Rf technologies for Wireless Sensor Networks
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This document summarizes various wireless technologies that can be used for wireless sensor networks, including Bluetooth, ZigBee, 802.15.4, WiFi, WirelessHART, DASH7, EnOcean and proprietary solutions. For each technology, it evaluates characteristics such as cost, power consumption, deployment ease, network size, security, range and robustness. It concludes that each technology has strengths and weaknesses, and the best technology depends on the specific application requirements. The document advises not attempting to force a technology if it is not well suited for the intended application.
Rf technologies for Wireless Sensor Networks
- 1. Confidential & Proprietary RF Monolithics, Inc. RF Technologies forRF Technologies for Wireless Sensor NetworksWireless Sensor Networks ScanautomaticScanautomatic Tim Cutler – Dir. Mktg.Tim Cutler – Dir. Mktg. October 28, 2010October 28, 2010
- 2. Confidential & Proprietary RF Monolithics, Inc. Agenda l Introduction l Characteristics of Wireless Sensor Networks l Bluetooth l ZigBee l 802.15.4/6LoWPAN l WiFi l WirelessHART l DASH7 l EnOcean l Proprietary
- 3. Confidential & Proprietary RF Monolithics, Inc. Introduction l Who is RFM? – Over 22 years experience in license-free module design and development – Wide array of license-free wireless modules • 802.11g/WiFi • 802.15.4 • ZigBee • WirelessHART • Proprietary Frequency Hopping • 900MHz and 2.4GHz
- 4. Confidential & Proprietary RF Monolithics, Inc. Introduction l Wireless Sensor Networks – More sensors than there are people – Application in a wide variety of markets – Huge growth potential l RF Technologies – There are almost as many technologies as there are applications – Which technology is best suited for which application?
- 5. Confidential & Proprietary RF Monolithics, Inc. WSN Characteristics l Key market drivers for WSN acceptance – Low cost – Simple to deploy – Low maintenance – Secure – Reliable
- 6. Confidential & Proprietary RF Monolithics, Inc. WSN Characteristics l WSN solutions must: – Consume small amounts of power – Cover varying ranges - <10m to several 100s of meters – Support large number of nodes – Require little, if any, commissioning – Not require mains power – Be robust in noisy environments – Be secure
- 7. Confidential & Proprietary RF Monolithics, Inc. Bluetooth l Standard, high data rate, frequency hopping technology – Optimized for voice applications l Frequency Hopping Technology – Class I – 100mW ~ 100M – Class II – 2.5mW ~ 10M l Limited to 8 active nodes at a time l Battery lifetimes range from a few hours to a few days
- 8. Confidential & Proprietary RF Monolithics, Inc. Bluetooth Cost Good Power Consumption Fair Deployment Ease Good Network Size Poor Security Good Range Fair Robustness Good
- 9. Confidential & Proprietary RF Monolithics, Inc. Bluetooth Low Energy l New standard, low data rate, frequency hopping technology – Optimized for wireless sensing applications l 260Kbps versus 3Mbps for Bluetooth l Large number of periodically transmitting nodes l Lower power consumption than Bluetooth l New standard whose performance will need to be demonstrated in the field
- 10. Confidential & Proprietary RF Monolithics, Inc. Bluetooth Low Energy Cost Good Power Consumption Good Deployment Ease Good Network Size Good Security Good Range Fair Robustness Good
- 11. Confidential & Proprietary RF Monolithics, Inc. ZigBee l Standard, low data rate, direct sequence technology – Utilizes 802.15.4 MAC and PHY layers with mesh networking layer l Direct Sequence Technology – ~8dB processing gain – 16 channels – 1mW and 100mW products available l 250Kbps RF Data Rate – Throughput is substantially less
- 12. Confidential & Proprietary RF Monolithics, Inc. ZigBee l Designed as low power, low data rate sensing technology – Sleeping end nodes run for years on battery – Routing nodes cannot sleep l Extends coverage area through mesh technology
- 13. Confidential & Proprietary RF Monolithics, Inc. ZigBee Cost Good Power Consumption Good Deployment Ease Good Network Size Fair Security Good Range Good* Robustness Fair
- 14. Confidential & Proprietary RF Monolithics, Inc. 802.15.4 l Standards-based, low data rate, direct sequence technology – Proprietary solutions, basically ZigBee without the mesh l Direct Sequence Technology – ~8dB processing gain – 16 channels – 1mW and 100mW products available l 250Kbps RF Data Rate – Throughput is less but better than ZigBee due to reduced overhead
- 15. Confidential & Proprietary RF Monolithics, Inc. 802.15.4 Cost Good Power Consumption Good Deployment Ease Good Network Size Fair Security Good Range Fair Robustness Fair
- 16. Confidential & Proprietary RF Monolithics, Inc. 6LoWPAN l IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks l Can use various transport mechanisms but early work has focused on 802.15.4 l Each node is natively addressable using IP l Challenge is routing IP over lossy links – IETF RoLL – Header compression l Allows larger networks l To date, wireless performance is 802.15.4
- 17. Confidential & Proprietary RF Monolithics, Inc. 802.11a/b/g/n WiFi l Standard, high data rate, direct sequence technology – RF data rates from 1Mbps to 54Mbps in best effort approach l Direct Sequence Technology – Processing gain from 0 – 10dB – 3-4 Non-overlapping channels – RF Power typically up to 100mW l Range enhanced by ubiquity of access points
