![Bluetooth v4.0 (BTLE)
• The Bluetooth SIG completed the Bluetooth
Core Specification version 4.0 (called Bluetooth
Smart) and has been adopted as of 30 June
2010. It includes Classic Bluetooth, Bluetooth
high speed and Bluetooth low energy protocols.
Bluetooth high speed is based on Wi-Fi, and
Classic Bluetooth consists of legacy Bluetooth
protocols.
• Bluetooth low energy, previously known as
Wibree,[61] is a subset of Bluetooth v4.0 with an
entirely new protocol stack for rapid build-up of
simple links. As an alternative to the Bluetooth
standard protocols that were introduced in
Bluetooth v1.0 to v3.0, it is aimed at very low
power applications running off a coin cell. Chip
designs allow for two types of implementation,
dual-mode, single-mode and enhanced past
versions.[62] The provisional names Wibree and
Bluetooth ULP (Ultra Low Power) were
abandoned and the BLE name was used for a
while. In late 2011, new logos “Bluetooth Smart
Ready” for hosts and “Bluetooth Smart” for
sensors were introduced as the general-public
face of BLE.[63]
• In a single-mode implementation, only the low
energy protocol stack is implemented.
STMicroelectronics,[64] AMICCOM,[65] CSR,[66]
Nordic Semiconductor[67] and Texas
Instruments[68] have released single mode
Bluetooth low energy solutions.
• In a dual-mode implementation, Bluetooth Smart
functionality is integrated into an existing Classic
Bluetooth controller. As of March 2011, the
following semiconductor companies have
announced the availability of chips meeting the
standard: Qualcomm-Atheros, CSR,
Broadcom[69][70] and Texas Instruments.
• Cost-reduced single-mode chips, which enable
highly integrated and compact devices, feature a
lightweight Link Layer providing ultra-low power
idle mode operation, simple device discovery, and
reliable point-to-multipoint data transfer with
advanced power-save and secure encrypted
connections at the lowest possible cost.
• General improvements in version 4.0 include the
changes necessary to facilitate BLE modes, as
well the Generic Attribute Profile (GATT) and
Security Manager (SM) services with AES
Encryption.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/f1434568-d8dd-4a6f-b455-3b47fa1915ce-161208001025/85/Wireless_Connectivity_BASIC_Linkedin-31-320.jpg)
Wireless_Connectivity_BASIC_Linkedin
- 1. The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects or "things" embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity, which enables these objects to collect and exchange data. Each thing is uniquely identifiable through its embedded computing system but is able to interoperate within the existing Internet infrastructure. Experts estimate that the IoT will consist of almost 50 billion objects by 2020! The Internet of Things
- 3. Wireless connectivity Sub 1GHz 2.4GHz to 5GHz13.4KHz /13.56MHz Bluetooth® technology Bluetooth® low energy RFID NFC 6LoWPAN W-Mbus Supported standards ZigBee® 6LoWPAN RF4CE Wi-Fi 802.11a/b/g/n Wi-Fi + Bluetooth® technology Example applications
- 4. Frequency Band 2.4 GHz 5 GHz <1 GHz Advantages Disadvantages Works worldwide High data rate Full duty Cycle allowed Most crowded Highest data rate Least crowded Less range Best range Less crowded Lowest data rate Restrictions on duty cycle at some frequencies
- 5. Proprietary vs. Industry Standard Proprietary Industry Standard Advantages Disadvantages Tailored to the application Specialized functions Potentially smaller software stack Simpler deployment Choice of frequency bands Each OEM’s topology can be different Less options among suppliers Inter-Operability among different suppliers Standardization: customer choice of suppliers Ease of network expansion Larger software stack in most cases Potentially higher current consumption Sub 1GHz 2.4GHz Examples ZigBee Bluetooth BTLE ANT 6LoWPAN Wi-Fi RF4CE
- 6. Why 2.4GHz Proprietary? • 2.4GHz band can be used world-wide • Very low-cost designs possible with “no-cost” PCB antennas • RF protocol can be tailored to specific application needs • Allows 100% duty cycle applications • Very popular in the consumer segment • Small form factor compared to sub-1GHz
