Youth-Makerspace-Playbook

GettingStarted
1
YOUTH
MAKERSPACE
PLAYBOOK

prefaceYouthMakerspacePLaybook
2
The numbers of makerspaces, and the resources supporting them,
have grown tremendously in recent years, along with the stories of
their impact, communities of practice, and support for maker educators.
As this playbook is intended to be a complement to existing resources
and the still-relevant material of the Makerspace Playbook: School Edition,
we began our process with a needs assessment, asking educators what
they found most useful in the School Edition and what was desired in a new
playbook. Producing “Makerspaces: Highlights of Select Literature” gave
us a further sense of the makerspace landscape. Results of these efforts
reinforced our desire to honor the growing diversity of makerspaces in all
kinds of settings, including libraries, museums, schools, and community-based
organizations. We also wished to represent the entire spectrum of space
types and complexity, from simple and small to large well-appointed spaces.
Although this playbook is primarily intended for those just getting started
in developing youth makerspaces, we hope that even experienced spacemakers
will draw inspiration from the content. After all, a hallmark of most makerspaces
is that they’re continually being remade. Much of our source material is drawn
from an extensive site survey completed by a dedicated group of maker
educators from various levels of experience (see Acknowledgements).
For further information and resources, check out this playbook’s web page
and the Spaces & Places section of Maker Ed’s Resource Library. If you’re at a
slightly different point in your journey and need help convincing administrators
and community members of the value of creating a makerspace, you may find
the Making the Case section valuable as well.
As you read this playbook, we encourage you to take notes about what excites
and intrigues you. Sketch ideas for possible layouts, doodle in the margins,
make lists of materials, tools, and project possibilities. Involve your young
audience at every stage possible. Asking your future users to describe and
draw their dream makerspaces and inquiring about their interests, experience,
and curiosities are great ways of involving youth in the planning process,
helping to build ownership and make the space truly theirs. Throughout the book
are several invitations to record and explore everyone’s ideas and inspirations.
We’d love to see these shared on our social media and online community.
Preface
Welcome to the Youth Makerspace Playbook! Our goal is to
help guide and inspire you in crafting spaces that are reflections
of everyone in your community, especially the youth who will
be benefiting from them (throughout this book, “youth” refers to
children of all ages). We hope these pages will be a catalyst for
your explorations, internet searches, and further reading.

preface
3
It’s an exciting time of increasingly powerful and affordable technologies,
providing new possibilities for countless forms of making. It’s also an
opportunity to honor and learn from the historical aspects of making,
such as traditional crafts, arts, humanities, artisanship, and inventions,
as well as the people who helped propel our innovations to where they are
today. So, while we look forward, we also look back, for inspiration, tools,
approaches, and ideas, all with the intention of fulfilling our obligation
to provide every child with opportunities to express themselves in
countless forms of creativity, connect with each other and their community,
and contribute to society. We’re here to make things, and in doing so,
make things better for each other. Together, let’s make the space for
it all to happen!
© 2015 Maker Education Initiative
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/.
The Maker Education Initiative is a non-profit project of the Tides Center, Tax ID: 94-321-3100
This work was created in part by the entire Maker Ed staff, with specific contributions
by Steve Davee, Goli Mohammadi, Lisa Regalla, and Stephanie Chang.
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
GETTING STARTED 4
PLACES TO MAKE 10
MATERIALS & TOOLS 27
APPROACHES & PRACTICES 41
SUSTAINABILITY 52
CONCLUSION 64
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 65
Appendix 66

GettingStartedYouthMakerspacePLaybook
4
GETTING STARTED
Let’s begin with memory and imagination. Think back on some of
your earliest, fondest memories of making something. Was it
building with blocks? Tunneling in the sand? Writing lines of code or
singing your own silly songs? Drawing, painting, or telling a story?
Chances are, whatever the memory, you also recall the feelings that
accompanied creation: the joy of play, the wonder of discovering some secret
of a material, the simple pleasure of doodling, writing, dancing, sewing,
or building. Take a moment to think about how these experiences may have
had lasting influences on you and the choices you’ve made. These memories,
in fact, helped to make you.
Now think about the environments that fostered these experiences. What was
it about the settings that invited, allowed, encouraged, or even required you
to make something? Who, if anyone, contributed to those environments?
Peers, teachers, guardians, or perhaps siblings? Something about those
environments allowed making to happen and perhaps even had an influence
over what you made, how you made it, and what you thought of it.
Making was, in part, made possible by the space and the people in it.
Makerspaces are such places of possibilities, bringing together people, parts,
and potential. They’re environments that foster not just creations but also
connections, community, and memories. On the most basic level, makerspaces
are any places, real or virtual, that enable acts of making.
If you’re starting a makerspace, or seeking
to improve or expand an existing space,
our shared mission is to help shape
confident, capable, compassionate,
and creative citizens. Countless educators
have experienced how the kinds of
opportunities provided by caring, dynamic,
and exciting environments, such a
makerspaces, can be utterly influential
and empowering.
Let’s get mentally started by imagining the
best spaces we can and then plan on ways
to start making them happen for as many
children who can benefit from them as
possible. After all, if we’re shaped in large
part by our experiences, we owe it to every
child to help create the best and most
memorable experiences possible.
Photo: Opal Beginning School of the Portland Children’s Museum

GettingStartedS
5
Makerspaces exist in many forms, at all levels of complexity. Perhaps the
most important point to stress at first is that you’re free to make your space,
with the consideration and collaboration of your learners, in any way you
see fit. Individuality is a hallmark of the best creative spaces, and this is
certainly true of makerspaces, as we show through the many examples
presented in this playbook.
We’ll often refer to a makerspace as a single space, but it’s important to
note that many makerspaces are not single, dedicated places. Making may
be happening, for example, throughout entire libraries, schools, institutions,
or museums.
Makerspaces can also exist in temporary forms, as well as in mobile formats.
For now, we won’t limit your thoughts with definitions or lists of space types.
Rather, think, “What is it about any space that I have access to use that can
enable making?” Is it things like building cardboard forts on the playground?
Dance choreography in the cafeteria? Games on a table or cart in a general exhibit
space? A table in the lobby of a library filled with construction set materials?
Whatever your space assets happen to be, whether you have a new dedicated
space or a small part of an existing space, the potential of any makerspace
is less about the actual physical space and more about the people and
programming in it.
The advice to “just get started, simply” is among the most common. We’ll use
this chapter as a brief overview, focusing on ways to get started creating or
improving makerspaces. Later chapters will cover more detailed discussions
of spaces, materials, tools, and facilitation. Finally, we’ll consider sustainability:
keeping spaces thriving, accessible, and connected to communities.
Perhaps most importantly, we recommend collecting interests, hopes, and ideas
from the youth who will be using the space. This will help drive the space’s
ability to be youth-centered.
Sample questions for youth:
What do you enjoy doing most when you have free time?
Is there anything that you’d really love to build, make, and/or invent?
What are the things you see yourself good at when it comes to helping others?
In what ways do you enjoy helping people the most?
What are you curious about?
What are some things you’re most excited to learn or get better at?
Is there anything that makes you nervous that you’d like more practice and
help with?
Think about your favorite space (a room in your home or school, or even a
space outside). Why is it your favorite? What do you like about it?
If you could add anything to your favorite space, what would it be and why?

Many Kinds of
Makerspaces
Start Simply
Your Greatest
Resources

GettingStarted
6
Gathering responses to these questions provides a powerful, tangible starting
reference. While the answers can be incredibly inspiring, they can also be
overwhelming. We recommend looking for commonalities. Once you’ve
collected feedback from the youth, you can make an assessment of your
resources and find the project intersections where those resources and
the needs of the youth intersect. We’ve provided a form in Appendix A
to help you think about what you hope to achieve, what you already have,
what you absolutely need, and what you might easily obtain. This sheet will
help you focus on what is possible when beginning, even without much
(or any) financial support.
Makerspaces, like making, are all about ways of thinking. Let’s get into a
spacemaker frame of mind. Effective and successful spacemakers tend to:
See possibilities in all things, especially the resources they already have
View their community of users as their greatest resource and asset
Include youth in the development and growth of the space and
programming (You’ve already started by gathering feedback to the
aforementioned questions!)
Recognize, welcome, and celebrate user interests
Encourage and make visible the ways that youth can support each other
and celebrate the gifts they bring to the community
Provide materials and tools that allow for flexibility and encourage reuse
and open-ended exploration
Foster a culture of sharing and support
Create an environment that is welcoming, inclusive, and sensitive to the
needs of all learners
Provide a space and culture that is physically, socially, and emotionally safe
This mindset is discussed in further detail in the “Approaches & Practices”
chapter. In general, hallmarks of effective spaces are those that provide multiple
options, encourage cross-pollination of varied creative pursuits, and foster ways
to share and learn skills within a supportive, diverse, and vibrant community.
Let’s consider some of the simplest places to make. Working surfaces such
as tables, counters, or desks are often enough. Young children, especially,
are inclined to use floors as working and playing surfaces. Utilizing existing
space, adapting or transforming spaces used for other purposes, and creating
mobile or pop-up spaces are examples we explore in “Makerspaces: Highlights
of Select Literature.” Many educators start by stocking a small corner table,
cabinet, closet, or counter with supplies that can be brought out into larger
general-use spaces, such as classrooms.
Increasingly, many makerspaces actually exist in the form of mobile carts.
Such uses encourage flexibility, efficient storage, and focused materials,
as well as emphasize quality of offerings over quantity and variety. This is one
place to consider beginning. What would you put on your maker cart?
Getting
Mentally
Started
Finding and
Making Space

GettingStarted
7
We encourage you to think flexibly and creatively about space and to look
for opportunities to share space if necessary, which may even lead to
serendipitous opportunities to collaborate with other users of these spaces.
We’ll take a deeper look at different types of makerspaces in the “Places to
Make” chapter.
Even the most mundane of materials can become fascinating and powerful
depending on their invitation of use. Paper is a well-known example—
ubiquitous, versatile, and either taken for granted or incredibly creatively
empowering, depending on how its use is invited. Arts and crafts materials,
as well as other office supplies, are further simple staples.
The most efficient materials are those that can be reused. Construction sets,
hardware, and salvaged components all can be used and reused in a large
variety of projects and explorations. Also effective are materials that can be
readily obtained from recycling channels, such as cardboard (a clear favorite
of many a makerspace) and used plastic containers. Makerspaces commonly
make extensive use of materials that may otherwise end up in the landfill,
providing another use cycle for these materials.
Nature also provides some of the best sources for making. Sticks, leaves, mud,
clay, sand, and rocks are all primordial materials that likely have figured in many
happy making memories. Natural materials are versatile, beautiful, abundant,
and of course environmentally beneficial when responsibly gathered.
Even the simplest of makerspaces must still contend with storage issues,
so think early on about where and how you might store items in progress and
materials for use. We discuss materials in further detail and share specific examples
of storage and organizational systems in the “Materials & Tools” chapter.
When considering creating a makerspace, perhaps one of the biggest areas
of inhibition (and excitement) is tools. We’re here to help you get past some
common perceptions that often hinder makerspace initiation and development.
There are no required or special tools needed to “qualify” a space as a
makerspace. We’re looking at you, 3D printers; we know you can be awesome,
but a makerspace you do not define.
Look instead to the varieties of making that you hope to support. What can
you do with what you already have, such as scissors or the ubiquitous glue
gun? How about some screwdrivers? Paint brushes? An old laptop, out-of-date
cellphone, or tablet?
Even older computers can often handle many of the free programs that allow
a myriad of making options, including coding, graphic design, music editing,
and even video and animation creation. Replenishing an older machine with
a simple operating system like Linux works great. There are increasingly
affordable and powerful ways to connect analog offerings with digital tools.
Material
Matters
Tool Talk

GettingStarted
8
Your equipment inventory can be one that grows over time. When you’re just
getting started, the focus is on using what you already have most effectively,
through the projects, programming, and options your space invites and
supports. Organic collections of tools may even innately reflect the interests
of the people and projects in your space; for example, you may start out with
more woodworking tools than coding tools, and that’s perfectly fine.
Finally, no matter what is said about tools, equipment, space, and materials,
the real center of any space is the people and their possibilities. Children show
us constantly, through play, what they can make with the absolute minimum of
materials and space, often with no tools at all. As adults, we can leverage the
power of play and curiosity to provide experiences that honor this foundation
and are augmented, rather than limited, by the physical stuff. In short, you
can do a heck of a lot with very little in the way of materials and tools, as we
explore further in the “Materials & Tools” chapter.
Let’s consider some starting points, beginning with the areas of youth expertise
we’ve mentioned: play and imagination. Outlets of artistic expression are
extremely important for makerspaces. Besides providing basic art and craft
materials, you may consider inviting the creation of stories and encouraging
their capture and expression through writing, skits and plays, videos, animation,
or songs, to name a few options. This can serve to invigorate ideas in any
subject area. A story can be shown and told in many ways. There’s a reason
storytelling is among the oldest and most fundamental forms of making.
Tinkering approaches make use of playful inclinations and curiosity.
Commonly, tinkering is all about seeing the possibilities of materials through
open-ended exploration. Projects may emerge from simply messing around
with materials. It’s a state of play that has tremendous value, even if it doesn’t
lead to a particular project or product. In tinkering, it’s fundamentally about
the process, and it’s an easy way to start.
One common tinkering mantra is to “start by taking apart.” Providing interesting
things to disassemble, such as obsolete electronics and e-waste, is a
foundational way to invite anyone into a making experience. Disassembly
can also serve as a low-stress way to learn how to use tools. Using the found,
salvaged, or harvested materials—whether in a collage, parts for a robot,
or sources of construction materials for any number of projects—then provides
an origin story about where the parts came from that adds character and
meaning. To help keep things safe and efficient, we’ve provided tips and safety
guidelines for gathering and disassembling e-waste in Appendix B.
Tinkering approaches are among many mindsets and facilitation methods we’ll
discuss in further detail in the “Approaches & Practices” chapter. No matter
what your current educational experience and background, there are many
inspirational, effective philosophies and methods to learn from and blend.
Beginning
with Play and
Imagination

GettingStarted
9
For all that can be daunting about makerspace development, you have no
need to be alone in the process, considering your audience. Youth are
your greatest assets and collaborators. Makerspaces are places where
powerful capabilities in everyone, at every age, can be discovered, shared,
and nurtured, to the benefit of the entire community. Imagine the ways in
which you might honor emerging skills and interests by inviting opportunities
for youth to share, teach, mentor, and take ownership over essential
responsibilities. Think of the joy and empowerment such recognition and
trust engenders.
Spaces can make what’s important to youth visible and valued in ways that
are likewise transformative and empowering. They can spark new interests and
deepen existing enthusiasm. When a space clearly communicates that personal
interests are encouraged, connected, and created, you’ll be invigorated by the
community that arises. A shared sense develops, that of “here’s what I’m most
interested in, and I’m excited for and inspired by what interests you.” You’ll find
your own creative interests compounded by this common makerspace cultural
vibe of shared excitement and appreciation. And you’ll never be short of ideas
and inspiration.
This shared sense of agency and ownership goes a long way toward making your
space sustainable, keeping it welcoming, vibrant, and diverse in audiences and
support. In the “Sustainability” chapter, we’ll further explore the roles people and
partnerships play in keeping spaces not just going, but thriving.
If you make the collection of ideas, dreams, abilities, and interests of your
audience an integral aspect of your space from the beginning, you will have
built the most important thing of all: a community of youth and adults who are
agents of change and creation.
It really is all about creating possibilities and experiences that help shape
attitudes, habits, and personalities in ways that are positively reinforcing.
The fantastic thing is that there are countless ways to create such a culture
and provide a space that is unique to your vision, participants, and community.
What’s special about makerspaces is that they tend to deliberately provide a
wide range of making forms and opportunities. Each range is unique and ideally
co-created by all within the space.
What will be unique about your space? What surprises will you offer and
what familiar staples? Once started, how will it be sustained and supported
by all? How might it grow? What can it become that you cannot yet imagine?
We’ll keep these lofty questions in mind as we dive deeper into the details of
spaces and the planning necessary to provide and enrich the best possible
making experiences.
Your Greatest
Collaborators

PlacestoMakeYouthMakerspacePLaybook
10
PLACES TO MAKE
In this chapter, we focus on the practicalities of physical space,
starting with suggestions for finding new spaces, as well as utilizing
existing spaces for making. Relying on the power of examples to
convey possibilities, we share several stories of makerspaces in
schools, libraries, museums, and community organizations.
We also examine wider settings where children learn, play, explore, collaborate,
and create to provide further inspiration and insight. Finally, we look at the
environment of the makerspace, as well as logistical, social, ergonomic,
and safety considerations. Whether you have it, can adapt it, or have yet to
find it, your space is out there.
Think of how many places await discovery and transformation. The possibilities
of places and what they might become is exciting, and finding them can be a bit
of a treasure hunt. Are there spaces being underutilized in your school, library,
or museum? Even if it’s only a closet, space exists that can, at the very least, serve as
materials and project storage or just house a cart to be brought into common-use
spaces. Though it can be daunting, seeking and finding potential in places is worth
the effort. Fortunately, if you’re seeking a dedicated space and starting from scratch,
you’re in good company. As the numbers and varieties of makerspaces continue to
grow, so do examples of successes in finding space and ideas for where to begin.
The Washington Maker Workshop in San Jose, Calif., was founded by a middle school
teacher, with free use of a local church’s unused 100-year-old garage and adjacent
land. For additional indoor space, he partnered with a fellow maker and designed
and built a 224-square-foot shed, and they’ve shared their instructions online.
Detroit’s Mt. Elliott Makerspace was likewise established in a church basement,
providing a much-needed youth resource that complements the church’s
community-support efforts.
Baltimore’s non-profit Digital Harbor Foundation founder located an empty
Parks and Recreation building and turned it into the city’s first free, public
neighborhood makerspace.
Many communities have storefronts that have been vacant for some time.
One short-term possibility is finding retail space that is in between tenants. Often,
owners are willing to rent for short terms, perfect for pop-up makerspaces that can
gauge community interest and prototype space. In 2013, a group of Portland, Ore.,
educators transformed a community center located in a former grocery store into
a pop-up makerspace as a proof of concept for bringing more making opportunities
to a neighborhood of high need.
Seeking
Spaces

