WLAN AND IEEE STANDARDS
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The document discusses various IEEE 802.11 wireless networking standards including their release dates, operating frequencies, data rates, and typical indoor and outdoor ranges. It provides details on 802.11, 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11n standards, explaining their key characteristics and technological developments over time to increase wireless network performance and capabilities.
WLAN AND IEEE STANDARDS
- 1. WIRELESS LAN, DIFFERENT WIRELESS LAN STANDARDS, LIST OF IEEE STANDARDS GROUP MEMBER 1412 ZAINAIB IRAM 1417 MUBASHIR REHMAN 1422 SHUJA AHMAD 1445 SHAKELA PARVEEN
- 2. INTRO • Wireless LAN or Wireless Local Area Network is a term to refer to a Local Area Network that does not need cables to connect the different devices. Instead, radio waves and IEEE 802.11 are used to communicate. • Wireless technology has helped to simplify networking by enabling multiple computer users to simultaneously share resources in a home or business without additional or intrusive wiring. • WLANs use radio frequency to transmit and receive data over the air, minimizing the need for wired connections.
- 3. IEEE WIRELESS NETWORKING SPECIFICATIONS • The IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers) released the 802.11 specifications in June 1999. The initial specification, known as 802.11, used the 2.4 GHz frequency and supported a maximum data rate of 1 to 2 Mbps. In late 1999, two new addenda were released. The 802.11b specification increased the performance to 11 Mbps in the 2.4 GHz range while the 802.11a specification utilized the5 GHz range and supported up to 54 Mbps.
- 4. 802.11 SPECIFICATIONS • The 802.11 specifications were developed specifically for Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) by the IEEE and include four subsets of Ethernet-based protocol standards: 802.11, 802.11a, 802.11b, and 802.11g. • 802.11 operated in the 2.4 GHz range and was the original specification of the 802.11 IEEE standard. This specification delivered 1 to 2 Mbps using a technology known as phase-shift keying (PSK) modulation. This specification is no longer used and has largely been replaced by other forms of the 802.11 standard. • 802.11a operates in the 5 - 6 GHz range with data rates commonly in the 6 Mbps, 12 Mbps, or 24 Mbps range. Because 802.11a uses the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) standard, data transfer rates can be as high as 54 Mbps. OFDM breaks up fast serial information signals into several slower sub-signals that are transferred at the sametime via different frequencies, providing more
- 5. 802.11 SPECIFICATIONS • resistance to radio frequency interference. The 802.11a specification is also known as Wi-Fi, and though regionally deployed, it is not a global standard like 802.11b. • 802.11b ..The 802.11b standard (also known as Wi-Fi) operates in the 2.4 GHz range with up to 11 Mbps data rates and is backward compatible with the 802.11 standard. 802.11b uses a technology known as complementary code keying (CCK) modulation, which allows for higher data rates with less chance of multi-path propagation interference (duplicate signals bouncing off walls).
- 6. U.S. ROBOTICS 22 MBPS 802.11B • Recent developments to 802.11b have seen numerous improvements to this well-established and widely- deployed wireless standard. New U.S. Robotics 22 Mbps products are designed to support Packet Binary Convolutional Coding (PBCC) in addition to CCK modulation. This not only increases performance but also maintains complete 802.11b compatibility with both 11 Mbps and 22 Mbps products. The overall benefits include: • Up to twice the data rate of conventional 11 Mbps 802.11b standard products • Greater WLAN coverage: up to 70% greater than standard 11 Mbps 802.11b products • Full interoperability with all 802.11b products: works with 802.11b 11 Mbps, 802.11b 22 Mbps, and upcoming 802.11g products • Improved security over standard 802.11b: 256-bit WEP encryption and MAC address authentication*
- 7. 802.11 SPECIFICATIONS • 802.11g • 802.11g is the most recent IEEE 802.11 draft standard and operates in the 2.4 GHz range with data rates as high as 54 Mbps over a limited distance. It is also backward compatible with 802.11b and will work with both 11 and 22 Mbps U.S. Robotics wireless networking products. 802.11g offers the best features of both 802.11a and 802.11b, but as of the publication date of this document, this standard has not yet been certified, and therefore is unavailable.