- 7. Why Sub-1GHz Proprietary? • Allows for the longest RF transmission range, up to several kilometers (“Wide Area Networks”) depending on the Output Power • Strict RF regulations in sub1-GHz bands enable high reliability and strong RF links. Limits are typically imposed by regulatory body on: – RF spectrum output (“don’t emit in other RF channels that you aren't supposed to”) – RF duty cycle in certain frequency bands (“you can’t occupy the RF channel too long”) • Very popular in Industrial applications
- 8. Signal Strength The strength of a signal and resulting range is an outcome of transmit (output) power and receiver sensitivity • How loud can you yell? • Higher is better • Measured in dBm (for example +10dBm) • How well can you hear? • Lower is better • Measured in dBm (for example -93dBm) Transmitter Power Receiver Sensitivity
- 9. Wireless Technologies Comparison Li-Ion Range (m) Technology RF4CE Zigbee WiFi 2.4GHz Proprietary ANT BLE Bluetooth Sub-1GHz 10 100 10,000 Range Technology <250 kbps <2 Mbps 20 Mbps BLE/ANT RF4CE Zigbee Sub-1GHz 2.4GHz Bluetooth Technology Coin CellAAA RFID BLE/ANT Sub-1GHz 2.4GHz Proprietary Bluetooth Zigbee RF4CE WiFi WiFi Throughput Typical Power Source Required
- 10. IEEE 802.15.4 • IEEE 802.15.4 is a standard which specifies the physical layer and media access control for low-rate wireless personal area networks (LR-WPANs). It is maintained by the IEEE 802.15 working group, which has defined it in 2003. It is the basis for the ZigBee, ISA100.11a, WirelessHART, MiWi, and Thread specifications, each of which further extends the standard by developing the upper layers which are NOT defined in IEEE 802.15.4. Alternatively, it can be used with 6LoWPAN and standard Internet protocols to build a wireless embedded Internet. • Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPAN) standard with 250kbps max data rate • Use DSSS highly robust in the 2.4GHz RF links • Supports both “Beacon mode” and “non-Beacon” – Utilizes CSMA-CA – (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance) • Two transmission modes defined by MAC Layer • Reliable data transfer • Ideal for short range operation • Reasonable battery life • Low cost IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Upper Layers IEEE 802.15.4 SSCS IEEE 802.2 LLC, Type I IEEE 802.15.4 2400 MHz PHY IEEE 802.15.4 868/915 MHz PHY
- 11. Techniques against Inteferers: DSSS, FHSS & FA DSSS – Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Wide Band Transmission Power Freq FHSS – Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum Narrow Band Transmission Freq Power 1 2 Power FA – Frequency Agility Freq Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) is a spread spectrum technique whereby the original data signal is multiplied with a pseudo random noise spreading code. This spreading code has a higher chip rate (this the bitrate of the code), which results in a wideband time continuous scrambled signal. Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) is a method of transmitting radio signals by rapidly switching a carrier among many frequency channels, using a pseudorandom sequence known to both transmitter and receiver.
- 12. IEEE 802.15.4 Frequency Spectrum & Topology 2.4 GHz 16 Channels 5 MHz 10 Channels 928 MHz902 MHz 2 MHz S1 H S6 S2 S3 S5 S4 Star Network Topology Point to Point Topology H S 868.3 MHz 1 Channel
- 13. Frequency Band and Data rate in IEEE 802.15.4 standard
- 14. Why RFID? • Passive (non-battery operated) RF solution • Operating frequency at 13.56Mhz (HF) or 134Khz (LF) • HF and LF systems use the Magnetic field to transfer power by induction • Tags are mainly in label (flat) and moderately inexpensive • Applications include POS (point of sale), access control, authentication, medical
- 15. Why NFC? • Highly stable wireless connectivity technology that provides intuitive, safe & simple two-way interactions between electronic devices • Operates at 13.56 MHz (HF) and provides data-rates up to 424 kbps • NFC can be considered as a “super-set” of RFID • NFC-device can operate in 3 modes – Traditional RFid Reader/Writer – Peer-Peer Communication – Card Emulation (Tag Emulation)