- 18. Confidential & Proprietary RF Monolithics, Inc. 802.11a/b/g/n WiFi l New technology has reduced power consumption – Years of battery operation now possible l Systems are inherently IP-based – Well understood by IT departments – Straightforward Internet access
- 19. Confidential & Proprietary RF Monolithics, Inc. 802.11g WiFi Cost Good Power Consumption Good Deployment Ease Good Network Size Good Security Good Range Good Robustness Fair
- 20. Confidential & Proprietary RF Monolithics, Inc. WirelessHART/ISA100 l HART standard has existed as a wired standard – HART designed for process industries – Version 7.0 of the HART standard added wireless – Based on Dust’s TSMP – TSMP uses 802.15.4 16 channels to create a 16-channel frequency hopping radio – Sleeping routers can be battery powered – Adds path diversity to frequency diversity to deliver very high reliable wireless performance – Provides seamless connectivity of wireless devices to existing wired HART systems
- 21. Confidential & Proprietary RF Monolithics, Inc. WirelessHART/ISA100 l ISA100 is the family of standards for wireless networks in industrial automation – ISA100.11a is the first standard finalized and is focused at process industrial automation – Based on Dust’s TSMP technology – Very similar to WirelessHART – Does not interoperate with WirelessHART even though the hardware platform is the same
- 22. Confidential & Proprietary RF Monolithics, Inc. WirelessHART/ISA100 Cost Fair Power Consumption Good Deployment Ease Good Network Size Good Security Good Range Good Robustness Good
- 23. Confidential & Proprietary RF Monolithics, Inc. DASH7 Mode 2 l ISO 18000-7 – Active RFID standard – Recently announced Mode 2 Draft • Targeting wireless sensing applications – 433MHz • 8 Channels – FSK modulation • 1mW Transmit power (4500m LOS) • 28K or 200K boost mode • End node latency ~2 sec max – Support for mobile end points
- 24. Confidential & Proprietary RF Monolithics, Inc. DASH7 Mode 2 l Various profiles – Supported through database approach – Profile support for IPv6 l New proposed standard – Mode 2 – Some silicon available that can support Mode 2, more on the way l Untested in the field – Narrowband FSK technology – Relies on infrequent transmissions to avoid interference • Presumably by allowing a lot of time for retries
- 25. Confidential & Proprietary RF Monolithics, Inc. DASH7 Mode 2 Cost Good Power Consumption Good Deployment Ease Good Network Size Fair Security Good Range Good* Robustness Fair
- 26. Confidential & Proprietary RF Monolithics, Inc. EnOcean l Originally developed for energy harvesting light switches – 315MHz – 868MHz – Amplitude Shift Keying (AM Radio) – 3mW RF Power; -95dBm receive sensitivity – Overseen by EnOcean Alliance – ZigBee organization model l Extended as Bi-directional transceivers for application in sensing applications
- 27. Confidential & Proprietary RF Monolithics, Inc. EnOcean l Field proven for lighting applications, bi-directional operation newer l Standard profiles for variety of applications – Development environment for custom applications l Transmission rate dependent on energy available – Support for energy harvesting – Transceivers consume 25 – 40mA when operating l Support for powered repeaters l Simple protocol – Well suited to simple applications
- 28. Confidential & Proprietary RF Monolithics, Inc. EnOcean Cost Good Power Consumption Good Deployment Ease Good Network Size Fair Security Fair Range Good* Robustness Poor
- 29. Confidential & Proprietary RF Monolithics, Inc. Proprietary l Proprietary = Single Sourced l Most proprietary solutions use Frequency Hopping technology – Provides best immunity to interference and fading – Allows longer ranges to be obtained l Available in 900MHz and 2.4GHz l Wide range of RF data rates – 9600 to 1Mbps+ l Frequency synchronization needed – Increases time nodes must be awake
- 30. Confidential & Proprietary RF Monolithics, Inc. Proprietary l Wide variety of solutions available – Increases the likelihood of finding a solution that is closer fit to your application l Battery life very dependent on reporting duty cycle – Radio is off when not transmitting instead of low power sleep mode – Sleep modes are supported in many products but typically in excess of 10uA
- 31. Confidential & Proprietary RF Monolithics, Inc. Proprietary Cost - Power Consumption Fair Deployment Ease - Network Size Good Security Good Range Good Robustness Good
- 32. Confidential & Proprietary RF Monolithics, Inc. Conclusions Cost Good Good Good Good Good Fair Good Good - Power Consumption Fair Good Good Good Good Good Good Good Fair Deployment Ease Good Good Good Good Good Good Good Good - Network Size Poor Good Fair Fair Good Good Fair Fair Good Security Good Good Good Good Good Good Good Fair Good Range Fair Good Good* Fair Good Good Good* Good* Good Robustness Good Fair Fair Fair Fair Good Poor Poor Good Bluetooth BluetoothLEZigBee 802.15.4 802.11g/WiFi Proprietary DASH7Mode2 WirelessHART EnOcean * Range extended through the use of mains powered routers/repeaters
- 33. Confidential & Proprietary RF Monolithics, Inc. Conclusions l Each technology has its own strengths and weaknesses – Specific application requirements must be measured against each technology l One size does not fit all – Depending on the application, one technology will emerge as the best solution – Market acceptance of technologies can be a guide to technology selection l Do not attempt to force fit a technology to an application
- 34. Confidential & Proprietary RF Monolithics, Inc. Thank You! Questions?