PlacestoMake
11
Even schools sometimes have a room or closet that is not being maximized.
The founder of the DIY Girls afterschool program wanted to serve the girls in
the neighborhood where she grew up. She took a chance and asked the
administrators at the elementary school she attended if they had any unused
rooms and was thrilled to find out that her very own 5th-grade classroom was
vacant. The school was happy to provide her with use of the room for the program.
Many well-established makerspaces started with very little space. For example,
Toronto’s aspirational 6,000-square-foot STEAMLabs makerspace for kids
was started five years ago in a garage. In Miami, the REM Learning Center’s
Play Make Share makerspace was originally built in an old classroom, and the
adjacent Fab Lab is a repurposed storage room.
As we mentioned in “Getting Started,” makerspaces are frequently supported
or created through the use of carts. This is a great way to start small and also
to distribute making throughout an institution. Carts and stations on wheels
can play an important role in supporting any classroom, for every subject area,
with tools and materials.
In Oakland, Calif., Lighthouse Community Charter School seventh and eighth
graders designed and built several mobile mini makerspaces for kindergarten
classroom use. They also use carts to support outdoor making opportunities,
as well as to spread the joy of making at expos and events. Likewise, Trent
Miller, Library Program Coordinator for Wisconsin’s Madison Public Library
makerspace the Bubbler, shares, “In our media lab, we have twenty portable,
up-and-working animation stations with iPads to take to youth programs
around Madison.”
At the Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospitals in Nashville, Tenn., Project M@CH
(Makerspace at Children’s Hospital) has assembled carts, complete with making
tools and materials, to bring mini makerspaces directly to patients.
In the past few years, the number of makerspaces housed in vehicles,
such as buses and trucks, has increased as educators seize opportunities to
bring hands-on making to any location they can drive to, rather than relying
on kids to be able to come to a stationary, dedicated space. Some mobile
makerspaces serve as the outreach arm of a dedicated space, while others
are strictly mobile with no associated brick-and-mortar location.
One strictly mobile example is San Antonio, Texas-based Geekbus, which is
operated by SASTEMIC, a nonprofit STEM education-advocacy organization.
Director of STEM Programs Mark Barnett recalls: “We started out as a summer
makerspace located in an art museum and provided twelve weeks of Maker
Camp. Once the summer was over, we started looking for a new place and
stumbled upon an opportunity to go mobile. We were very fortunate to have
received a bus from our sponsors Geekdom and Rackspace Hosting. We spruced
up the bus with the tools and equipment from the makerspace and hit the road!”
Go Mini
and Mobile
Stanford University’s SparkTruck
has brought fun hands-on learning
all across the USA since 2012.
Photo: Sparktruck, used under
Creative Commons 2.0 license
Photo:
Lighthouse Community
Charter School
Hit the Road

PlacestoMake
12
Though it gives them opportunities to visit many schools, including
surrounding rural disadvantaged communities, they are naturally restricted
by space. Because the Geekbus can only hold fifteen to eighteen people
at a time, they also use space outside of the bus or request space at the
host location. When they come to schools, they request to use the library
to set up equipment.
Roseville, Calif.-based ReCreate has two vehicles that focus on making art
from reused materials. They visit 15,000 students at schools alone annually.
They also run the ReCreate Art Center and Reuse Warehouse, where they
offer classes and where folks can pick up supplies, paying what they can.
ReCreate is currently fundraising for a third, STEAM-specific vehicle focusing
on technology.
Besides being supported by carts, classrooms can be augmented to become
versatile, self-contained makerspaces by taking on elements of larger, dedicated
makerspaces. Even traditional single desks can support additional forms of
making in the classroom. Many simple hand tools (drills, saws, glue guns) can be
safely used directly within a classroom. With the inclusion of small, dedicated
stations, possibilities further increase. Dedicated school makerspaces often
support making opportunities throughout the institution, serving as a material
and tool hub as well as a project and curriculum development space.
The mobile mini makerspaces we mentioned earlier at Lighthouse are part
of a school-wide distribution of making. As Creativity Lab Director Aaron
Vanderwerff explains, “Our program has a central, physical space—the
Creativity Lab—but making is integrated into the core classrooms, and several
classrooms have mini makerspaces. Making occurs in all classrooms, whether it
be programming, arts and crafts, or woodworking, depending on the subject.”
Similarly, many schools feature materials and tools throughout every classroom
as part of ongoing projects and explorations. Opal School of the Portland
Children’s Museum has a combination of small dedicated studios and materials
supporting inquiry-based project work in every classroom, blending every
subject area. Non-profit independent school Brightworks in San Francisco
is essentially a large one-room schoolroom as a makerspace, with the entire
space supporting “arcs” of hands-on experiential learning through periods of
exploration, expression, and exhibition.
Every School a
Makerspace
Photo: Maker Ed Photo: Brightworks, used under
Photo: Lighthouse Community
Charter School
Photo: Geekbus

PlacestoMake
13
Many schools have creatively distributed
making in various spaces throughout
their facilities. Monticello High School,
part of Albemarle County Public Schools
in Charlottesville, Va., added tools and
equipment, such as 3D printers, to their
school library, in addition to a “genius bar,”
where students assist their peers with
computer and digital device support.
The school also converted a former storage
space into a music and sound recording
studio, converting and equipping it for a
total of $5,000. According to the school’s
site, “Students and teachers alike use the
space daily for everything from recording
vocals, to live instrumentation, to explaining
algebraic equations and wave theory.”
Monticello’s flexibility about space and their
desire to support student interests even led
to a student initiating a dance troupe using
the cafeteria as a makeshift dance studio.
School makerspaces often revive or take the place of traditional shops, with the
new twist of being spaces that serve wider school and community populations
rather than only those choosing to take shop classes. These modern shops
serve not only vocational training and pathways toward further career and
technical education, but they also provide valuable hand-on experiences
reaching all areas of academics and student interests. In many makerspaces,
traditional shop, home economics, computer, and music classes are being
combined and re-envisioned for everyone.
Math teacher Casey Shea discovered an old wood and metal shop buried in
a storage room at Analy High School in Sebastopol, Calif. He requested to
convert it into a makerspace. Together, he and his students cleaned it up,
designed the space, and built the furniture and storage systems from scratch,
utilizing many of the recovered, forgotten shop tools and equipment.
Besides academically supporting a wide population of students and teachers,
the space aims to serve as an entrepreneurial incubator.
Teachers at Castlemont High School in Oakland, Calif., transformed a former
ROTC facility into a Fab Lab makerspace, even turning a former gun range into
a hydroponic garden laboratory. Projects supported in the space range through
STEM, arts, civics, and language subject areas. The program was developed in
conjunction with Oakland’s Laney College, in part to provide a career and technical
pathway, bridged by similar Fab Lab spaces at the community college level.
When looking to establish spaces in any school, look to where making in
many forms is already happening, such as the theater, music room, art studio,
computer lab, library, and school garden. Makerspaces can augment and
combine these existing forms of making, bringing together entire student
populations in celebration of creativity and learning.
Castlemont High School
Fab Lab’s hydroponics garden.
Photo: Maker Ed
Photo: Albemarle High School

PlacestoMake
14
An exciting trend for libraries is the expansion of opportunities to create, which
makes sense given libraries’ traditional missions of meeting community educational,
cultural, recreational, social, and intellectual needs. Most libraries have historically
supported many forms of making, whether it be a craft circle, scrapbook night,
knitting or quilting club, computer support groups, writing workshops, or skill
classes of various types. In addition, libraries have provided free access to
technologies as they have emerged—think photocopy machines, printers, and the
internet. It should then come as no surprise that the number of libraries expanding
making opportunities and/or developing dedicated makerspaces is growing rapidly.
One example is the Maker Jawn Initiative at the Free Library of Philadelphia.
(The term “jawn” is a context-dependent substitute noun that originated in the
Philly hip-hop scene.)
Every Library
a Makerspace
Maker Jawn
Initiative at the
Free Library of
Philadelphia
Project Coordinator
Sarah Winchowky
“Our programming happens across
five different neighborhood libraries in
Philadelphia. The space in each library is
different. In some libraries, our materials
share space with library books on the
shelves, and programming happens
directly on the library floor. In others,
programming occurs in a separate room
of the library.
At Kensington library, makers have a
designated space that is all theirs. They
use it to work, store supplies, and display
their work. At Widener library, makers
also have a designated room but share it
with other library programs and meetings.
The librarians there have given us access
to a closet, where we store all our materials and
supplies that we pull out for each programming
session. That library also has a fenced-in, little-
used parking lot with a grass section, where
we go to garden and work on messier projects
when it’s warm out.
At Rodriguez library, the programming
happens at a couple of tables located directly in
the children’s section of the library. At Marrero
library, programming takes place in the same
room as the public computer lab. This library
also has a fenced-in outdoor space, where
participants can sometimes go for activities
such as plein air sketching.
Our intergenerational programming
tends to take place on the library floor as well.
Mentors will set up shop at a table, sometimes
with something engaging, like the 3D printer,
going to draw in potential participants. Once
participants are involved and working on
projects, they can do so in whatever library
space makes most sense for what they’re
working on. In this sense, our programming is
very flexible space-wise and changes to fit the
needs of library staff, mentors, and participants.”
Photo:
Free Library of Philadelphia

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At New York’s Fayetteville Free Library, housed in part in an old furniture
factory, there are three different spaces to make: a Fab Lab (or as they refer to
it—a Fabulous Lab) with tools ranging from sewing machines to laser cutters,
a Creation Lab focused on digital media creation, and a Little Makers free play
area for children ages five to eight. Community members can work on personal
projects in the space after completion of certification for the use of certain
tools and equipment. Fayetteville’s FAQ is filled with great information on
staffing, budget, promotion, and even includes a virtual tour of their space.
Gaining inspiration from tool-lending libraries, some public libraries are working
to create tool and material lending programs to continue experiences for both
adults and youth beyond the walls of the library. One example is the Millvale
Community Library in Pittsburgh, Penn., also featured in this Maker Ed case study.
President and founder Brian Wolovich shares, “I look forward to somebody
being able to walk in and check out a DVD, maybe a children’s book for their
kids, and a circular saw. That to me is success—people utilizing, sharing,
connecting through the barter board system. Having our lending library
established, set up, and organized would certainly be an outcome that I’m
looking for.”
At the state level, several library
systems are also working to train and
support librarians to create and sustain
makerspaces. The Idaho Commission for
Libraries has been running a program
since 2012 called “Make It at the Library.”
As of 2015, the program provides
materials, training, technical assistance,
and evaluation tools to nineteen public
and two school libraries throughout the
state of Idaho in an effort to support
collaborative efforts to reach teen and
tween audiences.
For both youth and adults, these libraries
serve as incubators for new thoughts
and ideas, education exchange centers,
and hubs for community creations and
collaborations. And, as a bonus, these
initiatives attract audiences to books and
traditional library resources as well.
Photo: Millvale Community Library

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Although museums originated as places to preserve the past, the museums of
today (whether they be focused on art, history, science, or living collections
such as zoos or aquariums) represent a diverse set of institutions for play
and imagination to flourish. At their core is a commitment to education and
public service. Many exercise this in a variety of ways, from internal programs
and spaces for visitors to more outward-facing initiatives involving research,
professional development, and community-based programming. Thus, many
museums serve as regional hubs, supporting and inspiring making throughout
their local region and beyond.
At the Children’s Museum of Pittsburgh, there is a dedicated
makerspace called the Makeshop, but Director of Learning
and Research Lisa Brahms adds: “Makeshop is where ‘making’
happens in our museum, although visitors’ investigation of
and expression with creative processes happens throughout
the entire museum! From the Studio, where visitors engage in
fine art processes and concepts; to Waterplay, where visitors
test and manipulate water in all forms; to the Nursery, where
young learners interrogate the materials and phenomena of
light, sand, and movement; to the contemporary artworks
throughout the museum, making, broadly considered,
happens everywhere.” The Makeshop has also been a leader
in research around making and learning and, after the
popularity of their free annual Maker Educator Boot Camp
for teachers, has expanded their professional development
offerings to local and regional schools and youth-serving
organizations in the area.
Although known as a history museum, The Henry Ford in Dearborn, Mich.,
embodies a philosophy of “learning by doing” throughout all five of its spaces.
Home to Maker Faire Detroit since 2010, programming such as their “Tinker.
Hack. Invent. Saturdays” are a celebration of ingenuity for the community.
The Newark Museum in New Jersey is an institution of art, science, technology,
and history. Their Makerspace at the Newark Museum connects the physical
and virtual world and is part of a museum-wide effort to seamlessly blend
science and art. They have even developed a partnership with Big Picture
Learning in the Newark public school system to support making projects for
high school students.
San Francisco’s Exploratorium and its Tinkering Studio have long included
making and tinkering opportunities for visitors, professional development
for educators, and research into learning. Beyond their extensive in-person
trainings, their free online class on the Fundamentals of Tinkering through
Coursera has opened access to millions around the world interested in
developing their practice around making and tinkering.
The Association of Science-Technology Centers (ASTC) also runs an active
Community of Practice on Making & Tinkering Spaces in Museums. Many have
found that a partnership with a museum (either physically or virtually) has
helped advance their thinking. As you grapple with the creation of your space,
don’t be afraid to reach out.
Every Museum
a Makerspace
Photo:
Children’s Museum
of Pittsburgh
Photo:
New York Hall of Science

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Wherever children are given the time and space, they make things. Playing and
making are children’s natural modes of expression and learning, from stories
co-created in dramatic play to fairy houses made in the grass. Whether it’s
building with blocks, making sandcastles, drawing, painting, or using chalk
on the sidewalk, children have the natural capacity to take advantage of any
space’s support of making. They’ll push the boundaries by using things in
their environment in new ways, discovering hidden features and materials,
and taking advantage of whatever they can get their hands on to make
something. Given freedom and opportunity, the world is their makerspace.
Let’s consider some examples of environments that inspire creativity.
Playgrounds
Playgrounds are ideally places where society honors the importance of play.
The best playgrounds provide many entry points for play, for a wide variety
of ages and interests, while still providing challenge and adventure. They may
include wide-open spaces to run in (e.g., athletic fields), enclosed spaces that
act as forts and afford privacy, structures that challenge physically (e.g., monkey
bars, swings, and merry-go-rounds), and features that inspire dramatic play.
What features and areas of your space will invite and support many forms of
play, risk-taking, and inventiveness? What will be just plain fun?
Playful features to consider including in makerspaces:
Chairs that invite movement and balance, such as rocking chairs and
exercise balls
Playfields for robot creations (such as reused FIRST Lego League
playfields), micro sumo rings, or mazes and racetracks (such as Nerdy
Derby tracks)
Built-in or easily assembled ramps for wheeled and sliding creations
Wind tubes to explore the effects of wind on various objects
Open area for larger-scale material exploration, such as cardboard fort
building or arcade-style games inspired by Caine’s Arcade and Imagination
Foundation’s Global Cardboard Challenge
Playgrounds can be expanded in their
capacity to enable making through
the addition of fort-building materials.
Adventure Playground in Berkeley, Calif.,
is a “unique outdoor facility where staff
encourages children to play and build
creatively” and “climb on the many unusual
kid-designed and built forts, boats, and
towers.” In this environment, inspired by
European adventure playgrounds, youth
are encouraged to hammer, saw, paint, and
actively work together to keep the space
safe while playing and contributing to the
building of an ever-changing environment.
Every Place a
Makerspace
A public Global Cardboard Challenge, planned and hosted by
Opal School elementary students. Photo: Maker Ed

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Theater spaces
Part of the beauty of theater is that it’s a temporal form of art where no two
shows are exactly the same. It’s also an inherently social form of art that
involves public gatherings to experience the performance, as well as a collection
of people with varied skill sets who come together to make the show a reality.
The preparation aspect for a live performance can include a huge diversity of
creative efforts and making in many forms: the writing of a play, composition
and performance of music, construction of sets and props, creation of costumes,
theatrical makeup, lighting, and even posters and promotion. How might these
empowering aspects of theaters and studios be brought into a makerspace?
Dramatic play area with materials to create and modify scenery,
costumes, and props (even a bin of hats, sunglasses, and clothes)
Puppet stage and screens for shadow puppets
Musical instruments for score creation
Clip lamps with color-changing LED bulbs controlled by phones, tablets,
and computers via Bluetooth or wi-fi (These bulbs are increasingly affordable,
and some even include Bluetooth speakers, enabling sound effect possibilities.)
Production Studios
Video and radio (or podcast) production studios also provide an opportunity for
the more permanent capture of theatrical arts. Although the opportunities to create
overlap with those of theatrical production (sets, props, lighting, etc.), there are
some unique aspects that involve storyboarding, editing, and sound mixing.
At Sierra Leone’s Global Minimum, youth are engaged in creating films that have
deep and lasting impacts on their community. As cofounder David Sengeh shares,
“In our filmmaking workshop, a group of students made a short documentary film
on Kroo Bay, one of the most impoverished neighborhoods in Freetown, to portray
the living conditions of people in the community. They used iMovie on iPads to
edit the film, which were generously donated by Kiddify. During the Ebola crisis,
students from this group created an Ebola sensitization film using the skills they
learned in the filmmaking workshops.”
Within the Children’s Museum of Pittsburgh, there is a youth-driven radio studio,
Saturday Light Brigade, which gives children’s voices active community roles.
By interviewing elders in each neighborhood and editing and producing a wide
variety of broadcast radio shows and podcasts, young people of all ages
use forms of making that bring neighborhoods and age groups together.
How might you empower these forms of expression in your makerspace?
Stop-motion animation station (Here’s a guide for classrooms and tips.)
Green screen wall for video special effects
Video projectors or large monitors to share media creations and inspirational videos
Stations for recording and editing video and sound
Makerspaces can additionally serve school and community media and theater
productions. We encourage you to reach out and see what is possible when
combining resources, ideas, and needs.