- 8. WIRELESS NETWORK COMPONENTS • Much like a traditional wired LAN, a WLAN is a grouping of computers and peripheral devices that share a common communications backbone. As is implied by the name, a WLAN allows users to connect to the LAN wirelessly via radio transmission. The following are the most common components of a WLAN. • Access Point The access point is a device that links a wireless network to a wired LAN. It increases the effective range of a wireless network and provides additional network management and security features. Wireless networks of three or fewer PCs do not require an access point for ad hoc networking. Access points are useful for larger networks, and they are particularly well-suited for adding wireless capability to an existing wired network. The U.S. Robotics 22 Mbps Wireless Access Point connects via an RJ-45 cable to a LAN and can support up to 20 wireless users at an effective range of up to 1500 feet in open spaces. It also enables additional security features such as MAC address authentication
- 9. WIRELESS NETWORK COMPONENTS • PC Card A wireless PC card enables laptop users to connect wirelessly to the LAN. U.S. Robotics 22 Mbps Wireless PC Cards allow for ad hoc networking of up to three computers at an effective range of up to 1000 feet in open spaces • PCI Adapter • Just as a wireless access PC card allows portable and laptop computers access to the LAN, a wireless access PCI adapter allows desktop PC users access to the LAN. U.S. Robotics 22 Mbps Wireless PCI Adapters allow for ad hoc networking of up to three computers at an effective range of up to 1000 feet in open spaces
- 10. WIRELESS NETWORK COMPONENTS • Router A router is a device used for sharing a single Internet connection across multiple computers. This is ideal in the home or office where multiple computers and devices can be online at the same time with only a single Internet connection. The U.S. Robotics 22 Mbps Wireless Cable/DSL Router includes built-wireless access point capabilities. • WLAN Performance Much the same way a cordless phone works better when it is close to its base, wirelessly networked computers function best when located relatively close together and in open sight of each other. The level of performance of an 802.11 WLAN is dependent on a number of important environmental and product- specific factors. Access points will automatically negotiate the appropriate signaling rate based upon environmental conditions, such as:
- 11. WIRELESS NETWORK COMPONENTS • Distance between WLAN devices (AP and NICs) • Transmission power levels • Building and home materials • Radio frequency interference • Signal propagation • Antenna type and location
- 12. RADIO FREQUENCY INTERFERENCE • Varying amounts of radio interference exist all around us. A savvy wireless user can minimize this interference to maximize the performance of his or her WLAN. But before a user can begin to minimize these points of interference, he or she must begin to recognize the more common causes. The 802.11b standard uses the unlicensed radio spectrum that is commonly shared by a variety of consumer devices: baby monitors and cameras, 2.4 GHz cordless phones, microwave ovens, and Bluetooth-enabled devices like cellular phones or personal digital assistants (PDAs). These devices transmit in the 2.4 GHz range and can impact WLAN performance. DSSS technology, as used in U.S. Robotics 22 Mbps wireless networking products, is very effective at minimizing these types of interference. A quick scan around a user’s home or business will tell if there are any potential problems. Using products designed to work in the 900 MHz frequency can help minimize any interference and maximize the performance of any WLAN.
- 13. WIRELESS SECURITY • Security is an obvious concern with any network, wired or wireless. Because communication over a traditionally wired network is, by its very nature, over physical wires, security is often built into the physical environment itself. WLANs operate over radio signals, so the same security measures cannot be assumed. For many wireless users, the enabling of the built-in security known as Wireless Equivalent Privacy (WEP) is sufficient for their home or small to medium office WLAN. WEP uses 64- and 128-bit encryption and is the cipher scheme designated for use in 802.11b networking. U.S. Robotics 22 Mbps wireless products include enhanced 256-bit WEP encryption that is not commonly available in the 802.11b standard. WEP encrypts the data transmitted over a WLAN, protecting the once vulnerable communication between the client and access point. When combined with traditional security measures (password protection, authentication, encryption, virtual private networks), WEP can be very effective. For business and enterprise users, network and data security is of the utmost concern. To address this, there are a number of common precautions that a WLAN user can take to limit a network to hacker attacks, vandalism, and corporate espionage.
- 14. WIRELESS SECURITY • Change Common Passwords Frequently Most of the top manufacturers have default passwords for all of their equipment. Users should be diligent in changing any default passwords and to change them on a regular basis in order to avoid detection. • Limit MAC Addresses Some access points allow users to specify exactly which Media Access Control (MAC) addresses can communicate with the network. A MAC address is a hardware address that uniquely identifies each node of a network. Every network adapter in the world has a unique MAC address. By strictly specifying only those MAC addresses that can attach to a network, unauthorized users can be denied access.
- 15. WIRELESS SECURITY • Disable DHCP default, some access respond directly to Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) requests or allow the forwarding of DHCP requests from. DHCP is a protocol for assigning IP addresses dynamically on a network. However, with DHCP enabled on a WLAN, and without proper security measures enabled, a user can connect automatically to the network • Change Subnet Default: Some access points default to the IP subnet of 192.168.x.x. When disabling DHCP and using static IP addresses, users should also change their default IP value.
- 16. IEEE STANDARD WLAN PROTOCOL RELEASE DATE OPERATING FREQUENCY DATA RATE (MIN) DATA RATE (MAX) RANGE (INDOOR) RANGE (OUTDOOR) LEGACY 1997 2.4-2.5 GHz 1MB/s 2MB/s ? ? 802.11a 1999 5.15-5.875 GHz 25 MB/s 54 MB/s 35METER 75 METER 802.11b 1999 2.4-2.5 GHz 5.5 MB/s 11 MB/s 35 METER 100 METER 802.11g 2003 2.4-2.5 GHz 25 MB/s 54 MB/s 25 METER 75 METER 802.11n 2007 2.4-5 GHz 200 MB/s 540 MB/s 50 METER 126 METER