- 16. Why W-MBus? • European-only wireless protocol for remote reading of heating and energy meters (UK installations) • Only available in 868MHz band in Europe • Allows meters to be placed where future access is difficult/not required • Allows up to 250 devices on one bus which is a benefit for apartment complexes • Allows interoperability among different meter/sensor/actuator manufacturers • Standard reduces error of manual meter reading and is low cost to install
- 17. Why 6LoWPAN? • Open standard that defines IPv6 over IEEE802.15.4 • IPv6 is an Internet Layer protocol for packet-switched internetworking and provides end-to-end datagram transmission across multiple IP networks, closely adhering to the design principles developed in the previous version of the protocol, Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4). • Runs on top of IEEE 802.15.4 physical layer • Uses mesh technique to support large, scalable networks that require IP connectivity for all nodes • Leverage on the structure of IP network protocol stack • Utilzied with sub-1 GHz and 2.4 GHz • Target applications: – Smart metering – home/industrial automation
- 18. Why ZigBee? • Protocol chosen as standard for SE (Smart Energy) and Medical (Continua) networks • Scalable up to 1000’s of nodes • Helps achieve full mesh topology • Allows interoperability among different manufacturers • Low data rate (up to 250Kbps) targeted for battery applications (gas /water meters) • Uses IEEE 802.15.4 radio architecture Image
- 19. Standards Comparison THE wireless mesh networking standard for monitoring and control Low-power (mains or battery) Simple (self-configuring) Reliable and robust (self-healing) Flexible (mesh topology) Secure (built-in cryptography) Low-cost Market Name Wi-Fi™ Bluetooth™ LE Z-Wave ZigBee™ Underlying Standard IEEE 802.11b (Open Standard) Bluetooth SIG (Proprietary) Z-Wave (Proprietary) IEEE 802.15.4 (Open Standard) Application Focus Web, Email, Video Consumer Applications Remote Control Monitoring and Control Battery Time Short Long Long Long Network Size 32 10 100 500 Bandwidth (K bits/s) 11000 1000 40 250 Range (meters) 30+ 10+ 30+ 1000+ Frequency Band 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz 900 MHz 2.4 GHz Number of Channels 11 37 1 16 Network Architecture Star Star Mesh Mesh Cost High Low Low Low Optimized For Bandwidth Low Cost, Low Power Low Cost, Low Power Reliability, Low Power, Low Cost, Scalability 19
- 20. ZigBee (cont) • ZigBee is the default standard used by the Connected Lighting Alliance (http://www.theconnectedlightingalliance.org/) • It will easily interface to Lowe’s IRIS and THD Revolv – these only support ZigBee, Zwave, Insteon, WiFi. • ZigBee also allows interface with iControl (http://www.icontrol.com/). This is network, cloud control used by major services like ADT, Time Warner, Cox, and Comcast. (Cable companies) They do not currently offer Bluetooth interface. • The Zigbee standard DOES requires a gateway which means extra cost, but allows WiFi access.
- 21. ZigBee Vertical Markets Commercial Lighting Mesh Network Lighting Occupancy Sensors Wall Switches Ballast and LED Drivers Gateways Connected Home Smart Devices Thermostats, Displays, Smart-plugs, Gateways, Door-locks, Residential Lighting Market Application Devices Industrial Controls HVAC Controls Thermostats Dampers Routers End-Nodes
- 22. Why RF4CE? • In 2009 the RF4CE (Radio Frequency for Consumer Electronics) Consortium and ZigBee Alliance agreed to jointly deliver a standard for radio frequency remote controls. ZigBee RF4CE is designed for a wide range of consumer electronics products, such as TVs, Blu-Ray, set-top boxes and 3D glasses. • Bi-directional communication with smaller memory configurations for lower cost devices • Longer range, longer battery life and interoperability • RF4CE is a profile of the Zigbee Alliance • Uses IEEE 802.15.4 radio architecture • Non-line-of-sight control
- 23. • Wireless technology standard for exchanging data, audio or voice in industrial, consumer and medical applications • 10-100m range personal ‘bubble’ (Personal Area Network) • Instant, secure, automatic connections • Low power consumption • Good data rates – (~2Mbps throughput) • Serial cable replacement • Endless adoption Why Bluetooth® ?