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Nature
Think of the fundamentals of playing and creating in nature: mud, sticks, leaves,
rocks, and water. Natural materials help illustrate that having many of anything
is interesting. Many sticks become a fort. Many grains of sand or lots of mud
become structures and mud pies. Many leaves become piles to jump into.
What are some simple, freely accessible things in nature you might provide in
abundance in your makerspace?
Nature-inspired makerspace possibilities
include:
Water features, like water tables,
to explore the material qualities of water,
as well as to inspire the engineering
and crafting of floating and underwater
projects (Check out Riveropolis or one of
many DIY options.)
Plants for providing decor and ambiance,
as well as serving as catalysts for
projects like automatic plant-watering
robots and time-lapse growth videos
Nature bots and other tinkering
creations using natural materials
Large amounts of simple natural
materials—like leaves, stones,
and sticks—for Andy Goldsworthy-
inspired artistic creations
Miniature or tabletop sandboxes
including sticks, stones, and leaves for
tactile exploration and building
Hydroponics projects, such as this
example (with tips and instructions)
resulting from a partnership between
Bergen County Technical School and
Bergen Makerspace in Hackensack, N.J.
How might you include natural elements in your space? What might be the
mud of your makerspace, gloriously messy and endlessly transformative? In the
“Materials & Tools” chapter, we’ll provide further examples of materials that help
bring elements of nature indoors and inspire making outdoors.
Art Studios and Ateliers
Art studios in general are environments that have traditionally invited,
supported, and inspired creativity. A particular form of art studio, known as an
atelier (meaning workshop in French) has been utilized by Reggio Emilia early
childhood schools and Reggio-inspired educators for well over forty years. In
these approaches, ateliers extend and support every aspect of learning, including
social, artistic, literacy, and science. Sounds like the intention of makerspaces,
doesn’t it?
Photo:
Opal School of the Portland
Children’s Musuem

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Ateliers are intended to provide enriching sensory experiences—often making
use of light, shadow, and color—and offer ample opportunities to explore new
materials and techniques, incubating new forms of expression. While the arts
are the primary medium, construction, deconstruction, building, and making in
countless forms are all means of exploring big ideas and questions.
Elements of studios and ateliers that can inform makerspace design and
intention include:
Abundant storage and shelving with materials highly visible, curated, and
beautifully displayed
Freely accessible materials, often sorted by type
Ways of inviting expression and exploration through “provocations”
(anything that intentionally captures attention and encourages response,
such as meaningful questions, intriguing materials, or images)
High visibility of student processes and work
Easels, paper, and paint readily accessible
Intriguing displays of new materials and tools that invite exploration
The look of ateliers and mini ateliers is quite unique. For inspiration, we suggest
Googling images using the search term “Reggio atelier.”
Makerspaces have even more to gain from the concepts behind ateliers: that
of seeing the environment as the “third teacher.” The other two teachers
are adults and peers, whose roles we’ll explore further in the chapter on
“Approaches & Practices.”
How and what will your environment communicate? What will it teach and show
of your approaches and intentions? How will it inspire creativity and collaboration?
What will it invite and what possibilities will it foster? Let’s consider some
important aspects of how your physical spaces educate and enable making.
Setting the Tone
What are the first impressions that you hope your space makes? What is
welcoming about your environment? What shows youth ownership and
investment? What does the space communicate? Taking the analogy of
makerspace as teacher further, what is the personality of the space?
Ateliers set up for clay, natural material, and paint explorations. Photos: Opal School
Environment
as Teacher

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As an exercise to help you think and plan for these questions, consider words
and phrases that complete the following:
Ideally, when participants first enter the makerspace, they see _________.
They hear _______. They feel _______. They experience ________.
They are invited to share________. They gain_______. They may be intrigued
by_______. They may wonder about _________.
Possibilities for the blanks above might include:
A connection to their interests
A sense of community and an invitation to join it
Support to make things, play, explore, and discover
Many things that are possible
Familiar materials and tools
New, interesting, and intriguing tools and materials
Inspiration and ideas
Reasons and desire to return
Invitations to explore and continue
Questions, problems, and challenges
Fun and whimsy
Connections to academic subject areas
Collaboration
Easy ways to get started
That youth, their ideas and abilities, are valued
Ideas to take home
At the DIY Girls after-school program, the organizers focus on creating a space that
is welcoming and playful with posters displaying DIY Girls expectations, journal tips,
and junior mentor guidelines. They also openly display project materials, make sure
to greet students as they enter, play music, and provide snacks.
Another example is the environment created on the Geekbus, which reflects
their technology-focused programming. Mark Barnett of Geekbus shares,
“When participants first enter the Geekbus, they see flashing colorful lights emanating
from within. They hear the sound of electronic music vibrating from the subwoofers.
They feel excited to go in and see what’s going on. They experience a presentation
and hands-on learning experience about robotics, computer programming,
or 3D printing. They leave with wonder, inspiration, and a desire to learn more.”
There are many practical ways these messages can be communicated: through the
use of signage, documentation, display of projects, and tools and materials availability.
Open display of projects and prototypes that might not have worked, as well as
projects in all stages of completion, shows a respect for process and transparency. It’s
also important to ask not just what is on your wall but who. Do the walls reflect the
community and inclusion for all demographics? Do those who enter see examples of
themselves reflected in the space?
We’ll revisit the idea of tone, as well as explore ways of building community and
culture into the space, in the “Sustainability” chapter. What will be the tone—or
rather the multiple tones—that become the music of your space?
Photo:
Charter School
Photo: DIY Girls

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Open Space
Wide-open areas and abundant table space are among the ideals of providing
for possibilities and communicating a sense of comfort and breathing
room, especially when collaboration is involved. Bear in mind that “open”
doesn’t necessarily mean “big”; a small space can still be open. At Toronto’s
STEAMLabs, Andy Forest shares, “The great hall is the majority of the space.
This is filled with workbenches and lined with tools and materials. We believe
that a big part of innovation is bumping in to other interesting people
and projects. The cross collaboration that happens in an ad-hoc manner
is facilitated by having as many people in close proximity to each other as
possible. With this in mind, we have as big an open area as possible. Ceiling
noise dampening panels control the sound from being too loud.”
Cluttered and cramped areas can quickly become physically and
psychologically stifling. Clutter is a constant battle. To help control it, think of
including or adapting an area where clutter can be quickly hidden, or at least
managed behind the scenes, to help keep spaces open. Storage bins under
tables or a well-managed closet can help.
While it’s ideal for tools and materials to be visible and accessible, not
everything has to be out at once; a few of something being visible could
represent many available in storage. And while wide-open spaces can open
possibilities for some young makers, smaller, cozier spaces can also provide a
sense of comfort for others. This balance of clutter versus cleanliness is one of
the most individual aspects of spaces. We hope you find your own balance and
comfort in knowing it’s a juggling act for all.
An open space also means that it’s open and accessible for everyone in the
community, regardless of their age, ability, or status. Creating such a space
isn’t just a nice thing to do—it’s the right thing. Washington University offers
excellent guidelines for makerspace accessibility and universal design, and the
Center for Applied Special Technology (CAST) has a variety of resources for
learning environments. Organizations such as DIY Ability provide outstanding
examples for DIY approaches to enable communication, mobility, and self-
expression. By being thoughtful about universal design, a makerspace can
transform into a more inclusive, welcoming, and safe environment for learning.
Areas to Socialize, Think, and Relax
Be sure to provide space for youth to gather, plan, communicate, and share
ideas. You might offer whiteboards or even cover entire table surfaces in
whiteboard material (shower board material is a cost-effective alternative),
paper, or blackboard paint. At the Chicago Public Library’s Maker Lab, the walls
are made of whiteboard material, to allow brainstorming to happen all around.
Accessibility to simple materials, such as paper and craft materials, construction
sets, and interesting small objects can also help with conceptual incubation.
It’s often useful to think with objects, so having items that invite play and
prototyping, such as construction sets (discussed in detail in the “Materials &
Tools” chapter), promotes planning and brainstorming.

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The Children’s Museum of Pittsburgh’s Makeshop has a cozy corner by the
window, with comfortable chairs, a rug, and a bookshelf stocked with a wide
variety of books that inspire and support the many forms of making in
the space. The inclusion of this area communicates that there is a space to
take a break, enjoy a book, sit, relax, and even just look out the window.
Areas like this are important to include for those who may be overwhelmed
at times by the sheer amount of stuff and possibilities of makerspaces.
Many makerspaces include a lounge-type area that allows for breaks, supports social
interactions and discussion, and provides inspiring reading material. It’s amazing how
much a couch, a hammock, or even a single comfy chair can communicate about
a space’s friendliness and warmth. Many ideas and collaborations are born out of
casually hanging out. Building in features that invite social connections will go a long
way toward fostering peer-to-peer support and inspiration.
Height Perspectives
When a child enters a space, especially for the first time, they perceive things
differently than adults in many ways, and this can vary greatly depending on their age
and height. The height perspective of wheelchair users is likewise important. Taking
these considerations into account makes a big difference in making what should be
visible more so and obscuring what is aesthetically undesired.
Here’s a simple guideline to help gain a child’s perspective: take a look throughout
your environment while kneeling. For most adults, this brings you nearer to the heights
of the average eight to ten-year-old. Sitting on the floor approximates the heights of
toddlers near two years old.
What differences do you see in your environment from these perspectives?
What becomes less visible or hidden, and what becomes more visible or revealed?
You may also see things obscured that should be immediately visible, such as safety
gear, first aid supplies, and any warning signs.
Roles of Light
Abundant, natural light is ideal, when you can get it. When relying on artificial light,
getting creative with multiple sources of light can help distinguish areas by color and
light level. The use of light tables as construction surfaces is particularly photogenic
and helps provide inviting and attractive lighting ambience. Use of dark spaces can
be inspiring for encouraging explorations with light. A playful approach to inviting
light explorations is to use old overhead projectors (lots of these are still around,
often unused), where shadows and colors projected on the walls can be tinkered with
depending on what happens on the overhead projector’s bed.
Overall, given the choice between LED and fluorescent sources, LEDs are worth the
moderate extra expense. Many children are acutely aware of and distracted by the
flickering, poor light quality of fluorescent lighting. Light is so important in setting
mood, supporting work, and providing comfort. It’s much more than a mere utility—it’s
something to tinker and make with. What light will you bring into your space?
Couches provide popular
social space for sharing
music-making ideas at
A3 House. Photo:
Albemarle High School
TInkering with ultraviolet light,
LEDs, water, dish soap, and dry ice.
Photo: CoLab Tinkering
Photo: Opal School

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Though utility logistics aren’t always the most fun to entertain,
they’re important for creating a space that is functional, safe, and practical.
Recycling, Refuse, and Scrap Bins
Don’t forget to provide space and means for accommodating recycling and
refuse. Clear labeling, with pictures and/or graphics, can help to alleviate what
goes in the landfill versus what is recycled or collected for reuse. Batteries of
every kind, especially the coin cell lithium batteries common in many projects,
require proper disposal for recycling and (along with e-waste) should never
end up in landfills. Scraps and recycling are also fantastic sources for project
materials, as we’ll explore further in the “Materials & Tools” chapter.

Power and Water
Proper power outlet planning and management is not just a matter of convenience,
it’s a matter of safety and fire code. Take the time to provide as many outlets as
you can afford, and avoid the urge to string together extension cords and power
strips. Over time, these solutions, often intended as temporary measures, become
built-in, but they remain dangerous, unreliable, and unsafe, not to mention a
violation of fire code.
Sinks are also important in makerspaces. We’ve known several makerspaces to be
designed without them, and their absence, beyond just being a major inconvenience,
can preclude many forms of making. Consider adding clay traps to all sinks, if
possible, to capture particles and prevent major plumbing problems and expenses
further down the road. Commercial clay traps are not cheap, but there are many DIY
options available online developed by artists for home studios.
Ventilation
Many forms of making are obvious in their requirements for ventilation, including
soldering, woodworking with larger power tools, and using anything that releases
volatile chemicals, such as glues with solvents or spray paint. Laser cutters absolutely
require ventilation and may even require expensive filters, additional space and cost
factors that must be considered when planning.
Something often forgotten is that all 3D printers require more ventilation than
is commonly assumed. Recent studies have shown that 3D-printing plastic can
emit high volumes of harmful ultrafine particles (UFP) that are as hazardous
as cigarette smoke. These UFPs may not be obvious beyond a slight plastic
smell. Bottom line: If you include a 3D printer in your space, you must consider
adequate ventilation.
Larger woodworking tools often require dust-control systems and should ideally
be housed in separate, dedicated areas, but the sawdust created by handsaws,
in comparison, is easier to contain, enabling the tool to be used directly in a
classroom environment. Smaller, portable power tools, such as circular and chop
saws, might be brought outside if no dedicated indoor areas exist.
Utility
Considerations

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We’ve heard this recommendation many times from spacemakers: when it comes
to furniture, if you can put it on wheels, do so. Casters provide great flexibility
and allow spaces to be adapted or even completely transformed in layout,
according to needs. Mobile furniture can also make it easier to clean.
Many spaces have effectively invited the creation of furniture by youth as part
of the experience. Shelves, tables, and chairs built from scratch can save a
considerable amount of money and are a good way to invite community members
and youth to contribute to the creation of a space. At the East Bay School for Boys
in Berkeley, Calif., for example, students build their own desks, cubbies, and benches
as a standard part of the curriculum. Many schools make good use of WikiSeats,
an open-source design for an easily welded bracket standard that supports the
creation of many varieties of stools.
Students in 10th and 11th grade at Scarsdale High School in New York prototyped
furniture using cardboard, developing full-sized cardboard mockups to test the
“feel” and functionality of the furniture. Initially designing and building in the classroom,
they quickly spread the project into the halls and a gym when they began running out
of space.
Tables
Consider a variety of heights for working areas. Standing-height benches not only
provide a healthier alternative to sitting, they can also save space by providing a work
area that doesn’t necessarily require stools to use. Low-level building areas can also
save space, allowing makers to sit on the floor while they build. This is especially useful
for young children or groups of mixed-aged makers, since any age can benefit from the
utility of low building platforms. Regarding table heights and clearance around them,
be sure to keep in mind table accommodation options for wheelchair users as well.
If designing tables from scratch, consider
building in storage space under the table
surfaces. Existing tables can also be adapted
to provide these useful storage areas. At
Pennsylvania’s Millvale Community Library,
because their space is used for multiple
programs, they’ve designed tables that open
up into storage space for sewing materials,
with a working surface. At Miami’s Play Make
Share, tables have dry-erase tops for drawing,
documenting, and visualizing thinking.
The tables are also easily moveable, allowing for
group discussions or for creating stations
as needed for tasks.
Though you may choose to protect your table
surfaces, many makerspaces celebrate the
visible wear and tear. These surfaces take on
character over time, capturing the history of
making, a story in every mark and nick.
Furnishing
for Everyone
REM Learning
Center’s Play Make
Share Studio
Program Director
Ryan Moreno
“We’ve found ourselves continuously trying to strike a balance between
scaffolded activities and open projects. Both approaches have aspects
we consider as successful/powerful making. Creating classroom furniture
with the children is one example of a successful scaffolded making activity.
We work alongside children (ages four to nine) to design and make their
own chairs for the Play Make Share Studio. A crucial element is removed
from the classroom that many of the students take for granted: there will be
something to sit on. To make this system function again for themselves and
other classmates, they need to make chairs. They first look closely at the
components that make up a chair and, as a group, design a chair for the
space using an open-source chair as the foundation. It’s an experience with
a tangible result, where children are introduced to new tools while making a
contribution to a system that will be used by others on a daily basis.”
Photo: REM Learning Center

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Shelving
Shelves are incredibly important features in makerspaces. Visibility and
organization are key. Open shelves are places where past projects and
projects in-progress can be stored and displayed.
If certain tools need to be stored out of sight—in a cabinet, for example—provide
a sign, picture, and/or symbol that makes the contents obvious. This is especially
important for those too young to read and for non-native speakers. The overall
goal is to make as many tools and materials visible, whether they are readily
accessible or not.
Standalone shelving can also be used to help define and divide space, creating
zones for various forms of making while still preserving line-of-site visibility.
Shelving in many makerspaces is extensive, taking over entire walls; however,
many of the simplest and most compact makerspaces are served by a single,
well-stocked, logically planned bookshelf.
Tool Walls and Cabinets
A dedicated tool wall, where the location of each tool is clearly defined with a label and
outline of the tool, makes what is freely available visible and accessible. Alternately, tool
cabinets can be constructed that expand upon opening yet still close for security and
compartmentalization. Storage of tools and materials is among the biggest challenges
of any makerspace. The Makerspace Playbook: School Edition has abundant examples of
storage methods for tools and materials. We’ll dive deeper into examples and methods
of organizing efficiently and effectively in the next chapter on “Materials & Tools.”
It’s easy to get caught up in all the requirements
for furniture, ventilation, tools, and materials
in a space, as well as the complications they
can create. It’s always nice to be reminded that
whenever you feel constrained by space,
things can be made simpler. Young people come
pre-equipped with all they need for meaningful
making: ideas, interests, curiosity, and a love of
creating and sharing stories. Materials, tools,
and space can help enable these, but they can
also overwhelm and hinder. Always consider the
power of simply providing enough space and
time for youth to gather, socialize, and play—
making will invariably and naturally emerge in
countless ways.
Phtoto:
Children’s Museum
of Pittsburgh
A colorful student-made
tool cabinet.
Photo: Analy High School
Photo: Opal School

Materials&ToolsYouthMakerspacePLaybook
27
In this chapter, we concentrate on efficient, versatile, and inspiring materials
and tools, many of which you likely already have or can easily obtain. We look
at items that have most recently become favorites in many makerspaces
(some of which may surprise you) as well as creative, affordable sources.
Then, we examine the power of reusable materials, such as constructions sets,
and look into methods of storage and issues of safety, all with an eye toward
igniting new interests and providing transformative making experiences.
Let’s start by taking a moment to get philosophical about these physical
objects. Much as the environment can be a “third teacher,” materials and
tools can be viewed as languages that enable expression, creation, and
communication. Loris Malaguzzi’s famous poem, “The 100 Languages of
Children,” speaks to the countless ways that children express themselves,
through mediums such as visual arts, movement, music, dance, and basically
anything that helps symbolically celebrate and share their thinking. He writes,
“The child has a hundred languages, a hundred hands, a hundred thoughts, a
hundred ways of thinking, of playing, of speaking.”
Seen this way, materials and tools become a means not only to enable creating
things but also to make visible the thoughts, feelings, and ideas of young
makers. Makerspaces can provide opportunities for many forms of making
and expression to come together, illuminating the youth’s contributions to
each other and to their communities. Their voices, their gifts—in the myriad of
languages in which they’re expressed—matter.
Materials & Tools
While children have an innate ability to see the creative potential in
just about anything, introducing new materials and tools can enable
empowering experiences. That said, there’s no denying that the
materials and tools aspect of makerspaces can be daunting. The
tendency to focus on what you don’t have and what you think you
need is especially common.
Art from reclaimed materials
takes over the Bubbler with
artist-in-resident Victor Castro.
Photo: Madison Public Library
Languages of
Expression

Materials&Tools
28
What are some of the most “bang for the buck” materials? What are examples of
common, efficient, and intelligent (read: adaptive, malleable) materials? Here’s the
great news: You likely already have some of the simplest and often most powerful
materials on hand. Paper, water, sand/dirt/clay, blocks, dowels, scrap wood, arts
and crafts materials, fabric and fibers, packing peanuts, bubble wrap, aluminum
foil, and cardboard are all agents of awesome in the inventive hands of children.
We encourage you to begin by taking stock of what you already have available. What
do you have that is consumable versus reusable? What will you need to restock (e.g.,
paper) and what can you get repeated use out of (e.g., blocks)? The planning sheet
we introduced in “Getting Started” (available in Appendix A) is a handy resource to
help you take stock. To expand your supplies list, let’s consider some creative sources
for materials that emphasize variety, utility, and affordability.
Office Supplies
Binder clips, brads, paper clips, rubber bands, paper, and notebooks are readily
available, inexpensive, and hold endless potential. Even the most mundane of
materials can become fascinating and powerful depending on their invitation of
use. Paper is a superstar in this realm: ubiquitous, versatile, and either taken for
granted or incredibly creatively empowering, depending on how its use is invited.
Having a wide variety of paper types on hand can allow for all sorts of creations
and prototyping.
California-based Community Science Workshop Network is a prime example
of operating under minimal material costs. They make extensive, clever use of
common office supplies, which, when mixed in with other scrap and recycled
materials, provide for countless projects and ways of exploring science concepts.
An office supply worth noting is the glue dot. These small, adhesive discs can
take the place of hot glue in many circumstances. They come in several levels
of strength and permanence. While not the cheapest, they allow for quick
connections in the absence of glue guns.
When it comes to obtaining office supplies, local businesses sometimes have
supplies they no longer need, so it’s always worth asking.
Salvaged and Recycled
Many abundantly available materials, like cardboard and plastic bottles, are
headed en masse to the recycling center or, sadly, to landfills. There are countless
projects that can be made with recyclables, which come in an incredible array of
novel shapes and sizes. This variety is especially useful for tinkering approaches
(discussed in more detail in “Approaches & Practices”), which involve playing around
with materials, seeking interesting ways to fit them together, and experimenting
with forms and structures. Complete projects may or may not emerge, but the
focus is on the process and seeking possibilities in the materials. For specific project
ideas, check out Terracycle’s wide selection of tutorials, which show how to make
all manner of neat projects; pencil cases made from food pouch wrappers and
chandeliers made of shampoo bottles are just two examples.
Material
Matters
Photo: Maker Ed

