-40 DAS Rainfed 60:30:20 kg NPK/ha at the time of sowing Sowing conditions Time of sowing Irrigated timely sown 120:60:40 kg NPK /ha 1/3 N +P + K at sowing and 2/3 at first node stage i.e. 35-40 DAS Irrigated late sown 90:60:40 kg NPK /ha 1/3 N +P + K at sowing and 2/3 at first node stage i.e. 35-40 DAS Rainfed 60:30:20 kg NPK/ha at the time of sowing NWPZ & NEPZ NHZ, CZ, PZ & SHZ
- 70. Sulfosulfuron / pendimethalin both grassy and non-grassy weeds Clodinafop / fenoxaprop / pinoxaden specific to grasses. Sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron or isoproturon +2,4-D / metsulfuron Complex weed flora Grass herbicides (clodinafop, fenoxaprop, pinoxaden) should not be tank mixed with either 2,4-D or metsulfuron and to avoid antagonism the grass and broad-leaved herbicides should be applied sequentially. Pinoxaden can also be used in barley for grassy weed control. Weed management
- 71. Improving soil health – RWCS: high pressure on land resulting in decline in total factor productivity. – Addition of organic matter to soil through green manuring, crop residue recycling, balanced fertilisation and integrated nutrient management. – Diversification/intensification of RWCS by including pulse crops – Minimum soil disturbance with residue retention at the soil surface help in water conservation as well as slow decomposition and thus building up the organic carbon status of the soil – solution to crop residue burning – Correction of micro-nutrient deficiency –Zn, S, Mn – Integrated management for weed control especially Phalaris minor Short term strategies for states of Punjab and Haryana
- 72. •Availability of essential inputs for timely sowing – the most important factor – Improved seed (More problem in Eastern UP, Bihar –problem in 60% wheat growing area as seed replacement is very low) – • a bouquet of latest and improved varieties for different production conditions are available – need more breeder seed of recent released varieties – Fertilizer - availability (its availability in required quantity and at initial and growth stage, is critical) and its balanced use – Irrigation water (Timely availability is important) – Farm machinery (Mechanization is on a lower scale in northeastern, central and peninsular parts) •Infrastructure development – roads, storage and market Short term strategies for other states
- 73. • Breaking yield barriers – Developing wheat hybrids through CMS approach – Broadening of genetic base of varieties • Through use of winter x spring hybridization • Use of Chinese germplasm • Use of wild species for biotic and abiotic stresses – Biotechnological interventions • Gene pyramiding • Marker aided selection for biotic, abiotic and quality traits • Structural and functions genomics Long-term strategies for increasing wheat production
- 74. • Sustainability of rice-wheat system through – Resource conservation technologies – Refinement of machines – Developing tillage specific varieties – Diversification/intensification – Water and nutrient use efficiency – Tackling weeds and pests under new tillage – Residue management – Land leveling through laser leveler • Improving soil health – Increasing carbon content – Correction of micro-nutrient deficiencies/toxicity – Balance use of fertlizers • Organic farming Long-term strategies for increasing wheat production
- 75. • Use of agriculturally important micro-organisms – Bio-agents – Biological control of pests and diseases • Integrated pest management • Survey and surveillance for new races • Combating rusts through durable resistance – New race of yellow rust – 78S84 – New race of black rust – Ug99 • Creating effective resistance against leaf blight and Karnal bunt • Newly emerging problems of termites and aphids • Wheat quality improvement – Developing product specific varieties – Increasing protein content, sedimentation value and grain hardness to match international standards – Improving beta carotene and protein content and semolina recovery in durums – Biofortification – Collaboration between research institutions and wheat based industry • Long-term strategies for increasing wheat production
- 76. Special Recommendations • Phase out of old susceptible cultivars • Checking introduction of varieties in non- recommended areas • Improving storage facility • Incentives for profitable crop production
- 77. Thanks