- 24. Devices form ad-hoc networks called piconets • Each piconet uses a different frequency hopping sequence • Piconets have 1 master and up to 7 slaves • Master determines hopping scheme and timing • Communicate in round-robin fashion • Devices can switch roles Bluetooth Operation Frequency (GHz)Designed to avoid interference • Hop between 79 frequencies of 1MHz each (2.401-2.480 GHz) • Pseudo-random pattern known to transmitter and receiver
- 25. Bluetooth at a high level UART Interface CSR8811 Dual mode BLE and BT Classic USB interface CSR8510 Dual mode BLE and BT Classic ROM BT Classic 3.0+EDR Limited BLE Many versions Configurable not customizable Focused on audio use cases (speakers and headphones) and not data Flash Full BT Classic and BLE BT 4.x Fully Customizable Onboard uP and DSP Flexible interfaces incl. PCM, I2S, UART, USB etc Built in codecs Third party audio processing available CSR867x Single Mode BC05MM Stand Alone – BT Stack runs totally on CSR chip Requires host stack from CSR or third party running on main system uC Low level BT stack runs on CSR chip HCI Dual Mode Stand Alone Dual Mode BLE Single Mode Stand Alone Stand Alone - BLE stack runs on CSR Chip User application space available Multiple versions of CSR 10xx family On board uC I2C, UART and SPI interface
- 26. Bluetooth at a high level BLE Single Mode Stand Alone Advantages • Lowest power • Highly integrated • All firmware from CSR (no third party stack needed) • Customer firmware space available • Variety of pin compatible IO options available • No Mfi needed for Apple iOS operation Things to Know • BLE only- no classic • BLE has lower data throughput than Classic • Older SmartPhones and tablets do not “talk” BLE • iPhone 4s and newer • iPad 3 and newer • Android 4.2 and newer, but Android implementation is not universal • BB10 • Win 8.1, not Win 7
- 27. Bluetooth at a high level Advantages • Highly integrated and flexible • Custom BLE profiles can be added • Support for advanced features (TWS, ShareMe etc) • Also many 3rd party algorithms • Custom VM Apps allow for full system control • Apple MFi and CSR GAIA support Things to Know • Highly integrated solution may have functions not everyone needs • Complex software integration effort – longer software design cycle Stand Alone Dual Mode FLASH
- 28. Bluetooth at a high level Advantages • Many options and flavors • Lower cost than flash, easily configurable • Very simple to implement • Configurable with CSR GAIA extensions Things to Know • ROM chips only do what CSR programmed them to do- no user DSP or apps (configurable but not customizable) • Current family has limited BT 4.0 support- battery profile only • BLE support is limited to battery profile only • Focused on audio solutions • No MFi Stand Alone Dual Mode ROM
- 29. Bluetooth at a high level Advantages • Can operate in Dual Mode (BLE AND Classic) OR single mode • UART or USB available • Different flavors from CSR, with DSP for speech processing on CSR chip to reduce host load • Lower cost than stand alone Flash chips (i.e. CSR8670) • Profiles can be limited to just what is needed Things to Know • Integrating HCI Bluetooth into an audio solution is complex- many third party bits to integrate • Software integration of a stack running on the host is needed- some license cost possible • Host micro is required • Host must run for connection – has to be factored in to power calculations HCI Dual Mode
- 30. Bluetooth at a high level There are several HCI transport layer standards, each using a different hardware interface to transfer the same command, event and data packets. The most commonly used are USB (in PCs) and UART (in mobile phones and PDAs). In Bluetooth devices with simple functionality (e.g., headsets), the host stack and controller can be implemented on the same microprocessor. In this case the HCI is optional, although often implemented as an internal software interface. Host controller interface (HCI) Standardized communication between the host stack (e.g., a PC or mobile phone OS) and the controller (the Bluetooth IC). This standard allows the host stack or controller IC to be swapped with minimal adaptation.