Materials&Tools
29
Making sure your makerspace has well-labeled trash and recycling receptacles
is the first step toward collecting these useful materials. You can also check
with your local recycling center to see if you can pick materials up. At Miami’s
Play Make Share makerspace, Friday is pizza day, so they started collecting the
pizza box tops, and children use them to make open-ended laser-cut creations,
like the dinosaur pictured, providing them a free, abundant prototyping
material. Further, pizza boxes (or any cardboard or foamcore boards) can
be combined with common office supplies to create simple circuits with no
soldering required.
Roseville, Calif.-based ReCreate is
entirely focused on encouraging the
creation of art from reclaimed materials.
Their message is “More art. Less waste.”
Founder Donna Sangwin elaborates,
“We believe art and making should
be accessible to anyone. To make that
happen, we use nontraditional materials
to get creative. Businesses have tons
of great ‘junk.’ We use that to inspire
creativity.” ReCreate spends less than
$3,000 per year on supplies to provide art
experiences for 22,000 children annually.
When looking for streams from which to salvage materials, don’t forget
construction sites. Wood, cardboard, and PVC pipe are among the common
leftover materials of building construction. Cabinet shops are also a great
potential source for wood scraps. Leftover political campaign signs made of
corrugated plastic are yet another abundant and useful material. Always ask
permission to salvage, but folks are often happy to donate what they would
otherwise throw away, especially knowing the materials have potential to help
children grow and learn.
Donated, Second-Hand, and Surplus
You never know what materials members of your community may have to donate
until you put the word out. The Millvale Community Library makerspace has received
many useful donations by soliciting online as well as posting physical flyers.
They also look to estate sales to find second-hand tools for their tool-lending library.
The Children’s Museum of Pittsburgh’s
Makeshop gets all kinds of interesting
donations, the most memorable of which has
been two garbage bags full of Dictaphones
(dictation machines). This led to all kinds
of creative projects, the most surprising of
which was making use of the abundant, very
fine, colorful electrical wires salvaged from
the Dicatophone cords for weaving in looms.
Photo:
REM Learning Center
Photo:
Children’s Museum
of Pittsburgh

Materials&Tools
30
Play Make Share asks participating
families to donate their outdated and
broken electronics and toys for activities
that involve disassembly and exploration.
They also collect cardboard tubes,
useful in a variety of projects, from local
printing companies, carpet dealers,
and architectural firms.
Thrift stores are another great source of
inexpensive project materials. STEAMLabs
cites second-hand toys as being
particularly useful, noting that children
take them apart and use them for a variety
of projects. STEAMLabs also uses their
local surplus store as a steady source of
affordable materials. Likewise, CoLab
Tinkering’s summer camp and workshops
have made extensive use of materials
gathered at Goodwill outlet stores, where
craft and art supplies, old electronic toys,
and all sorts of incredibly useful items can
be bought for less than a dollar per pound.
Project Scraps
Much of what might be considered “waste” in making can either be recycled or
be valuable to reuse and inspire new projects. Often, a trimmed piece of fabric
or cut end of a block of wood might be the perfect part for a new project.
A scrap piece of plastic or a wire could provide the ideal inspiration for new
creations. Clearly labeling scrap bins by general material type helps provide
variety, inspiration, and convenience of use.
At the Free Library of Philadelphia’s Maker Jawn program, one of their Maker
Mentors, Lauren Rodriguez, came up with The Sculpture Challenge, a creative
activity that uses up various knickknacks and scraps that accumulate in their
space. She places random items in envelopes and hands them to participants,
who then have to use all the pieces to create a sculpture.
Photos:
Photo: ReCreate

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31
Construction Sets
Stocking up on construction sets is an investment in reuse. The varieties of
sets that exist, as well as their resounding popularity, are testament to the
fact that they not only ignite the imagination but also support prototyping,
serving as initial points of inspiration, ideation, and experimentation.
One of the affordances of these building systems is that they provide an easy
invitation to build and play. Young children, especially, show us that through
play, stories naturally emerge. More than just construction materials, they can
be story platforms. Construction sets can also help effectively build social-
emotional skills, such as learning to share resources and care for materials.
We’ve put together a chart to look at the affordances of four different
construction sets (see Appendix C). There are tons of sets available, but these
are among the best that have withstood the test of time and provide a huge
range of engagement and possibilities.
We encourage you to explore ways of expanding these systems with
other materials, such as paper, and electronic components. For example,
an economical way to add electromechanical complexity is the addition of
salvaged motors and batteries. You need not rely on the “official” brand-
specific motor elements, which can be very expensive. A great challenge is
to adapt hobby DC motors to provide movement. LEDs can also be added to
each system.
For the plank systems, plastic Brackitz (formerly Bionic Blox) are available
to provide an additional building method, turning the block, friction, and
balance system into struts and connectors, increasing their adaptability and
affordances. A nice role for 3D printing has been the creation of many adaptors,
like the Free Universal Construction Kit, designed to enable these and other
building systems to work together.
Don’t be shy about “breaking the rules”
of a particular construction system.
Combinations, extra material additions,
and modifications can be very inspiring
and provide all kinds of unexpected
possibilities beyond the original design
intentions. Employ whatever it takes to
make the best use of what you have.
Playing within the rules, as a form of
creative constraint, can inspire as well.
You win either way. Happy building!
Photo: Maker Ed

Materials&Tools
32
Natural Materials
Think of any child turned loose to play in the woods, a park, a backyard, or on
the beach. Chances are it won’t be long before they start gathering materials
and creating things with them. Primordial materials like mud, sticks, leaves,
rocks, sand, and water, abundant in quantity, offer potential for materials
exploration, free play, or planning and constructing. With the right framing,
a pile of sticks and leaves can become stacks of construction material for
a collaborative shelter build. How might you leverage the power of natural
materials in your space? How might you take making outside?
Trees can become climbing structures, places for forts, and may even create art.
Loose materials, leaves, stones, pinecones, twigs, and petals become materials
for collages or can be mixed with blocks for increased building possibilities.
Sticks can be lashed together to create strong structures.
Garden spaces can teach the art of growing and making food, and fostering
plants indoors may invite time-lapse movies tracking growth from seed
germination onward. Hydroponics projects allow for learning about plant
nutrition and growing with more efficient water use.
A whole world of projects and explorations becomes possible when wind,
sunlight, and water become materials to play and build with. What projects
might you create that make use of the sun, such as solar cookers or sundials?
Sunlight can even be brought inside using mirrors and prisms. Wind invites
power generation and creations such a kinetic sculptures or kites that playfully
move and respond to it. Fans can be used indoors to capture this spirit.
With careful consideration about what is gathered and in what quantities, nature
provides a vast construction set and offers an exercise in using natural resources
carefully and sustainably. Before gathering materials outdoors, discuss what might
be collected in reasonable quantities without harm (loose twigs, leaves, pinecones)
and what should not be gathered (breaking limbs off trees). Children can help lead
the way in establishing rules for responsible use of natural materials and in doing
so build greater sensitivity toward issues of sustainability.
Photos:
Opal Beginning School of the
Portland Children’s Museum
Making with mud. Photo:

Materials&Tools
33
Great tools not only unlock the potential of materials, they provide an
empowering extension of self and creativity. Consider what your favorite
tools are and why. Likely, your favorites are such due to what they’ve allowed
you to do or how they’ve made you feel when using them. Perhaps driving a
nail with a hammer felt a bit dangerous but satisfying, or the feeling of melting
metal while soldering or welding was particularly exciting. From knitting
needles to musical instruments, programming languages to cooking utensils,
favorite tools “speak” to those who discover and love them. What potential
favorite tools might you introduce?
There’s a useful, basic makerspace tools list in the Makerspace Playbook: School
Edition, which includes tools for joining, fixturing, cutting, electronics, textiles,
and more. As much as that list can be helpful to get your wheels turning, there’s
no prescribed set of tools that defines a makerspace. Instead of focusing on
what tools you should have, consider what types of making your space will
initially support. Start simple and add tools as the needs of your community
become apparent and your programming develops. In this section, we look at a
variety of popular tools, ranging greatly in complexity but all sharing the power
to transform materials and provide varieties of making and expression.
The Mighty Glue Gun
Of the makerspace site surveys that we conducted, there was no singular tool
more loved than the humble but mighty glue gun. This is a true super tool.
At Play Make Share, a makerspace for ages four to nine years old, Ryan Moreno
says, “The hot glue gun has been the most useful, sought-after, and versatile
tool for all ages. For children, using the hot glue gun is a transformative
experience: pom-poms, feathers, and any other material can be hot-glued and
transformed into anything from wings to passengers. Scissors would probably
be a close second favorite, followed by screwdrivers and hammers.”
One of the best ways to help keep hot glue gun use safe is to emphasize using
small amounts of hot glue. Burns often come from large, dripping globs of
hot glue that are more excessive than they need to be. Ventilation is helpful to
minimize the plastic smell, but at least hot glue lacks the toxic solvents,
the volatile organic compounds (VOCs), of many liquid glues. Having clear
signage with usage tips is helpful for any tool. A highly visible indicator of
when the power is on, like a lit power switch, also helps prevent accidents.
Of course we can’t talk about glue guns
without mentioning the heat gun.
Heat guns are like industrial-strength hair
dryers and offer a variety of uses, such as
loosening hot-glued parts and shrinking
heat-shrink tubing, used to strengthen
electrical and mechanical connections.
Heat guns are also useful for stripping
chipped paint as well as drying paint to
facilitate applying multiple layers.
Tools
Photo:
REM Learning Center

Materials&Tools
34
Traditional Tools
In the wake of the popularity of digital fabrication tools, traditional tools still
hold transformative power: hammers, screwdrivers, drills, saws, scissors, sewing
machines, basic sewing supplies, knitting needles, pottery wheels, screen-printing
tools, punches, eyelet setters, and more. Attaching one thing to another,
whether it’s fabric with thread or wood pieces with nails, is still a powerful making
experience. Being able to weave your own cloth on a loom is still inspiring
(a paper loom is easy to make). The Omaha Children’s Museum even turned
their entire makerspace into a loom for a week.
Simple tools can also be modified for more impact. For example, inexpensive
jigsaw blades, broken in half with the ends wrapped in duct tape, make the best
cardboard saws. Further, be sure to consider all kinds of tools, not just the ones
that are associated with workshops. For example, readily available kitchen tools,
like rolling pins and potato mashers, have many uses beyond the kitchen.
Shop Tools for Everyone
Given the abundance of information available on traditional shop tools, we’ll use this
opportunity to emphasize the potential of simple hand tools. There’s something
very powerful about shaping materials by hand. Bottom line: Don’t fear handsaws,
power drills, and other hand tools. Respect them and imagine what the simplest
of tools has achieved throughout the history of humanity. Too often, tools are
presented to young people as something that can’t be touched and aren’t for them.
Your invitations to use simple hand tools are nothing short of empowering.
For example, there’s a great simple satisfaction in nailing and driving screws. Hammers
can be a perfect place to start, with something as simple as driving a nail into a large
stump or block of wood. Pre-drill a bunch of small holes of various sizes in a block of
wood or soft plastic (polyoxymethylene, aka Delrin, works particularly well) and watch
even the youngest of makers spend tons of time driving in and out screws of various
sizes with hand or powered screwdrivers. It’s these real tools, the same that might be
used by any adult, that make strong impressions in their use.
At the Children’s Museum of Pittsburgh’s Makeshop, Lisa Brahms
shares, “Tools and materials are selected to be functional, while
taking into consideration the size, strength, and skill levels of our
visitors. For example, all of the hammers in Makeshop are capable
of driving nails. There are no plastic versions available‚ but there
may be an assortment of handle lengths or grip styles, in order to
best match the tools with the individual needs and skills of the user.”
Sometimes a tool ends up not being a good match for everyone. At STEAMLabs,
Andy Forest says, “Our table saw is mostly used by the adult mentors. It’s just
too powerful and the potential for kickback too strong. We’re looking into getting a
wall-mounted panel saw to replace it as a more kid-friendly tool.”
When cutting, drilling, or gluing things together, don’t forget the vices and clamps.
Effective ways to fix and hold materials are absolutely essential for safety. For great
general woodworking tips, check out this intro and these resources.
Photo: DIY Girls

Materials&Tools
35
3D Printers
There’s no shortage of information on this ever-growing area of making,
so we won’t go into too much detail here. Instead, we’ll give you permission
to not need one. Certainly, 3D printers can be exciting and powerful, enabling
children to bring digital designs into the physical realm. They can also be
always broken, a bottleneck, and an extra expense. For example, Makeshop’s
3D printers often sit unused because the upkeep and adjustments outweighed
the time they’ve chosen to devote to them. As Lisa Brahms shares, they place
a higher priority on “supporting young children’s engagement with tactile tools
and materials, and the time necessary to print objects is not well-suited to the
ways in which young children engage in our space.”
Use is a question involving several factors, including age and priorities.
When these align, 3D printer use can be integral to the space. At the Children’s
Museum of Houston, the 3D printers are by far the most popular tools, followed
by the laser cutter. In a particularly ambitious project, a group of middle school
students built a 3D printer from a kit and donated the printer to their school.
For Baltimore’s Digital Harbor Foundation,
a high priority is supporting youth-led
3D-printing entrepreneurial efforts. Through
their Perpetual Innovation Fund, students
and educators submit business plans
detailing how they would use 3D printers to
create and sell products and/or services. If
selected, they receive a 3D printer, training,
and mentorship, and they commit to giving
initial profits back to the fund to support
other youth enterprises.
Regardless of your priorities, if you do have
a 3D printer, there will be a segment of
your learners that are very excited about
the possibilities of running and maintaining
the machine. This can be very empowering.
Imagine students teaching teachers the
finer points of printing or youth mentors
providing guidance for library patrons on
3D design and printing. No doubt it’s an
exciting area. It can be a youth-centered
one as well.
Further Fab Tools
Aside from 3D printers, other digital fabrication tools, like laser cutters, vinyl
cutters, and CNC mills, have the makersphere abuzz. Once solely the realm
of professionals, these tools have become more accessible, in cost as well as
barrier to entry, to the hobbyist.
Photo:
Children’s Museum
of Houston

Materials&Tools
36
In 2005, Saul Griffith wrote “The Maker’s Ultimate Tools,” outlining a master
tool list, ranging from basic to extreme high-end, complete with associated
costs. Eight years later, James Floyd Kelly referenced Griffith’s piece in his
article “Kickstart a Kids’ Makerspace,” distilling the list to focus on fab tools
for kids. To the vast existing information that addresses these tools, we simply
emphasize the importance of budgeting for the filters, ventilation, upkeep, and
training necessary to maximize the use of these tools in a children’s makerspace.
Similar to 3D printers, our site surveys show that while digital fabrication tools
appear on the favorites list of some spaces, they often sit collecting dust at
other spaces due to complexity and how time-consuming the processes can
be. Choose and plan wisely by considering the factors mentioned above and
researching thoroughly, ensuring the existence of necessary skills and support
by users, as well as the proper computer and software support. For all things
involving digital fabrication, the Fab Foundation, an educational outreach of
MIT’s Center for Bits and Atoms, is an excellent resource.
Tools for Capturing and Sharing
Sharing knowledge is one of the cornerstones of makerspaces across the
board, so we would be remiss to not mention the tools of documentation.
Tools like video and audio recording equipment, cameras, and computers
provide the means not only for children to document their work to share with
their peers and the larger community but also for makerspace organizers to
share their methods, projects, and progress with the makerspace community.
Everyone wins with documentation. Additionally, for the youth, documenting
their work helps lend an empowering sense of ownership and accomplishment,
as well as offering a unique opportunity for reflection.
One interesting example of facilitating documentation is at DIY Girls, where
they’ve created a “Maker Talk” booth that has been successful in getting
the girls to talk about their making experiences. The booth is hidden away
in a corner or behind a curtain with no adult supervision. Girls sit in front of the
camera and answer questions provided, which include: What project did you
work on today? Did you have any challenges? What are you most proud of?
What do you want to make next?
Documentation tools help capture and celebrate the people behind the space.
In a powerful statement, Trent Miller of the Madison Public Library’s Bubbler
makerspace, says, “We prioritize people over equipment. While we do have a
media lab with amazing technology that was created with our start-up grant,
moving forward, we would rather pay artists to share their skills than to invest
in equipment.”
The tools of capturing process, thinking, and projects are important to keep
in mind when outfitting your makerspace. We delve into much greater detail
about documentation in the “Sustainability” chapter and cover some methods
in Appendix E.
A staff-created
DIY documentation station.
Photo: Digital Harbor Foundation

Materials&Tools
37
Electronics as a form of making is one very often associated with the modern
Maker Movement. It seems that anything with LEDs, motors, microcontrollers, or
code enjoys a very high profile. It’s true these areas are exciting and powerful.
They can also be new and intimidating, not to mention expensive. What are some
materials and tools that can help anyone discover the properties of components
such as motors, LEDs, and batteries?
There’s no denying the sheer joy that
young makers (and adults!) experience
when they first learn to solder, complete
their first circuit, or do something as simple
as make an LED light up. Suddenly the
mysterious world of electronics becomes
accessible, and a whole universe of project
opportunity opens up to them.
New and powerful computational tools
are being made available at a pace
that’s often hard to keep up with.
The Arduino microcontroller was
developed in 2005 as an inexpensive and
accessible microcontroller for makers of
all stripes. Since then, the options have
multiplied exponentially. Adafruit’s mini
microcontroller, called Trinket, retails for
$6. Further, the Raspberry Pi is essentially
a single-board mini computer that retails
for as little as $25.
A favorite electronics-learning tool
among makerspaces is Makey Makey,
which enables users to connect everyday
objects, such as fruit, vegetables, and
themselves, to computer programs using
a circuit board, alligator clips, and a USB
cable. A classic sample project is making
a banana piano and playing the fruit
like an instrument. In their site survey,
Albuquerque’s OLÉ actually listed the
Makey Makey (along with bananas and
broccoli) as being among the most popular
tools at their makerspace. Beyond the
use of fruit and vegetables, much can be
discovered by taking advantage of the
conductive properties of plants, pencil
drawings, tinfoil, water, and more.
Ample examples can be found online,
but leaving room for discovery and
invention can be even more powerful.
Exploring
Electronics
Circuit Blocks
Circuit blocks are a set of components, switches, and power sources
that can be tethered together, making electronics exploration
easy and safe. They have all sorts of features and benefits:
they’re affordable, expandable, transparent, endlessly customizable,
and can be made right there in your makerspace. Makeshop
offers a great tutorial.
Squishy Circuits
Developed by AnnMarie Thomas, this fun, accessible, and
inexpensive way to explore circuits makes use of conductive and
non-conductive (insulating) dough. Children can make their own
Squishy Circuits using components such as batteries and LEDs.
Breadboards
This prototyping mainstay, along with jumper wires and various
electronic components, enables authentic experimentation but
for less cost than actually soldering the components onto a board.
Components can be used over and again. Maker Ed has created
a guide for introducing young makers to physical computing,
which features a section on breadboards.
Three Circuit
Exploration Tools
There are many products
to buy (or make) for
exploring electricity
and electronic circuits.
Let’s look at three
tested champions.
Photo:
Children’s Museum
of Pittsburgh
Photo: Maker Ed

