Nano 2.pdf
- 1. Lecture 2: Classification of nanoparticles (2022-2023) Lecturer: Dr. Hanaa Radhi Jolan
- 2. 1. Classification of Nanoparticles and Types of Nanomaterials Group A . Natural Nanomaterials
- 3. We see multiple of examples of nanoscience under our eyes daily, from geckos to butterflies with iridescent colors that glow at night. A short list of some natural nanomaterials follows: 1. Nanoparticles from natural erosion and volcanic activity: nanoparticles are part of our mineral world since they are naturally produced during erosion and volcanic explosions. 2. Minerals, such as clays, are nanostructured: clays are a type of layered silicate characterised by a fine 2D crystal structure. Among clays, mica has been the most studied. Mica is made up of large sheets of silicate held together by relatively strong bonds. 3. Natural colloids, such as milk and blood (liquid colloids), fog (aerosol type), gelatin (gel type): in these materials, nanoparticles are dispersed in the medium (liquid or gas) but do not form a solution, rather a colloid. All these materials have the characteristic of scattering light and often their color (as in the case of blood and milk) is due to the scattering of light by the nanoparticles that make them up. 4. Mineralized natural materials, such as shells, corals and bones. Many of these materials are formed by calcium carbonate crystals. That are self-assemble together with other natural materials, such as polymers, to form fascinating three-dimensional architectures. 5. Materials like skin, claws, beaks, feathers, horns, hair: these materials are made largely of very flexible proteins like keratin, elastin and collagen. 6. Paper and cotton: both are made mainly of cellulose. The high strength, durability and absorbency of cotton are due to the nanoscale arrangement of the fibers.
- 4. Group B. Synthesized nanoparticles. These nanoparticles group of nanoparticles are fabricated based on the two basic categories synthesis processes bottom up or down up. 2. Classification of Nanoparticles Based on Materials 1. Organic NPs This class comprises NPs that are made of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, polymers, or any other organic compounds. The most prominent examples of this class are dendrimers, liposomes, micelles, and protein complexes such as ferritin. Figure 1: Types of organic NPs. A Dendrimers; B liposomes; C micelles; and D ferritin
- 5. (a) Fullerenes: Fullerenes (C60) are spherical carbon molecules made up of carbon atoms arranged in sp2hybridization. Fullerenes contain 28–1500 carbon atoms arranged in spherical structures with a diameter of up to 8.2 nm for a single-layered fullerene and 4–36 nm for a multi-layered fullerene. (b) Graphene: This is the carbon-containing network. The arrangement of carbon atoms forms a hexagonal pattern in the graphene network and makes two-dimensional planar surfaces. The thickness of a two-dimensional sheet is about 1–2 nm. (c) Carbon nano tubes (CNTs): These are nanofoils made up of carbon-containing graphene. The carbon atoms are arranged in honeycomblattice in carbon nanotubes and form hollow cylinders of 0.7 nm diameter for a single-layered CNT and about 100 nm for a multi-layered CNT. The length of CNT varies from a few μm to a few mm. (d) Carbon nanofibers: The graphene nanofoils used in the production of carbon nanofibers are the same as CNTs but the structure is different. The graphene molecules are arranged in cone or cup form rather than the regular cylindrical tubes of CNTs. (e) Carbon black: This is an amorphous nanomaterial made up of carbon atoms that are arranged in a spherical shape with diameters from 20 to 70 nm. The carbon black particle interaction is so high that they bind with each other and form aggregates around 500 nm.
- 6. Figure 2: Different types of carbon-based NPs. A C60 fullerene; B carbon black NPs; and C carbon quantum dots.
- 7. 3.Inorganic-Based Nanomaterials This class comprises NPs that not made of carbon or organic materials. The typical examples of this class are metal, ceramic, and semiconductor NPs. Metal NPs are purely made of metal precursors, they can be monometallic, bimetallic, or polymetallic . Due to the localized surface plasmon resonance characteristics, these NPs possess unique optical and electrical properties. In addition, some metal NPs also possess unique thermal, magnetic, and biological properties. This makes them increasingly important materials for the development of nano devices that can be used in numerous physical, chemical, biological, biomedical, and pharmaceutical applications, (these applications are discussed in detail later in the applications section of the review). In present days, the size-, shape-, and facet-controlled synthesis of metal NPs is important for creating cutting-edge materials. 2
- 8. Composite-Based Nanomaterials Composite nanomaterials are made up of one more layer of nanoparticles. These nanomaterials are combined with other nanoparticles, bulk materials, or more complex materials like metal frameworks. The composites may be made up of many types of materials such as metal, ceramic, organic, inorganic, carbon-based, or bulk polymers. These materials have different morphologies depending on the synthesis and required properties for the desired applications.
- 9. 3. Classification of Nanoparticles based on Dimension 1- Zero-dimensional nanomaterials * Materials where in all the dimensions are measured within the nanoscale (no dimensions,or 0- D, are larger than 100 nm). * The most common representation of zero-dimensional nanomaterials are nanoparticles. *Nanoparticles can: * Be amorphous or crystalline * Be single crystalline or polycrystalline * Be composed of single or multi-chemical elements * Exhibit various shapes and forms * Exist individually or incorporated in a matrix Be metallic, ceramic, or polymeric
- 10. 1- One-dimensional nanomaterials (1-D): the nanomaterials in this class have one dimension outside the nanoscale. Examples are nanotubes, nanofibers, nanorods, nanowires, and nanohorns. One dimension that is outside the nanoscale leads to needle like-shaped nanomaterials. 1-D materials include nanotubes, nanorods, and nanowires. 1-D nanomaterials can be Amorphous or crystalline Single crystalline or polycrystalline Chemically pure or impure Standalone materials or embedded in within another medium Metallic, ceramic, or polymeric 3- Two-dimensional nanomaterials (2-D): the nanomaterials in this class have two dimensions outside the nanoscale. Examples are nanosheets, nanofilms, and nanolayers. Two of the dimensions are not confined to the nanoscale. 2-D nanomaterials exhibit plate-like shapes. The 2-D nanomaterials can be: Amorphous or crystalline made up of various chemical compositions used as a single layer or as multilayer structures deposited on a substrate Integrated in a surrounding matrix material Metallic, ceramic, or polymeric.
- 11. 3- Three-dimensional nanomaterials (3-D) or bulk nanomaterials: In this class, the materials are not confined to the nanoscale in any dimension. This class contains bulk powders, dispersions of nanoparticles, arrays of nanowires and nanotubes, etc. Bulk nanomaterials are materials that are not confined to the nanoscale in any dimension. These materials are thus characterized by having three arbitrarily dimensions above 100 nm. Materials possess a nanocrystalline structure or involve the presence of features at the nanoscale. In terms of nanocrystalline structure, bulk nanomaterials can be composed of a multiple arrangement of nanosize crystals, most typically in different orientations. With respect to the presence of features at the nanoscale, 3-D nanomaterials can contain dispersions of nanoparticles, bundles of nanowires, and nanotubes as well as multinanolayers. Three-dimensional space showing the relationships among 0-D, 1-D, 2-D, and 3-D nanomaterials.
- 12. Figure Nanomaterials classification based on dimensionality