- 31. Bluetooth v4.0 (BTLE) • The Bluetooth SIG completed the Bluetooth Core Specification version 4.0 (called Bluetooth Smart) and has been adopted as of 30 June 2010. It includes Classic Bluetooth, Bluetooth high speed and Bluetooth low energy protocols. Bluetooth high speed is based on Wi-Fi, and Classic Bluetooth consists of legacy Bluetooth protocols. • Bluetooth low energy, previously known as Wibree,[61] is a subset of Bluetooth v4.0 with an entirely new protocol stack for rapid build-up of simple links. As an alternative to the Bluetooth standard protocols that were introduced in Bluetooth v1.0 to v3.0, it is aimed at very low power applications running off a coin cell. Chip designs allow for two types of implementation, dual-mode, single-mode and enhanced past versions.[62] The provisional names Wibree and Bluetooth ULP (Ultra Low Power) were abandoned and the BLE name was used for a while. In late 2011, new logos “Bluetooth Smart Ready” for hosts and “Bluetooth Smart” for sensors were introduced as the general-public face of BLE.[63] • In a single-mode implementation, only the low energy protocol stack is implemented. STMicroelectronics,[64] AMICCOM,[65] CSR,[66] Nordic Semiconductor[67] and Texas Instruments[68] have released single mode Bluetooth low energy solutions. • In a dual-mode implementation, Bluetooth Smart functionality is integrated into an existing Classic Bluetooth controller. As of March 2011, the following semiconductor companies have announced the availability of chips meeting the standard: Qualcomm-Atheros, CSR, Broadcom[69][70] and Texas Instruments. • Cost-reduced single-mode chips, which enable highly integrated and compact devices, feature a lightweight Link Layer providing ultra-low power idle mode operation, simple device discovery, and reliable point-to-multipoint data transfer with advanced power-save and secure encrypted connections at the lowest possible cost. • General improvements in version 4.0 include the changes necessary to facilitate BLE modes, as well the Generic Attribute Profile (GATT) and Security Manager (SM) services with AES Encryption.
- 32. Bluetooth v4.1 and v4.2 (wireless infrastructure) Bluetooth v4.1 • The Bluetooth SIG announced formal adoption of the Bluetooth v4.1 specification on 4 December 2013. This specification is an incremental software update to Bluetooth Specification v4.0, and not a hardware update. The update incorporates Bluetooth Core Specification Addenda (CSA 1, 2, 3 & 4) and adds new features that improve consumer usability. These include increased co-existence support for LTE, bulk data exchange rates—and aid developer innovation by allowing devices to support multiple roles simultaneously. • New features of this specification include: • Mobile Wireless Service Coexistence Signaling • Train Nudging and Generalized Interlaced Scanning • Low Duty Cycle Directed Advertising • L2CAP Connection Oriented and Dedicated Channels with Credit Based Flow Control • Dual Mode and Topology • LE Link Layer Topology • 802.11n PAL • Audio Architecture Updates for Wide Band Speech • Fast Data Advertising Interval • Limited Discovery Time Bluetooth v4.2 • Bluetooth v4.2 was released on December 2, 2014. It Introduces some key features for IoT. Some features, such as Data Length Extension, require a hardware update. But some older Bluetooth hardware may receive some Bluetooth v4.2 features, such as privacy updates via firmware. The major areas of improvement are: • LE Data Packet Length Extension • LE Secure Connections • Link Layer Privacy • Link Layer Extended Scanner Filter Policies • IP connectivity for Bluetooth Smart devices to become available soon after the introduction of BT v4.2 via the new Internet Protocol Support Profile (IPSP). • IPSP adds an IPv6 connection option for Bluetooth Smart, to support connected home and other IoT implementations.
- 33. Why Wi-Fi? • Connect electronic devices to each other, to the Internet, and to wired networks – quickly and securely • Existing Infrastructure: Most prominent wireless connectivity technology for computers and internet • Real-world performance similar to wired networks • High data rates (>100Mbps throughput) • Over 2.5B Wi-Fi units deployed in the market today; It is estimated that approximately 1 billion units shipped per year since 2011!
- 34. WLAN Infrastructure Mode Networks Access Point Access Point (AP) • Networks are built to transfer data between stations • The hub to relay all network communications, translating frames between a wireless medium and a wired medium • Given a service set identifier (SSID), which becomes the network name for the users • Sends out beacons to let stations know there is an access point they can connect to Stations • Computing devices with wireless network interfaces • Stations associate with an AP to join a network • Stations listen for beacons to understand if any traffic is available • Because stations know when the next beacon is coming, they can go to sleep during this wait period and wake up in time for the next beacon • Stations can access the Internet through the access point connected to a network Stations
- 35. Why GPS? • Space-based global navigation satellite system (GNSS) • Provide reliable location, time, and velocity information to a receiver anywhere in the world – Location – Latitude, longitude, elevation – Time – Receivers keep track of time provided by GPS satellites’ precise atomic clock – Velocity – Track the speed at which you’re moving • Use in all weather, at all times, anywhere on/near the Earth • Widely deployed and useful tool for commerce, asset tracking as well as surveillance