Materials&Tools
38
On the software side, a favorite introduction to programming is Scratch, the free
authoring tool developed by the Lifelong Kindergarten Group at MIT Media Lab.
Young makers can use Scratch (often paired with MaKey Makey) to create their
own computer-based games, affording a first foray into the power of coding.
Scratch also has a robust site with endless project ideas and a large, active
community. For more advanced approaches, Processing and Python are popular,
free, and open-source programming languages.
Tinkering with and exploring electronics need not be expensive. A lot can be done
with simple and salvaged materials. A perennial tinkering activity is taking apart
old electronics, which can be acquired either inexpensively or freely (see Appendix
B for guidance). Children learn a great deal about objects by being given the
license to take them apart, without the restrictive fear of breaking something.
As well, some inexpensive, everyday objects
hold potential for tinkering with electronics.
Brent Richardson of the Children’s Museum
of Houston advises, “Anything that can
conducts electricity can have surprising
applications. Pipe cleaners, for instance, can
be used in circuits and produce interesting
results. Additional conductive materials
include washers, nails, foil, and graphite.”
Naturally, the standard implements of safety, such as eye protection, first aid
supplies, and fire extinguishers, are necessary in any makerspace. But equally
as important is clear and abundant communication. When the groundwork of
acceptable behavior and tool use is clearly laid out and reinforced using signage,
there’s less room for misunderstanding, mitigating the chance of accidents.
Introducing Tools and Materials
Understanding the affordances of tools and materials—namely, how they work,
what they make possible, and their strengths and limitations—is of critical
importance for their safe use. The right tool or material for any given job isn’t
just the most effective—it’s the safest.
Safe tool use begins with conversation. When introducing a tool and material
for the first time, it’s helpful to include learners in the discussion. Ask questions
to spur discussion. What do you notice about the tool/material? What do
you wonder about it? What can it be used for? What might go wrong? In this
way, understanding and agreements about proper and safe use can be built
collaboratively with youth, establishing shared ownership and investment.
Resulting conversations may sound like, “It’s cool you can melt things with the
soldering iron. I’ll bet it could hurt, too. Can it set paper on fire? Does it stay hot
after I’m done with it? How can I let people know that it’s still hot when I’m done?”
Safety
Photo:

Materials&Tools
39
Many makerspaces establish that all tools, from hammers to laser cutters,
require training before being free to use without adult supervision.
Even trainings can be designed to be youth-centered. At STEAMLabs,
for example, when a new tool is introduced, the facilitator leads a conversation
about the right tool for the job, followed by a conversation about how to
use the tool. For the second time a child uses a tool, instead of telling them
the rules for the tool again, children are encouraged to teach another child
how to use the tool, with a mentor listening.
Signage and Contracts
Signs can provide helpful on-the-spot
instruction and reminders throughout your
space. At DIY Girls, each piece of equipment
has an instructional sign on the wall next to it
promoting safe usage. There is also a contract,
which outlines the rules and agreements
of the space, that each of the girls who uses
the space signs. The verbiage of the contract
is also posted on the wall as a reminder.
We’ll let these signage examples speak
for themselves.
Now that you have the space, the tools, and the materials, how do you organize
it all, maximize your storage space, and make it all accessible at the same
time? Each makerspace has to develop a unique system that works with their
actual space and usage patterns, but by and large, many use bins and simple
classification systems, sorting and labeling according to type of material (wood,
plastic, metal) or activity (soldering, sewing, painting).
At STEAMLabs, for instance, in an effort to keep their central space as open,
malleable, and multipurpose as possible, they’ve developed “Tool Pods” that
have everything you need for a particular activity, like soldering, and slide out
on to your workbench, ready to start.
At Lighthouse Community Charter School’s Creativity Lab, materials and tools are
organized neatly in labeled bins on shelves. Materials that are not used regularly are
stored in closets. The team collaborates on reorganizing the space once a month.
In the Maker Jawn program of the Free Library of Philadelphia, which is hosted at
five different neighborhood libraries, Sarah Winchowsky shares, “We generally use
a lot of boxes and bins since designated shelving is often not available. At some
sites, we’ve worked with program participants to organize and label the storage of
tools and materials. This is helpful in getting everyone familiar with where things are
located as well as in giving people a sense of ownership and pride of the space.”
At The Bubbler makerspace in the Madison Public Library, the majority of their art
supplies are available for the public to use. They have a collection of old card catalog
drawers that they’ve labeled and filled with scissors, markers, crayons, glue, etc.
Photo: STEAMLabs Photos: DIY Girls
Organizing
It All

Materials&Tools
40
As an alternative system for material
organization, Marymount School in
New York organizes according to type
of activity rather than material or project
types. Instead of labeling “Electronics” or
“Sewing,” for instance, fab lab coordinator
Jaymes Dec has their shelves and bins
arranged by such labels as “Invent
Something” or “Prototype Something.”
Teacher Andrew Carle of Chadwick
International school in Incheon,
South Korea, includes a color-coded
system that classifies materials based
on the question “What materials can
I use to make my project?”
However organized your materials might be, as long as the message is clear that
options exist and a range of materials and tools are freely accessible, you’re on the
right track. Clutter will always be a factor, no matter the system. Whatever your
comfort level might be with it, many makerspaces embrace a degree of chaos in
the midst of order. After all, it shows authentic and dynamic use of the space.
As with all aspects of a makerspace, tools, materials, safety agreements, and
organization should be hinged upon and become a reflection of the heart of the
space. The most effective tools and materials will be ones that are inspired by
the interests of the users and are introduced by those using and/or supporting
the space, including makers of all kinds from the wider community.
When people’s passions and interests drive
the material and tool selections, things
become more personal, and that energy is
contagious. Perhaps an artist will introduce
paints and easels, as well as model a love
of art and provide mentorship. Any number
of hobbyists, artisans, gamers, athletes,
musicians, and chefs might bring the
materials and tools of their trades into
your space, thereby igniting new interests.
Our hope is that by sharing the examples
in this chapter and encouraging you to
consider the capabilities and resources
abundant in your space and community,
your own wheels are turning. Are you
sketching your ideas?
Semi-Consumable
Prototyping
Material
Consumable
Prototyping
Material
Non-Consumable
Prototyping
Material
1) Do not cut, glue, or paint it.
2) You can not keep it.
3) Does not leave the Makerspace without permission.
1) Get permission use & to cut, glue, and paint it.
2) Get permission to keep it.
1) Cut it, glue it, paint it!
2) Yours to keep
3) Ask for guidance when using in large quantities
What materials can I use to make my project?
CC BY 2015
Gary Donahue & Chadwick School
Semi-Consumable
Prototyping
Material
Consumable
Prototyping
Material
Non-Consumable
Prototyping
Material
1) Do not cut, glue, or paint it.
2) You can not keep it.
1) Get permission use & to cut, glue, and paint it.
2) Get permission to keep it.
1) Cut it, glue it, paint it!
2) Yours to keep
3) Ask for guidance when using in large quantities
What materials can I use to make my project?
CC BY 2015
Gary Donahue & Chadwick School
Photo:
Chadwick International School

APPROACHES&PRACTICESYouthMakerspacePLaybook
41
In this chapter, we begin by offering a general overview of the approaches
and learning theories most common in maker education. Along the way, we
highlight concrete examples of how established makerspaces have combined
these ideas to develop their own unique styles. We’ll only be scratching the
surface here, so if any of the ideas discussed resonate with you, we encourage
you to delve deeper using the links throughout or by visiting our Resource
Library. In the second half of the chapter, we explore the application of these
ideas to the facilitation of making experiences for youth. We touch on various
points of entry to consider, the role of youth and adults, and the ways that
language can be used to inspire creativity.
In addition to promoting learning through hands-on activity, maker education
puts particular emphasis on re-evaluating the roles of students and facilitators.
At the core is the learner, posing questions, experimenting, and developing
ideas, rather than simply being fed information and knowledge. Below is an
overview of four commonly used approaches, each of which offers a unique
angle and emphasis.
Inquiry-Based Making
and Learning
As the name implies, inquiry-based learning
starts with questions posed, rather than
facts given. Learners are encouraged to
develop their own questions and consider
projects, experiments, and explorations
that can help them reach conclusions,
create solutions, and/or convey ideas.
Academically, inquiry approaches apply
to all subject areas. In STEM fields, inquiry
methods complement the scientific method
and greatly enrich investigations in math,
engineering, and technology.
APPROACHES & PRACTICES
Thus far we’ve addressed the tangible aspects of creating a
makerspace: the physical space itself, the tools, and the materials.
Just as there are a myriad of environments that can enable and
encourage making, there are multiple mindsets and pedagogies
that can be applied to makerspaces.
Learning
Approaches
No discussion of approaches in maker education would be complete
without mentioning the foundational contributions of American
philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformist John Dewey
(1859–1952). One of his famous quotes, which succinctly summarizes
his views on education, reads, “Give the pupils something to do, not
something to learn; and the doing is of such a nature as to demand
thinking; learning naturally results.”
Photo:
Used with permission from
the University of Chicago
Library Special Collections.

APPROACHES&PRACTICES
42
The National Science Teachers Association outlines the following four levels
of inquiry. To put the approach in concrete context, we use the project example
of artbots, simple electromechanical creations that make art.
Confirmational: Students are taught a concept, then posed a question and
given an experiment/project/activity that will lead them to the concept
they learned, confirming and solidifying their new knowledge. Example:
The facilitator may be teaching about electrical circuits, demonstrate how an
offset weight on the shaft of a DC motor creates a shaking motion, and show
how a specific kind of artbot makes use of this motion to move and draw
with markers. Learners are then asked to build an artbot using instructions,
an example, or kits. Through the build, the circuit and mechanical concepts
they’ve seen demonstrated are reproduced, solidifying the concepts.
Structured: The facilitator poses a question and outlines an experiment,
project, challenge, or area of investigation, and then learners respond.
Example: The facilitator may ask, “How does the position of the shaking
motor change how the artbot draws?” Learners are then invited to investigate
how different motor positions, balance, and weight distribution change
behavior and to make note of the changes and effects.
Guided: The facilitator only poses questions, or even just a broad project genre,
and the students are responsible for devising a project and/or experiment to
explore the question or challenge. Example: The facilitator may simply ask,
“In what ways might these materials make and/or become art?” The learners
would then tinker, build, and experiment to create their own designs, guided
by the material selection options and the challenge to create art. The facilitator
may suggest possible approaches, designs, or provide examples for inspiration,
but these are not meant to be replicated literally.
Open: Students devise their own questions, projects, experiments, and
evaluations/conclusions. Example: Only materials to choose from are made
available along with an open-ended (though still slightly guiding) invitation to
explore and discover, such as “What is possible with these materials? What kinds
of things can they do?” Artbots in various forms may arise from tinkering and are
made possible by material selection, but specific examples are not shown at the
beginning and the materials themselves serve as the inspiration and challenge
for what’s possible. As tinkering and work progresses, examples of all types of
projects naturally arise throughout the process, rather than being prompted or
provided specifically by the facilitator.
Some young makers enthusiastically run with open-ended invitations, while others
have greater comfort with more concrete and structured starting points. Having
examples on hand that are only selectively shared can help honor this spectrum
of comfort. For instance, to help alleviate any possible anxiety, the facilitator might
let students know that there are examples to share in the case that someone feels
truly stuck. Often, the “safety net” of examples is not even needed as comfort levels
increase with the knowledge that help and inspiration are readily available.
Inquiry-based explorations and project work blend multiple forms of inquiry.
A structured demonstration of a motor’s use may inspire open-ended
explorations. Open inquiry creations may provide examples for future guided
or structured approaches.
Wind-powered artbots.
Photo: Opal School
A micro-watercolor
artbot using Q-tips.
Photo: Maker Ed
A rubber-band-powered artbot.
Photo: Maker Ed
Photo:

43
Project-Based Learning
Just as it sounds, project-based learning (PBL) centers on facilitating
meaningful, powerful learning experiences through project work and
the context that projects provide for learning.
According to nonprofit foundation Edutopia, the five keys to PBL are:
Establish real-world connections in projects. Start with an authentic
problem, need, or opportunity in the community and anchor the learning
with a driving question.
Build projects that are core to learning. In schools, projects and standards
can easily coexist, where projects anchor the curriculum and enable
students to apply and practice their knowledge.
Structure collaboration for student success. Choreograph collaboration
by helping students develop roles/responsibilities and processes, teaching
them how to use each other as resources.
Facilitate learning in a student-driven environment. Introduce the topic in
a way that promotes curiosity, allowing students to find their own answers
or generate more questions. Make time for reflection and have students
track their own progress.
Embed assessment throughout the project. Because projects can span
weeks, build in mini learning targets to assess, not just by the educator
but also by the students themselves and the group as a whole. End with a
presentation or performance.
Often, concrete projects are used as a step towards learning a technical skill,
familiarizing oneself with tools, or becoming more adept at tackling larger and
more individualized projects. For example, educators have prompted students
to “make a pillow.” Innate to this project is the development of sewing skills and
familiarity with sewing tools and materials, along with application of math and
measurements. Pillows take on forms of their own: youth (in pairs or groups)
may create body pillows, dog beds, pillows for homeless shelters, travel pillows,
seat cushions, or pillows with lights and sensors.
While PBL is naturally focused on projects, it’s complemented well by approaches
that emphasize process, such as playing, exploring, and tinkering, where creating
a finished product isn’t a goal. And though PBL curricula tends to focus on
real-world situations as the inspiration for projects, youth-derived projects
based purely on whimsy or individual interests can also provide valuable learning
experiences with personal meaning.

44
Tinkering
At the core of the tinkering philosophy is a playful celebration of discovery
through inquiry, exploration, prototyping, and iterating. It has been said that
play is a child’s most serious work. Powerful learning opportunities are present
when children are allowed to pose their own questions and devise methods
for exploring possible outcomes. According to the Exploratorium’s book
The Art of Tinkering, tenets include:
For a deeper look at tinkering, read the comprehensive paper entitled
“Designing for Tinkerability” by Mitchel Resnick and Eric Rosenbaum of MIT’s
Lifelong Kindergarten group. They summarize the key lessons
they’ve learned from designing contexts for tinkerability:
Be comfortable not knowing.
Prototype rapidly.
Balance autonomy with
collaboration.
Use familiar materials in
unfamiliar ways.
Express ideas via construction.
Revisit and iterate on ideas.
Put yourself in messy situations.
Seek real-world examples
everywhere.
Emphasize process over
product.
Set themes, not challenges.
Highlight diverse examples.
Tinker with [physical] space.
Encourage engagement with people,
not just materials.
Pose questions instead of giving
answers.
Combine diving in with stepping back.
STEAMLabs:
Blended Approach
Based on PBL and
Tinkering
Chief Instigator
Andy Forest
Our main method of teaching is experiential and
interest-driven. Play-based learning is also very
important. Our five-step process is as follows:
1. Explore technology. Discover something
new by experimenting with it. We provide
multiple options. This frequently involves
taking things apart to see how they work.
2. Brainstorm ideas.Think of interesting
and useful ways to use technology to make
something. Inspired by the exploration and
play step, participants can now let their
imaginations run wild and come up with ideas.
3. Make a plan.Grab some team members and
turn your idea into a plan you can execute
together. Understand that people have different
strengths, and a team is much greater than the
sum of its parts. This step first involves selective
retention of the ideas formed in the previous step.
Refine this into a plan that can be accomplished.
4. Build, fail, repeat.Get to work on your creation.
Learning how to overcome problems is the best
way to learn. We guide participants to solve their
own problems and get used to being self-reliant.
5. Success! Celebrate your creation by sharing it
and your process (more important than the final
product) through journals and presentations.
Sample Project:A grade six class designed and
built an Internet of Things (IoT) interactive model of
Ontario’s power system as a museum exhibit to
teach about power generation and consumption.
This is more than a school project; it’s an actual
educational installation piece. The finished model
was accepted into an exhibit at the Toronto International
Film Festival’s Digiplayspace.
Photo:
Opal School/ CoLab Tinkering
Photo: STEAMLabs

45
Design Thinking
Like other design and engineering processes, design thinking often focuses
on the stages and process through which a solution is created. With design
thinking, these modes include empathize, define, ideate, prototype, and test.
At its very core, though, utmost importance is placed on the fact that this
methodology is human-centered: clarity comes from developing empathy for
and understanding the needs of the user(s). Some compare it, as a parallel,
to the scientific method, where one might have a problem, come up with a
hypothesis, and experiment to test it. With design thinking, the problem isn’t
obvious or clear until one engages with a broad range of users to understand
their needs and insights.
According to Stanford University’s d.school, the main principles are as follows:
Human-Centered: Respond to human needs and user feedback.
Mindful of Process: Be mindful not only of what is being made but also
of the specific process used to make, with attention to how the process
can be improved.
Culture of Prototyping: Value experimenting and quickly iterating based on
what is learned in the process.
Bias Toward Action: Be in favor of trying things out over discussing
possible outcomes.
Show Don’t Tell: Value expressing ideas visually (sketching, prototyping,
digital storytelling), knowing it brings issues and opportunities to light.
Radical Collaboration: Sharing every step of a process can help highlight
individual team member strengths and increase the skill sets of the group as
a whole, as well as facilitate bringing together people of vastly different skill
sets and backgrounds.
In maker education, especially with projects that respond to a community need,
design thinking can be incorporated in the beginning stages. Youth have an
opportunity to practice their observation and interviewing techniques, uncover
insights, distill their findings, and brainstorm possibilities. The actual users
themselves can even affirm the final solution; if it satisfies, the work has made a
real impact.
Photo:
Children’s Museum
of Houston

46
For further reading, delve into the d.school’s active toolkit, which provides
a deeper overview of the modes of design thinking, as well as numerous
concrete methods.
As you may have noticed, there are many similarities between these four
approaches. To name a few, they are all student-centered, include multiple
pathways for the learner to explore, focus on process, and emphasize “question
asking” over “question answering.” And while each approach can be used
purely on its own, they can also be blended and tailored to suit the unique
flavor of your makerspace.
New York Hall of
Science (NYSCI):
Blended Approach
Based on Design
Thinking
Director of Early
Childhood Education
Janella Watson
We aim to root each of our workshops, the
environment we create, and the learning
experiences we provide for families in
NYSCI’s Design Make Play pedagogy.
The core ingredients we believe make
Design Make Play transformative experiences
for STEM learning for young children and
their families are as follows:
Materials Literacy: When children are able
to find new uses for everyday materials, they
develop materials literacy, a potent skill that
enables children to see possibilities in the
world around them.
Science Process Skills and Engaging
in Mathematical Thinking: Making
experiences rooted in deep noticing afford
open-ended ways to understand the world
through asking questions, probing for
answers, investigating, and communicating.
By providing natural phenomena to explore
and the tools to investigate them, making
encourages the development of skills
including identification and creation of
patterns, measurement, counting, sorting,
and classification—skills at the core of
early mathematical thinking.
Purposeful Play: We make sense of our
world through self-directed, rich, sensory
experiences. Play develops children’s
content knowledge and provides them
the opportunity to develop social skills,
competences, and disposition to learn.
Divergent Solutions: We nurture children’s
natural creativity through experiences that are
open-ended and invite learners to define their own
paths, rooted in what excites them and makes them
curious. Making inspires learners to approach
materials and processes in new and innovative
ways, reflective of their own creative thinking, gives
ownership over what they create, and encourages
kids to be natural problem solvers.
Collaboration and Co-learning:By highlighting
the opportunity for math and science learning in
children’severydayexperiences,andelaboratingon
the science that families are already doing together,
we both provide meaningful ways for adults to
participate in making and encourage continued
experimentation at home.
Documentation and Sharing: For young
learners, who build confidence and agency
through self-expression, sharing is at the heart
of their healthy socio-emotional development.
Opportunities for storytelling, muraling, and
sketching, paired with physical displays and
digital documentation of children’s work,
acknowledge and support children’s desires to
communicate and represent their knowledge of
the world as well as inspire further investigation
and exploration.
Sample Projects (from the Little
Makers program):
Bird Nesting: Birds have unique ways of using
special materials to make their homes. Explore the
science behind nest making and transform recycled
materials into a nest of your own. Wood Works:
Practice woodworking skills as you learn to measure,
drive nails with a hammer, and use sandpaper.
Then design and create wooden projects such as
racecars and birdhouses.
Photo:

47
Another similarity between the learning approaches we explored is their
application of two foundational learning theories. Because constructivism
and constructionism are terms that get tossed around a lot in maker
education, we thought it important to take a brief moment to introduce them,
differentiate between them, and spark your curiosity to delve deeper.
Constructivism
Formally developed by Jean Piaget in the first half of the 20th century,
constructivism is a cognitive theory that claims knowledge cannot be given to
students but rather must be constructed by the learner through a combination
of experiential learning and reflection. Experiences enable learners to develop
schemata (constructs), mental models that can be modified and expanded
through further experiences. Constructivism also emphasizes that the teacher
is a facilitator of learning rather than a deliverer of content. Rather than feeding
information, the facilitator helps learners come to their own understanding of the
information, guiding them toward becoming effective thinkers. Time for reflection
and discussion is of the utmost importance, as are the social aspects of learning
and creating knowledge collaboratively with peers and educators.
Constructionism
Inspired by constructivism and formally developed by Seymour Papert, constructionism
agrees with the aforementioned concept of learning being actively acquired rather
than transmitted. To this, Papert added that learning is most effective when the hands-
on learning process results in a meaningful product, or “social object.” Social objects
are any creations—ranging from physical to virtual, concrete to abstract—that people
attach meaning to and are able to talk about. In this view, learning is particularly
powerful when students are engaged in constructing their own personally meaningful
social objects to be shared as part of an inquiry process, serving as focal points for
further experimentation, investigation, learning, and inquiry. Papert’s book Mindstorms:
Children, Computers, and Powerful Ideas, first published in 1980, remains a valuable
resource for applications of constructionism through computational technologies.
Differences Between Constructivism and Constructionism
Many makerspaces combine concepts from these two theories. Sometimes it’s
difficult to discern the key differences. For further disambiguation between
constructivism and constructionism, read the in-depth piece by MIT’s Edith
Ackermann. In a nutshell, she summarizes the difference as such:
“Piaget’s constructivism offers a window into what children are interested in,
and able to achieve, at different stages of their development. The theory
describes how children’s ways of doing and thinking evolve over time
and under which circumstance children are more likely to let go of—
or hold onto—their currently held views. Piaget suggests that children
have very good reasons not to abandon their worldviews just because
someone else, be it an expert, tells them they’re wrong. Papert’s constructionism,
in contrast, focuses more on the art of learning, or ‘learning to learn’,
Learning
Theories

48
and on the significance of making things in learning. Papert is interested in
how learners engage in a conversation with [their own or other people’s]
artifacts, and how these conversations boost self-directed learning and
ultimately facilitate the construction of new knowledge. He stresses the
importance of tools, media, and context in human development.”
Both theories share a child-centered view focused on empowering learners with
active roles in constructing knowledge through powerful experiences. Both reject
the view of children as mere receptacles of information and celebrate the capacity
of children to make and share things of great value for each other and society.
You may be asking yourself at this point: How do I decide which approach to take?
If you ask any one of the spacemakers highlighted here, they would tell you that the
answer certainly doesn’t appear overnight. It takes time and experimentation to find
the approach that works best for your staff, your youth, and the ultimate learning
goals of your space. You may want to start with one approach first and dive deep or
to let your inner chemist shine through by mixing and matching ideas from each until
you arrive at your perfect blend. We encourage you to take the time to continually
reflect upon the principles that guide the facilitation of learning experiences in your
space and settle on an approach best suited to the needs of your community.
There is no single maker education approach. What is your maker ed?
REM Learning
Center: Blended
Approach Based on
Constructionism
Fab Lab Manager
Ryan Moreno
The most established learning approach
we’re influenced by is Papert’s theory of
constructionism. Our learning environment
is designed to solicit playful exploration,
encourage teamwork, and provide access to
the use of tools and technologies that facilitate
creative expression, empowering the child to
extend the concepts being explored during
creative play into a material form so that it can
be shared with others and used to construct
knowledge. Each child enters the school
with unique perspectives and challenges.
Our objective is to assist the child along
their learning journey by providing a
hands-on, creative, social, playful, and
developmentally appropriate environment.
Outdoor play is essential for child development.
In the same way, children need safe, creative
learning environments with time and space
for their imaginations to run and nontraditional
equipment to construct knowledge, explore
designed systems, facilitate a tinkering disposition,
and provide a sense of maker empowerment.
We believe that lifelong learning happens when
you play, make, and share. We’re investigating
how the integration of methods—such as design
thinking, systems thinking, computational thinking,
play, making, and tinkering—within both formal
and informal learning environments can be
used to introduce 21st-century skills and inspire
a lifelong love of learning at an early age.
We provide a safe environment where children
engage in a balance between creative play and
guided play; are introduced to real tools that
empower them to make and extend play; and
have opportunities to share their creations and
experiences, while receiving feedback from
peers, family, and community.
Sample Project: Work with children ages four
to nine to design and make their own chairs
for the studio. Look at the components that
make up a chair, and using an open-source
chair design as a foundation, children design
a chair as a group, creating a tangible object
that solves a problem (no chairs) and contributes
to their community.
Student inquiry into
properties of water.
Photo: Opal School
Photo:
REM Learning Center

49
Just as with the creation of your physical space, don’t let the details stop you from
diving in and getting started. Even without your learning approach fully developed,
you can still put some important aspects of these ideas into practice and create
meaningful learning experiences for your youth.
POINTS OF ENTRY
How to begin? You don’t need to start from scratch or try something
completely new. Many of the activities, lesson plans, or practices you already
use can be easily modified by employing some of the ideas in this chapter.
Try loosening up the structure, pulling back on prescriptive instructions,
building in a little more time, and letting your young makers run with it!
If you’re still searching for some accessible prompts to launch making
experiences, here are a few ideas to get you started:
Free Play: Invite and support imagination by providing materials and
suggesting options. The main idea is to allow for creative, unstructured
exploration. One option is to experiment with the construction sets outlined
in Appendix C. Another is to provide old electronics, tools to take them
apart with, and safety glasses, and invite children to disassemble the
gadgets and put the components together in other interesting ways.
(Look for safety tips in Appendix B.)
Skills: Anchor an experience with the teaching and practice of specific skill
sets. Alternately, start with the information or ideas you’d like to explore
(whether STEM, art, social, etc.) and anchor discussion and projects within.
For example, run a skill-building workshop to teach the group to solder, and
then provide a simple electronics kit that involves basic soldering. Rather
than presenting the initial idea, another option is to invite young learners to
present something that they love to do—such as music, dance, debate, or
a particular game—to their peers and help everyone develop this interest
and the related skills. It’s empowering to identify young learners who have
specific skills and can take leadership roles in teaching and mentoring.
Putting It All
into Practice
A Maker Ed Young Makers
participant and her
cave exploration robot.
Photo: Maker Ed

50
Personal: Ask youth to think of a problem in their community that they
would like to solve. Then, develop questions collaboratively to spark
imagination, energy, deep interest, and connect to children’s desires,
interests, and goals. David Sengeh, president of Sierra Leone-based
Global Minimum, notes:
“In our woodworking workshop, a group of students chose to focus
on the issue of waste management in their school. The school
compound is usually littered with papers, bottles, and other garbage.
Trash bins in public places and homes in Sierra Leone are also rare
to find. Students therefore constructed a unique trash/recycle bin
using only wood materials. They produced multiple designs and
constructed a trash bin that can be easily replicated and emptied.
The students hope to educate their school on waste management
and are advocating for the adoption of their trash/recycle bin by
many other schools and centers in Sierra Leone.”
Competition or Exhibition: Preparing for an event is a great way to anchor
a project and set a deadline. Try tackling a project to present at a robotics
competition, county fair, or local Maker Faire.
RE-EXAMINING ROLES
Evaluating the wide range of roles possible for educators, children, and their peers is
important to creating meaningful making experiences. At Maker Ed, our philosophy
is one of “Every Child a Maker.” We believe that all children are born capable,
creative, and deserving of opportunities to express themselves in multiple forms.
The most powerful role adults can assume is that of facilitator and mentor,
encouraging, guiding, sharing, but ultimately allowing children to develop processes
and come to conclusions of their own accord.
The same tips that we offer to our Young Maker mentors can be helpful for
other facilitators: “Mentors provide general support and motivation, facilitating
teamwork and problem solving. Mentors sometimes act as sounding boards, fellow
brainstormers, and timekeepers. Mentors do not have to have expertise in a specific
area; rather, they help to outreach, network with others, and seek out answers.”
One of the resounding benefits of maker education is the confidence that children
gain from making. A great way to reinforce this is by empowering them to share
their knowledge with their peers. At Toronto’s MakerKids, one of their principles
is “kids teaching kids.” Facilitators identify areas where kids are experts, like in the
building aspects of Minecraft, and have kids teaching classes. They also encourage
children to share their knowledge online so others can benefit from their expertise.
Facilitators can promote student-centered learning by keeping an eye out for
specific areas in which peers might support each other. For example, suppose
you’ve helped a student learn to solder or witnessed a learner solve a problem.
Ask, “How would you feel if I sent others to you when they need help with what
you’ve just learned/accomplished?” In this way, you set up the student to share
what they’ve learned, thereby recognizing and reinforcing the accomplishment
while promoting peer-to-peer support.

51
THE POWER OF LANGUAGE
Language is perhaps the most important and powerful tool used within
any makerspace. Words have the power to invite, inspire, and potentiate but
also to shut down and exclude. We encourage you to deeply consider the
language and overall tone used in your space. Part of the power of language
is knowing when to use your voice at all. Exercising restraint at key times can
invite new questions and ideas, empower youth, and help balance the voices
in your space.
Powerful phrases like “I notice” and “I wonder” allow suggestions to be made
without giving those suggestions the gravity and absoluteness that could shut
down the creative process. They also convey attention and help show recognition
in meaningful ways. Consider the difference between “That’s awesome! Good
job!” and “Wow, I see a huge amount of careful stitching! How did you develop
the pattern to create such an intricate design? It looks super tricky. Could you
show me more about how you did it? What would you think about helping others
if they need it?” We believe language is so important that we’ve dedicated a
page in Appendix D to offering ideas for helpful language to use.
Whatever language examples inspire you, think about the intention behind
these suggestions rather than the exact words. Repetition of any phrase
can diminish its power over time. Your observations and questions can be
communicated in countless ways, such as beginning with “I see” or “It looks
like” or “What about.” You could simply state, “I’m curious about this. What
would you like to tell me about it?” Children are masters at recognizing genuine
interest and curiosity in all the ways you communicate, including your facial
expressions and body language.
Nonverbal body language can be as powerful as the spoken word. Consider the
difference between passing a child the next tool needed for a project versus
allowing the child to decide which tool is needed. At times when you wish to
exercise this restraint, it can be tough to override well-meaning adult reflexes
to hand over what is needed right away. One approach is to strategically put
your hands in your pockets or behind your back—keeping in mind that hands in
pockets can be interpreted as signifying disinterest, so be sure you still show it in
other ways, such as leaning in. Another helpful gesture, rather than handing over
a tool directly, is to place a useful tool or material nearby, allowing for discovery.
This can be especially effective for subtly assisting someone who is struggling.
Eye contact, even across a room, is also a powerful way to check in. Much can be
communicated—such as reassurance—by a simple look, nod, and smile.
In conclusion, the environment, the materials in it, the approach, and the
language and facilitation techniques used all contribute to creating a safe and
creative space. Don’t be afraid to experiment to find the approaches that work
best for the purpose and values of your space and that serve your learning
community optimally. The feedback will be transparent, and you’ll know when
you’ve created an environment where young makers can learn, grow, develop
their own ideas, feel confident and empowered, and flourish.

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We know how important a solid foundation and support system is to the
success of a space. In this chapter, we explore the people and partnerships at
the heart of your space, as well as the fundraising strategies, documentation,
and evaluation that can help you gain more support from your stakeholders
and the larger community.
As we saw in “Places to Make,” a number of flourishing makerspaces were
initiated by just one or two individuals passionate about spreading the joy of
making. While one person may be the igniter, having a dedicated core team is
important. Finding individuals who share in a combined vision for your space
and bring a range of expertise within the team can be extremely powerful.
A prime, albeit aspirational, example is the Children’s Museum of Pittsburgh’s
Makeshop. As Lisa Brahms notes: “With both practitioners and scholars in one
department, there is constant exchange between the two: emerging theories
are formed around observable interactions and, in turn, directly influence
facilitation and design.” Although you may not be starting out with this level
of resource and expertise, putting together a small team with a range of skill
sets is within reach.
Makers from the Community
Makers of various stripes are all around us, and many of them are willing to
share their skills and knowledge. Where can you find them? A great resource
for ideas is the last page of a booklet collaboratively created by Maker Ed and
Girl Scouts USA, which lists a number of helpful suggestions. Here are a few:
Events like Maker Faire, science fairs, and craft fairs
Clubs and community groups based around interests like computers,
model trains, and knitting
Friends and neighbors with expertise to share from their careers or hobbies
Community organizations like museums and libraries
Local professionals such as carpenters, construction contractors, welders,
electricians, plumbers, automotive mechanics, farmers, furniture makers, etc.
Sustainability
At this point, you’ve found a physical space, outfitted it with tools
and materials, and explored the overarching approaches that
will drive the space. Now, how do you staff your makerspace and
keep it going? Collaboratively and by capturing and sharing the
experiences—that’s how!
Very
Important
People

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53
The key is to reach out and let folks know that you’d love to have them share
what they know. Naturally, sharing via social networks can expand your reach
exponentially, but posting paper flyers around your neighborhood also still
works. When reaching out to community makers of all types, remember
that the words “making” or “maker” might not be familiar. You might ask,
“What do you love to do? Would you like to share and inspire others?”
Another way to find makers and also expand your offerings is to simply lend
space for people to share their skills. At STEAMLabs, Andy Forest notes,
“There are so many passionate artists, makers, and scientists in our city
[Toronto]! After 6 p.m. every day is community time, available for community-
run events.” At OLÉ, they facilitate skill shares, where community members
teach workshops based on what they already know, as well as repair cafes,
where community members volunteer to help folks fix and modify their goods
rather than having to purchase new ones. These models can add value without
requiring a lot more resources.
Makers-in-Residence
A number of makerspaces have had great experiences with maker-in-residence
programs that help broaden their offerings of skills and bring community
members to the space.
Brightworks school in San Francisco hosts one such maker-in-residence
program, stating, “To further break down the walls that often separate school
from the world, we invite artists, engineers, makers, writers, and craftspeople
from all over the Bay Area to come into the school to use it like their own studio
for a week.” Students can watch the maker at work, and sometimes they’re
given the opportunity to collaborate or apprentice with the maker as well.
Others have experimented with specific artist-in-residence
programs. One example is Madison Public Library’s Bubbler.
Trent Miller shares: “For the last year we’ve had a very
successful artist-in-residence program. We invite a local
artist to use the Bubbler space at the Central Madison
Public Library as a studio for one to three months. The artist
works in a space that is open to the public for questions
and interactions, teaches classes in their work, and creates
art in the space and the library. We’ve had a printmaker,
a bookmaker, a woodworker, a performance artist.”
The Free Library of Philadelphia also taps into the skills
of artists in their community. As Sarah Winchowky notes:
“All our mentors are also practicing artists of different
kinds—we are writers, video makers, comedians, musicians,
visual artists, and designers. We work to create a learning
environment that fosters imagination and most all of our
projects end up including some artistic elements, whether
we’re working with traditional art materials like paint, building
squishy circuits, or doing chromatography experiments.”
Teen Craft Jam.
Photo: Bubbler at Madison Public LIbrary

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Parents, Guardians, and Extended Family
Utilizing the help of available parents and extended family has forever been
a valuable resource in education. Not only are most parents and guardians
deeply invested in seeing children grow and learn, inviting them to help
gives them an opportunity to spend time making as a family, while sharing
their own knowledge and skills. At the Children’s Museum of Houston,
Brent Richardson notes:
“A primary tenet of the museum emphasizes the need to equip parents to
serve as their children’s most influential teachers. Therefore, the projects
in which children are engaged do not separate them from their parents
(or other adult caregivers) and provide parents with opportunities to coach
and encourage, regardless of their own levels of educational achievement.
“This approach helps to create a safe and supportive learning environment
and also allows museum staff to serve the maximum number of families.
In the museum’s makerspaces, parents are either working on their own project
next to their child(ren) or working on the project with their child(ren).”
Be sure to promote your programs and events with clear messaging about who
is welcome to attend, and provide an inviting environment for family members
by doing things like: offering a separate play area for children who may be too
young to participate, providing bilingual facilitators if necessary, and finding a
date/time that works for families (e.g., some parents work on Saturdays).
Other Volunteers
As we discussed earlier, children themselves are an invaluable source of
knowledge, and many are happy to share what they know with the group.
Makerspaces are also increasingly creating formal programs to train teens
to become mentors for younger children. For example, Tehama County’s
Makerspace recently launched a capacity-building program for teens called
Makerspace Ambassador. They have four local high school students who spend
a few days a week in the makerspace working on their own passion projects,
as well as aiding the makerspace staff. Ambassadors are selected based on
recommendations, rather than grades, to help provide opportunities for those
who might benefit most.
A lot of high schools have a service requirement, and volunteering at a
makerspace is a neat way to fill it for the community at large. Similarly, summer
programs employ youth counselors-in-training who may also be interested
in volunteering.
In addition, many colleges and universities are filled with students looking for
summer internships or projects to fulfill a course requirement. Most fraternities
and sororities also have community service requirements. Having college
students in your space can help provide important role models and near-peer
mentors for youth.

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National service programs may also serve a need in your community.
A federal entity, the Corporation for National and Community Service runs
several programs, including AmeriCorps and AmeriCorps VISTA, that may
provide much-needed personnel for your space. Maker Ed is one of several
nonprofits that are part of a STEM AmeriCorps initiative. Our Maker VISTA
project focuses on eradicating poverty through maker education. Maker VISTA
members work behind the scenes with community schools nationwide to help
develop the systems and infrastructures to bolster the institution, allowing
it to create more opportunities for the community to engage in making.
These capacity-building services are the basis for ensuring that the work
sustains and grows, impacting youth on a broader and deeper level.
A vital part of sustaining any space is building a culture that recognizes and
celebrates the roles of everyone in it. Through discussions, reflection, notebook
use, and documentation, there are continual opportunities for youth and adults
alike to develop habits of regularly noting and sharing attribution for ideas,
inspiration, and support. Simple questions such as “Who helped me today?
Who and what inspired me? Who did I help?” go a long way toward developing
this culture. Giving credit where it is due and honoring contributions also helps
with staff and volunteer retention. Every skill share, idea inspiration, assistance,
or kind ear made visible adds to increased awareness of what each person has
to offer the community.
Putting peer-to-peer support front and center
builds a safe community for idea-sharing,
one where “Hey! Don’t copy me!” becomes
“I’m glad the wire whiskers on my mask
helped give you the idea to use wire for
hair on yours!” This has great potential
social-emotional development benefits.
Individuals who feel recognized are more
likely to seek further ways in which they
can share their gifts with the community.
All spacemakers can model these behaviors
and help establish routines and language to
build a culture of contribution, attribution,
and respect.
Partnerships with established organizations and institutions can provide a
powerful support system. Some spaces are born out of partnerships and many
spaces couldn’t exist in the capacity they do without them.
As Andrew Coy of Digital Harbor Foundation notes:
“More important than anything else are effective partnerships with synergistic
outcomes. … As an innovator, your job is to find the points of intersection
that line up everyone’s strengths, capacities, and self-interests appropriately.
If all of these things aren’t in place, the partnerships will fall apart,
often even before they get off the ground.”
Building a
Culture of
Support &
Recognition
Partnerships
Maker Ed AmeriCorps
VISTA at Ravenswood City
School District.
Photo: Karl Mondon/
Bay Area News Group
A first grader shares her
gift to the school community.
Photo: Opal School

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The saying “progress moves at the speed of trust” holds true when it comes
to partnerships because they rely on interpersonal relationships. If you want to
test the waters with an organization, try reaching out to them on social media,
attending one of their events, or extending a personal invitation to one of your
events. When you’re ready to dive deeper and create a partnership that is truly
mutually beneficial, it’s important to set clear expectations about what each
organization is bringing to the table, have a common understanding of the vision
and purpose, and then set shared goals and objectives. Be honest about your
organization’s weaknesses and gaps but also about what unique strengths it offers.
The types of partnerships available are as varied as the kinds of makerspaces.
This is an opportunity to be imaginative and look for unique ways to combine
forces and make change. Here, representatives from three makerspaces share
the types of partnerships that have benefitted them.
Millvale Community Library (MCL)
Brian Wolovich, President
“When the MCL was about to open, we connected with Lisa Brahms from the
Children’s Museum of Pittsburgh. They were implementing a project called the
Mobile Makeshop, to take their well-known makerspace Makeshop on the road
and seed other programs. They were looking for a library partner, and we were
looking for programming opportunities. It was a match made in Pittsburgh.
“The programmatic components were developed under the watchful and
thoughtful guidance of Children’s Museum of Pittsburgh in the 2013–2014
school year. Since then, we’ve partnered with Maker Ed and our other partners
to continue honing, building, and learning about how to best grow our efforts.”
New York Hall of Science (NYSCI)
Janella Watson, Director of Early Childhood Education
“In 2010 we developed NYSCI Neighbors, a program designed to work with area
schools and community-based organizations to directly engage our surrounding
neighborhoods on how best to tailor our outreach efforts, exhibits, and programs
to meet the needs of local families. A key part of this process included
connecting with neighborhood teachers, principals, and parent coordinators,
where we learned of an acute shortage of quality STEM education in the
community’s public schools, despite the vital importance of STEM learning
in the 21st-century workplace.”
STEAMLabs
Andy Forest, Chief Instigator
“The Centre for Social Innovation in Toronto and New York is a great partnership
for us. The CSI is a social enterprise with a mission to catalyze social innovation.
Our space is located in the CSI’s 64,000-square-foot building in the heart of
downtown Toronto. The hands-on making that STEAMLabs provides directly in
their largest location is a big part of this. By partnering with them, we bring a
purpose to our programs: making the world a better place.
“The Mozilla Hive Learning Network is also a fantastic group of organizations
focused on digital literacy skills. We come together to share ideas and resources
and to plan projects. Funding opportunities are frequently available, too.”

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Making Connections
When creating your space and thinking about sustainability, it’s important to
find a balance between being “heads down” in your work and being part of
the larger movement in education. Conversations with the broader community
can not only save you from reinventing the wheel but also form meaningful
partnerships that could propel your organization forward. Here’s a small sampling
of opportunities that currently exist to connect with fellow maker educators.
The Association of Science-Technology Centers has a community of practice
devoted to Making & Tinkering Spaces in Museums. The group has a lively
listserv, as well as regular online meetings and discussion sessions. Social media
(Facebook groups, Twitter chats, etc.) has proven to be a very valuable way
to stay engaged and form connections. The hastag #makered, started by
K–12 teachers, has been highly active and has regularly scheduled chats online.
The Google group K–12 Fab Labs and Makerspaces consists of educators who
share tips, tricks, and challenges about running and managing their spaces.
In addition to our online community, Maker Ed has offered several in-person
events, supported local gatherings, and engaged sites in programs that help
connect maker educators nationwide. Michelle Carlson from the Tehama County
Department of Education reflects:
“We have received great support from Maker Ed. The Making Possibilities
Workshop was a huge source of initial inspiration. Also, the Bay Area
The Bay Area Maker Educators group has been so helpful, nice, and
inspirational. Being up here in Tehama County, these folks have given us
a way to get out of our bubble and see what the rest of the world does
with making. We are also a Maker Corps site this year.”
Let’s face it, when you hear the word sustainability, one of the first things
that comes to mind is funding. Even if we’d rather it not be, money is a vital
part of creating, maintaining, and sustaining a space. We know that without
enough funds, it’s incredibly difficult to bring your vision of a thriving space to
fruition and keep it going. For those just getting started, this section provides
resources, suggestions, and tips to help navigate the five main sources of
funding for makerspaces: individual, corporate, foundation, earned income,
and government grants.
Individual Giving
For a space that directly serves the community, individual giving may be the
best way to raise funds and can range from raising money from the families
of the youth you serve to seeking people who are capable of making large
contributions to your space. Remember, no matter what the scale, it’s important
to build relationships that last: consider online newsletters, donor events,
handwritten thank you cards from the youth who use your space, and other
ways to keep your donors involved and invested in your work. It’s important to
be in touch with them multiple times throughout the year, not just when you’re
asking for money.
Fundraising

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Although the timeline for you to receive funds can be relatively short
(compared to how long a grant process can take), you shouldn’t think of this as
a “once and done” venture. The fundraising axiom that “people give to people,
not causes” has been proven true time and again. Individuals will give more
when they have a personal connection to the cause, and the more they feel
connected and involved, the more likely they are to donate.
You might also want to have a focused fundraising campaign around the end of
year or around a special event you’re holding (refer to the Knight Foundation’s
Giving Day Playbook for inspiration). And although they will take a small fee,
crowdfunding sites have also become a popular means to run this type of
campaign. You can rally your friends, family, and maker community to spread
your reach over a large group of people. Makers have had success with sites
such as Kickstarter, Indiegogo, DonorsChoose, and Rally.
Corporations
If you’re interested in reaching out to corporations, your board is a great place
to start. Many have connections to local businesses, large corporations, or local
branch offices of large corporations. Make sure to do your homework before
attending a meeting with a potential funder and come prepared with multiple
ways they might get involved beyond writing a check, such as in-kind donations
(e.g., goods or equipment) or volunteer opportunities. Often, companies have
employee-matching programs, where volunteer time leads to cash for your
organization or where employee donations are matched by the company.
Some corporations may also be willing to donate more substantial sums for
naming rights to your space or a plaque or sign acknowledging their contribution.
Relationship building is always key—remember to thank the sponsor
prominently on your website and/or in your space. You want to stay on the
radar of these companies beyond their initial investment. If you build a good
relationship, they may think of your organization first for future opportunities,
when recommending volunteer opportunities to their employees, or if they
have an end-of-year surplus in their budget.
Foundations
Foundations are established expressly to support charitable activities, usually
with money given from individuals, families, or corporations. Those that give
grants look for organizations, projects, and programs that align with their own
mission, so it’s a good idea to talk with the program officer first to make sure
your idea is a good fit before submitting a proposal or letter of interest.
This is another wonderful opportunity to involve your board—and others in
your community—by tapping into their networks. It can be easier to get the
attention of a program officer if you’re referred to them by someone they know.

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When you’re ready to have a conversation with a program officer, be
prepared. You’ll want to have several things at the ready: your “elevator pitch”
(a short description of your work and its value concise enough to share
in the time it takes for an elevator trip); your mission statement; and specific
details about the work you’re doing and the work you want to do, including
data (how many people you serve, who they are, how you do it) and
compelling personal stories. Although there may be a substantial amount
of time between your initial conversation and when you receive any funds,
the relationship you build can last for years. Remember that the first
proposal may not be a fit, but it may start a conversation that could
lead to something down the line.
Earned Income
We can’t forget to note that the work you do is worth money! Whether you
know it now or not, many people will pay for it. Depending on who utilizes
your space and what model makes the most sense for you, you might want to
establish membership or drop-in fees, charge for classes on using equipment
(such as 3D printers and laser cutters), or offer special workshops and classes
for a fee. To still remain accessible for everyone, you can offer a sliding-scale
model and/or scholarships. Sometimes asking people to pay even a
small amount helps them put a greater value on your work. Be creative!
A “Make Sale” is one unique way to earn income by selling the works created
by the youth in your space. Companies may also be interested in hiring your
youth to create signs or other collateral.
Government Grants
Grants.gov is a good place to start looking for government grant opportunities.
Depending on the focus of your space, you might be a match for grants
spanning from the National Science Foundation to the National Endowment
for the Arts. Because these grants can be extensive and very time consuming
to put together, it’s best to talk to the program officer first about your idea.
You may also consider finding a partner or a consultant that has received this
type of grant in the past to help you navigate the waters. Additionally, look
into state, county, and municipal governments in your area. Many have regional
opportunities that tie into their specific focuses and interests and may be a
great fit for your space—especially if it connects to education or workforce
development. Although time consuming, many government grants offer
multi-year funding opportunities that can be extremely valuable to the
sustainability of your space.
Remember that you’re not alone. There are many resources available online and
even in-person Meetup groups dedicated to fundraising support for nonprofits.
Organizations like Network for Good and the Foundation Center also offer
lots of resources from fundraising plans to detailed information on funders to
webinars on a variety of topics, many of which are free.

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One of the most useful, powerful, and important actions to encourage in your
makerspace is also oftentimes one of the most overlooked: documentation.
Without it, what goes on in your space stays there, new audiences are harder
to attract, lessons from experiences are not captured, and reflection is not as
supported. Instead of being intimidated by it, think of it as merely capturing
what is being done in whatever form is readily available to you. Ideally, this
would be an integrated process where everyone documents: spacemakers,
facilitators, and the youth alike.
What does documentation have to do with sustainability? Though it may not
seem obvious, capturing the work of your makerspace is incredibly vital to
sustaining the space and has many benefits:
Increases your organization’s visibility
Shows recognition of efforts and ideas throughout the process
Provides active roles for youth
Provides new perspectives or responsibilities for educators
Contributes to institutional knowledge and culture
Gives back to the maker community by sharing experiences and examples
Provides concrete data for evaluation purposes
Captures programming and activities for marketing, funders, training, etc.
Offers a record of skills to show parents, teachers, administrators, college
admissions, and job employers
Provides a meaningful context for reflection
Documentation also can play a huge role
in supporting literacy development, artistic
growth, skill building, and even safety.
Imagine asking for written thoughts on
what select tools and materials can do;
their possible, best, and worst uses; and
things to keep in mind regarding safety.
Talking about these things together and
capturing them can go a long way toward
building skills and safe use of tools and
materials. Over time, this documentation
can provide an invaluable library of
information and inspiration.
Stories to Share
One of the greatest gifts a makerspace can provide is sharing the thoughts
and ideas of youth. What were the stories of their creations? What did
they enjoy and learn? How and why? The stories of how anything is made,
attempted, discovered, and explored are among the greatest things that will
ever be made in a makerspace. They’re especially powerful when captured
by youth themselves. The kinds of opportunities that come from having
well-documented and publicly available work cannot be overemphasized.
Documentation can make a notable difference in attracting funding, support,
and new audiences.
Documentation
Documentation can be as
simple as a compelling question
and responsive images.
Photo: Opal School

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One tip to help your audience feel connected and invested in the stories
you tell is to follow the old writing adage “Show, don’t tell.” Resist the urge to
simply tell your audience about the experience, and instead, use sensory details
that will help them conjure the experience in their own minds. Another way to
get your audience involved is by helping them care about the people in it.
Share details about your subjects and their unique personalities and
perspectives to make them more relatable to your audience. Check out
“Stories Worth Telling: A Guide to Strategic and Sustainable Nonprofit
Storytelling” for further inspiration.
Perhaps the greatest benefit of sharing your
documentation is expanding the influence
of your space and giving back to the
community. Blog, share all that you can on
social media, and remember that you can
keep it simple. In the world of social media,
regular, short updates can have an equal
or even larger impact than less frequent,
larger posts. Even simple captioned images
can be powerful and effective. Having a
continuous presence, with variety of depth
and complexity, is ideal.
Appendix E, as well as Maker Ed’s “Sharing
and Documentation” video, provide further
suggestions on methods of documentation
and ways of inspiring the practice.
As maker education gains traction and is widely integrated into classrooms
and spaces, there remain good questions about its value, influence on learning
outcomes, and impact on youth. For all stakeholders involved, it’s fundamental
to demonstrate how and why students engage with making and to capture
their learning. Whether evaluating a specific maker education program or more
generally seeking ways to assess learning through making, there’s a rapidly
growing base of research that makes the case for this work. Documentation
of learning results in the qualitative and quantitative data needed to serve as
compelling evidence to help you gain the support necessary to sustain your space.
Maker Ed’s Open Portfolio Project (OPP) aims to develop a common set of practices
for portfolio creation, reflection, sharing, assessment, and technology solutions to
create an open, decentralized, and distributed lifetime portfolio system for makers.
Focused primarily on student-centered documentation of work over time, the
project makes the case for portfolios to serve as evidence of a student’s learning
and abilities, particularly the processes they encounter while making. Portfolios
can be used by administrators, teachers, and others as an alternative means of
assessment. As Maker Ed’s Director of Programs Stephanie Chang notes, “Portfolios
can showcase a youth’s abilities, interests, thinking, and voice in a way that test
scores and grades cannot.” The Open Portfolio Project Research Brief Series shares
practical findings, themes, and stories from its field research and survey.
Assessment,
Evaluation,
and Outcomes
A Brightworks student
shares his clock creation
and documentation.
Photo: Brightworks used under

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Your desired learning outcomes will be
unique and directly tied to the goals of
your space. Documentation and evaluation
will help make these goals and outcomes
visible. Many existing toolkits and
innovative research methods are available
that may help you decide how and
what you’re most interested in tracking.
Some spacemakers focus on subject
content and others attempt to measure
student engagement, interest, meaning-
making, and the soft skills innate to
learning and development. Here we list
a sampling of them.
A team of researchers and practitioners,
in collaboration with The Exploratorium,
studied videos of learners engaging
with tinkering activities. These video
clips resulted in the Tinkering Library of
Exemplars, which categorizes over 100
video clips to help articulate aspects of
learning and facilitation. They welcome use
and feedback from the larger field.
The Lawrence Hall of Science’s Learning
Activation Lab collects data around
learning activities in science and art by
focusing on the measurement of activation
around a child’s interest leading to
persistent engagement. They’ve developed
a set of instruments (e.g., surveys,
interview, and observation protocols) that
are free to experiment with in your space.
In addition, their report on “Making the
Future: Promising Evidence of Influence”
contains a logic model intended to serve as
an evaluation roadmap.
Agency by Design is a multiyear research initiative at Project Zero investigating
the promises, practices, and pedagogies of maker-centered learning
experiences. They have a white paper entitled “Maker-Centered Learning and
the Development of Self” that introduces a definition of maker empowerment
and a conceptual framework that guides the design (and evaluation/
monitoring) of maker-based learning experiences.
“The Learning Practice of Making: An Evolving Framework for Design” by
the Children’s Museum of Pittsburgh is a report that applies a practice-based
approach to learning and making in the context of a museum. The practices
identified are observable and/or reportable evidence of learners’ engagement
in making as a learning process. The museum also hosts a website on
Making & Learning that offers a variety of resources.
Photo: DIY Girls

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To provide real-world context, let’s take a look at examples of the
systems three established makerspaces employ to assess the outcomes
of their programs.
Sarah Winchowky, Project Coordinator
“We maintain daily sign-in logs at each site that list participants’ names,
ages, amount of time of participation, projects worked on, and any
additional notes. This helps us keep track of returning participants,
and participants’ commitment to our spaces and programs is an important
way in which we measure success.
“All mentors also compile monthly reports, which track progress made by
various participants working on projects. Project completion and sharing is
a way to measure success, but we believe that learning happens even if a
project gets abandoned somewhere along the way. Another way we gauge
success is by paying attention to whether participants feel ownership of the
space and are working well with one another. When someone comes up to
us and excitedly suggests an idea or a project, we know we’ve succeeded in
creating a space for exploration, creativity, and learning.”
Children’s Museum of Houston
Brent Richardson, Invention Convention Educator
“We have a commitment to outcomes-based evaluation, with the museum
being the first in the nation to incorporate outcome logic modeling for
program design and evaluation. Outcomes of engagement are evaluated
annually, with instruments ranging from interviews with parents who use new
exhibit components to third-party evaluations of efforts to increase learning
at the museum and at home through the use of smartphones and tablets
(see 21-tech.org for an example).”
Geekbus
Mark Barnett, Director of STEM Programs
“We track data about our students, such as age, socioeconomic level, and
gender. We also measure interest, self-identification, and engagement using
an instrument derived from a Society of Women Engineers study.”
As we’ve seen in this chapter and throughout the playbook, the entire
community can play roles in sustaining places to make. Staff, volunteers,
families, and the young makers all play vital roles in creating supportive and
inspiring environments, in building culture, and in forming connections and
partnerships. Thriving spaces tend to have a diversity of partners, people,
funding, and even documentation strategies—all working together to achieve
their goals. Their strength is ultimately sourced from these differences and
the variety of experiences and perspectives that they bring.

CONCLUSIONYouthMakerspacePLaybook
64
As you can probably imagine, we could have filled another hundred (and more)
pages exploring the ideas we only touched upon here. Our goal, however,
was to spark your imagination and guide you in a solid direction toward
building and shaping a space that is grounded in the needs of your youth
and community.
Our dream is that this playbook will continue to evolve and be shaped by your
stories of the spaces it helps launch and nurture. We welcome your ideas,
feedback, and discussion, and we hope you’ll join our conversations via social
media and online communities.
The work of makerspaces is glorious work. It can also be incredibly hard, and
at times daunting, work. Always remember your initial motivations to create
spaces to make. You care about providing children with positive, memorable,
transformative experiences and believe in the power of making to inspire,
educate, and empower youth. A positive impact on even a single child makes
all efforts worthwhile. Expanding opportunities for all youth, especially those in
the greatest of need, is valuable beyond measure.
On that note, we leave you with a story from Michelle Carlson of Tehama
County Public School’s Makerspace about the kind of impact that just one
space can make.
“We had a boy here the other day who recently lost both of his parents
very tragically. He’s small, not athletic, quiet, struggling. He’s a ninth grader.
He got to explore code for the first time in his life and he loved it! When his
guardian picked him up, she said he talked all the way home. He said that
he enjoyed being able to explore and go at his own pace and wished all of
school was like that. At the end of the conversation, he told her that he was
going to go home and get on Code.org and that he thought he now knew
what he would like to do with his life.
“In a moment, we can truly change lives. It’s why we do this work so passionately.”
Conclusion
We hope that, throughout this journey, you’ve been inspired
by all the forms makerspaces can take and by the powerful roles
they play for all in the community. As the stories have shown,
the “stuff” is only a part of the story. So many have done so much
with so little in the way of resources, thanks to the capabilities
and endless potential of youth and the dedication of all supporting
these spaces.

AcknowledgementsYouthMakerspacePLaybook
65
Without the energy, wisdom, and feedback of our National Working Group,
who took time out of their busy schedules to share their expertise,
this playbook wouldn’t be what it is today. Our National Working Group
members, in addition to a larger group of inspirational expert spacemakers,
offered unique and robust windows into their makerspaces by completing
our site survey. These survey results informed many of the examples used in
this playbook, and we found them so helpful that we’re sharing them in PDF
format on our site. Many thanks to all members of our incredible brain trust!
© 2015 Maker Education Initiative
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/.
The Maker Education Initiative is a non-profit project of the Tides Center, Tax ID: 94-321-3100
Acknowledgements
True to the spirit of makerspaces, this playbook was made
possible through a joyfully collaborative process.
Sylvia Aguiñaga
Director of Curriculum
DIY Girls
Lisa Brahms
Director of Learning
and Research
Children’s Museum of
Pittsburgh
Andy Forest
Chief Instigator
STEAMLabs
Susan Harris Mackay
Director of Museum
Center for Learning
Opal School Teacher
Researcher
Portland Children’s Museum
Ryan Moreno
Administrator and
Fab Lab Manager
REM Learning Center
Play Make Share
Ira David Socol
Assistant Director for
Educational Technology
and Innovation
Ablemarle County
Public Schools
Janella Watson
Director of Early
Childhood Education
National
Working
Group
Site Survey
Brain Trust
Mark Barnett
Director of STEM Programs
Geekbus (SASTEMIC)
Michelle Carlson
Educational Technology
Director
Tehama County Department
of Education
Trent Miller
Library Program Coordinator
The Bubbler at Madison
Public Library
Brent Richardson
Invention Convention Educator
Children’s Museum of Houston
Donna Sangwin
Founder and
Executive Director
ReCreate
David Sengeh
President of Board
and Cofounder
Global Minimum
Andrea Serrano
Deputy Director
OLÉ (Organizers in the
Land of Enchantment)
Aaron Vanderwerff
Creativity Lab Director
Charter School
Sarah Winchowky
Project Coordinator
Maker Jawn at the
Brian Wolovich
President
Millvale Community Library

APPENDIXYouthMakerspacePLaybook
66
APPENDIX

AppendixA
67
Appendixa
MakerspacePlanningSheet
HowdoIimagine
itbeingused?WhatdoI
hopetoachieve?
WhatdoIalreadyhave?WhatdoIstillneed?
(WhydoIneedit?)
HowdoIgetit?
(Fromwhereorwhom?
When?Atwhatcost?)
Space
Thinkofthephysical
spaceaswellastheat-
mosphereorenvironment
youaretryingtocreate.
Materials&
Tools
Considerwhetherornot
eachitemwillneedtobe
maintainedorreplenished.
People
Mentors,staff,
volunteers,community
partners,youth,etc.
Listsomeofthekeytakeawaysfromyour
interviewswithyouth.
Basedonyouryouth’sinterestandtheinformationinthis
table,brainstormsomeprojectideasforyourspace!

AppendixB
68
Taking apart old electronics yields many treasures and discoveries, but it does
present some dangers. Eye protection is always recommended. Often, while
prying objects that are stuck, flying objects are a risk. There’s an excellent
summary of safety considerations for electronic devices on the iFixit site.
Among the most important is making sure that anything being worked on is
unplugged and is never plugged in after being taken apart. We recommend
completely cutting off the power cords on devices such as old DVD players,
clock radios, and VCRs. Most safety concerns can be addressed by being
selective about what is provided to take apart.
DO NOT USE
Laser printers (carcinogenic toner)
Copy machines (toner)
Microwaves (radioactive component)
Cathode ray tube (CRT) TVs (deadly capacitor potential)
Paper shredders (many sharp blades)
Fluorescent tubes and compact fluorescent bulbs
OK TO USE
Computers, laptops, hard drives, servers
TVs and monitors: LCD, LED, plasma (no CRTs)
Routers, hubs, modems
Printers and scanners: inkjet, dot-matrix (no laser)
Mobile phones, tablets, pagers, PDAs, GPS devices
Telephones (rotary ones are gold mines!) and answering machines
Keyboards, mice, microphones
VCRs and DVD players
Cassette players and stereo tape decks
Webcams and digital cameras
Battery-powered children’s toys
Scanners
Loose components from any items above
Take-aparts that yield the greatest amount of potentially useful parts are those
that include many moving elements. Older printers are especially great for this,
as are VCRs, tape decks, and early CD and DVD players. Modern devices are
still interesting and present a good challenge, as they’re often very puzzle-like
to take apart, with many hidden taps and use of glue in place of obvious large
screws. Just be aware that these devices can also increasingly use security
screws or none at all.
Appendix B
Tips for Taking Apart
Electronics
Safe Practices
for E-Waste
Disassembly

AppendixB
69
Even without a full range of tools, many take-aparts are possible using only
screwdrivers. Providing the correct sizes and types of drivers is important
to making disassembly more effective, minimizing stripped screw heads,
and reducing frustration. Most importantly, the right tool is the safest tool.
A young maker struggling with the wrong-sized screwdriver, for example,
is much more likely to slip or resort to potentially unsafe prying methods.
This list will help you get started with a wider range of tools for
take-apart success:
Screwdrivers, including a full range of Phillips and Torx (“star drive”) sizes
(Don’t forget the tiny ones!)
Security screwdriver bit sets, for screws especially common in modern,
smaller electronics devices
Magnetic parts bowls (These are fantastic to keep screws and small metal
bits all in one place.)
Wire cutters and wire strippers
Nut drivers in SAE and metric sizes
Clip leads and batteries, to test motors
Hacksaw
Needle-nose pliers
Adjustable crescent wrenches
Hammer, for when all else fails (Sometimes, you just have to smash
something to get it apart!)
Rotary cutter, such as a Dremel
Small handheld vacuum (Older electronics often have a lot of accumulated
dust in them.)
Have fun, and remember that when it comes to making things, you can always
begin with un-making. Start by taking apart!
Tools: Stars of
the Take-Apart
Photo: DIY Girls

AppendixC
70
Appendix C:
Construction sets
Planks, Bricks, Struts & Straws
Various systems of planks, bricks, struts, and straws are well worth including
in any space as an entry point to building and reiterating structures. In the
following table, we compare the affordances (described below) of four popular
systems. We encourage you to create your own table and substitute the
systems you currently use. Or simply use this tool to spark discussion about the
affordances you notice and how each compares in the context of your space.
Mechanical Options How many mechanical elements, such as hinges, wheels,
pivots, gears, and pulleys, are options built in within the system?
Fine Detail How small and complex are the details allowed by the system?
Lego, with its many tiny, specialized pieces, allows for incredible fine detail.
Plank systems have larger single elements that still allow complexity but not
small-scale detail.
Electronics Options What are the depth of electronic options, such as motors,
lights, remote control, or robotics, built into the system? All systems
(except the planks) have various options that allow additional electronic
complexity, though at relatively high cost.
Finding Factor How easy is it to find the piece(s) you’re looking for?
For example, Lego can be extremely detailed, but finding the right pieces
can consume huge amounts of time. The plank systems, on the other end,
only have a single element, so no time is needed to search.
Adaptability How easily can changes or additions be made to the system?
Strawbees are the easiest, as straws can be easily cut to custom lengths.
K’nex, because of its relatively strong and stable structures, has a different
form of adaptability in that parts, such as batteries and motors, can easily be
securely added with rubber bands, tape, or velcro straps.
Collaboration How easy is it to share building a single creation together?
All work well in inviting combined modular structures (e.g., building
a city together).
Element Durability How durable are the individual components of the system?
How much repeated use will they sustain with reasonable amounts of care?
Note that this does not necessarily have to do with the durability of the
possible structures. K’nex elements are not as strong as Lego or planks,
but their structures hold together better.
Construction Scale What are the ranges of structure sizes? Kapla and Keva
can soar to surprising heights or span large distances with a sufficient number
of planks. K’nex strut lengths can add up with minimal pieces, allowing the
possibility of tall or long structures such as towers and bridges. Most Lego
structures are smaller in scale.

AppendixC
71
SYSTEMSKAPLA/KĒVALEGOK’NEXSTRAWBEES
MECHANICALOPTIONS
FINEDETAIL
ELECTRONICSOPTIONS
FINDINGFACTOR
ADAPTABILITY
COLLABORATION
ELEMENTDURABILITY
CONSTRUCTIONSCALEMediumtolargeSmalltomediumSmalltoverylargeSmalltolarge
NOTESPineversionsareless
expensive,whilethe
mapleKēvaoptionis
muchmoredurable.
High-precisionplanks
allowforcomplexcreations
andareeasytoaddtoother
woodenbuildingblocks.
Teacherdiscountsare
availableonrequest
fromKēva.
Fullsystemsrangefrom
supersimpleblocks(Duplo)
tocomplexmechanics
androbotics(Technic&
Mindstorms).
Expensivebutvery
long-lasting.
Standard5mmLEDsarea
closeenoughfitfortheLego
holesize.
Officialmotorsareexpensive
butefficientandhighquality.
Largestandstrongest
possiblestructures.
Individualstrutscanbefragile.
Motorsandgearsareoptions
withinthesystem.
Possiblythemosteconomical,
withtheoptiontocreateyour
ownconnectorsusingvarious
materialsviaadiecutting
machineoption.
Electronicsand
microcontrolleroptions.
Standard5mmLEDsare
aperfectfitwithinmany
drinkingstraws.
Connectorsalsoactas
cardboardrivets.

AppendixD
72
These examples are intended as springboards for experimenting with language
use, in response to a variety of situations. A general rule of thumb is to search
for language that discourages single-word responses (e.g., yes, no, OK, sure)
and/or motivates action and engagement. We encourage you to use this as
a point of personal reflection or as a spark for discussion among all those
contributing to the space. What additional situations and possible language
might you consider?
Appendix D
Language Use
Situation Language Ideas
A child is frustrated with
their project or stuck
with a particular challenge.
“It looks like you’re really struggling with this. What kind of help do you need?
I wonder if someone else has encountered the same problem. Let’s check.”
“I hear your frustration. I would be frustrated too after so much work. Would you like
to take a break and come back to it? Perhaps you can help others with the battery
connection you got working earlier?”
“That doesn’t make any sense to me either. How cool is it that we have this mystery?
I wonder what’s going on? When you figure it out, can you tell me so that I can share
it with everyone? If not, we can all work together to figure it out.”
You’d like to invite
conversation and learn
more about a project.
“Whoa, that’s a crazy number of LEDs and wires! I see some LEDs are on, while
others turn off when you plug that one in. What are your ideas about what’s
happening? This would be handy as an example of how complicated this all can be.
How would you feel if I shared it?”
“That’s an awesome and surprising use of felt, leaves, and wire. What’s the story
about how and why you chose these materials?”
You want to reinforce
engagement, persistence,
and a community of
shared support.
“Wow, you really stuck with this and worked through all of those problems.
Would it be OK if I sent others to you for help with this kind of thing?”
“Have you drawn any of these setups? I’d love to be able to share them with everyone.”
“Can I take a picture of this to use as an example if someone gets stuck? What else
do you think might be helpful to share?”
“I notice you’ve worked incredibly hard on this and have still taken time to help
others when they’ve been stuck. I wonder about where you got your inspirations
and who might have helped you. Did any ideas come to you when you were helping
with other projects?”
A young maker is having
a hard time getting
started with open-ended
explorations.
“I hear that you’re having a hard time getting started and would prefer an example.
I do have some if you’d like, but how about waiting a bit and seeing what others are
trying out? Perhaps something will inspire you. Try just messing around first, just
playing and having fun. I’ll check back with you in a bit to see how you’re feeling.”
“I do have something that I’d like to show later as a possibility. Can I show it to you
first and see what you make of it? I could use your help figuring out what kinds of
things it might be useful for. I’d love to have you share it and your ideas, if you like.”

AppendixE
73
There are many ways to capture and share children’s thinking, work, play,
and projects. In this appendix, we provide brief tips and suggestions for
methods of documentation using notebooks, photo, video, and audio.
Each approach can be used by anyone in your space. Youth, in particular,
always provide unique perspectives given the tools to document their
own efforts and those of their peers. You’ll be especially amazed by the
perspectives offered by the youngest of makers.
Before looking at modes of documenting involving gadgets, let’s pay homage
to the simplest, most accessible tools to start with: a notebook and pen.
The humble notebook can become a powerful record of ideas, prototypes,
processes, and mistakes, providing a focal point for reflection and iteration.
However notebooks are used, regular use can encourage growth in writing,
drawing, dreaming, planning, and sharing. Any notebook will do. They can even be
made more personal and fun by encouraging modifications and customization.
Simply asking, “Can I take a look at your notebook? I’d love to see your ideas!”
can be incredibly empowering and encouraging of regular notebook use. Entries
can also become a source of project ideas, intriguing and meaningful questions,
and thoughts that spark excitement among peers when shared and recognized.
We live in an era where quality cameras are now ubiquitous, especially in
the form of most smartphones. How might we make best use of them for
documentation purposes? How might we also empower youth in our spaces
to capture and share their work, play, and perspectives?
It’s powerful to hand a camera to a student and ask for their eye on things.
This can also provide a positive role for anyone seeking to take a break and
offer ways for youth to see, share, and show appreciation for all that goes on
in the space. Youth see things and take images in a way that vastly differs from
adults. You’ll appreciate their unique vision.
For spacemakers, cameras can play pivotal
roles in both restraint and engagement
when it comes to supporting youth-
centered approaches. Taking on the role
of documenter allows educators to actively
roam and see what’s happening without
necessarily directing. It provides a way to
focus attention toward what is being made
while showing care and curiosity.
Appendix E
Methods of Documentation
Notebooks
Photo and
Video
Photo: Maker Ed
Comparing invention notebooks
hacked with electronics.
Photo: Opal School
A note of encouragement
from 10 y.o. Maxx.
Photo: Maker Ed

AppendixE
74
Often, the majority of photos taken of project work are those of a child
posing, looking directly at the camera while holding up their final creation.
While these kinds of photos can be effective in showing appreciation for
and value of the product, candid shots throughout the entire process show
a fuller story and can capture genuine moments of triumph, collaboration,
struggle, and joy.
Still, care must be taken to respect the space of youth at work and play.
Often, it’s enough to ask permission to record their work and to assure
them that you understand if they would prefer some privacy.
This also touches on a larger issue: since we’re mainly focusing on youth
makerspaces in this playbook, it’s important to be mindful of how images
and videos featuring children are used. Establishing rules and managing
expectations in your space is essential. Getting signed photo releases from
parents or guardians is one way to ensure consent of use. Some folks avoid
using a child’s full name in any public-facing content for safety reason,
while others deem this unnecessary. There’s a wide range of rules. Tailor yours
to suit the needs and desires of your community.
Photo and Video Shot List
Here are some ideas to help encourage a variety of truly useful and versatile
moving and still images.
Setups: Materials and environment “before” shots, including the space
and tables
Wide-angle context shots: Where is this happening? What does the whole
environment look like?
Medium and small-group shots
Close-ups of hands working with tools and materials, as well as of faces
showing emotion
Table-level shots showing work and faces in the same shot
Overhead shots
Documentation of other forms of documentation (How very meta!)
Before and after pictures of the space: Helpful for maintaining organization
by providing an image of how the space should ideally be left after an
activity while celebrating the creative chaos of making
Yes, this can result in a large amount of media, perhaps too much. Keep in
mind that photos and videos are only useful when you can locate them.
It helps to select, curate, organize, and label/tag photos soon after taking them.
Having youth, volunteers, and family members lend a hand can make the task
more manageable.

AppendixE
75
There’s great value in capturing just words and sounds. Removed from
images, issues like permissions and technical considerations like lighting are
removed. The same phones and tablets we use as cameras are also audio
recorders. Some applications even continuously record audio in a buffer
and only save a selected period of time when you push a button, for example,
after an amazing reaction, ideation, or celebration.
Recording discussions can lead to amazing content. Transcribing conversations
can take it to another level, providing quotes and showing the evolution
of ideas and collaboration. This is yet another role that can be taken on by
a volunteer.
A last note about sound: It’s actually among the most important, yet often
neglected, aspects of video. Poor sound can take away a huge amount of the
impact of even the most beautiful moving images. If you have the means and
choice, investing in decent microphones can pay off tremendously. Still, even
poor-quality audio can be transcribed, making the voices of youth more visible.
It’s also important to take breaks from documentation. The “fear of missing out”
on the perfect shot can, at times, interfere with other aspects of the moment,
including simply experiencing and enjoying it. As much as we encourage
documentation, fantastic work still happens, even if it’s not recorded in some
way other than memory and the personal impact of the experience.
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Making

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