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noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 1
UTV TSEUQ I NO REPAP NOITULOS
NU IT 1
3102enuJ
knabfoelpmaxenahtiwmetsysnoitalumisfostnenopmocgniwollofehtnialpxE.1
metsys ytitne)iimetsys)i vytivitca)vietubirtta)iii tneve) 01 skraM
:nloS
metsyS)i : A c lo lecti no of ent eiti s (e. .g , pe lpo e a dn am c nih e )s t tah ii got te her vo er
t emi to a cc omp il hs no e ro m ero og a .sl
)ii e ytitn : nA e ytitn is an bo ej tc fo tni er se t ni a s tsy e .m
:xE nI eht af c yrot sys et ,m depa mtr ent ,s dro ers, pa str a dn udorp c st ehT ne it eit s
etubirttA)iii .ytitnenafoytreporpehtsetonedetubirttanA:
:xE uQ a ititn es f ro ae ch dro er, t py e of pa tr , ro bmun er of am c nih es ni a
Departme tn are att setubir fo fac yrot ys ets m
ytivitca)vi : ynA ssecorp gnisuac segnahc ni a s sy t me si ellac d ivitcanasa ty.
:xE gnirutcafunaM ssecorp fo eht tnemtraped .
:tneve)v nA tneve si denifed sa na suoenatsni ecnerrucco th ta yam ahc n eg eht etats
of eht s sy t me .
.2 tsiL any eerht snoitautis nehw noitalumis loot si etairporppa dna ton
airporppa et oot l. 01 skraM
:nloS When lumiS ita no is t eh irporppA a et looT
• lumiS ta noi ena lb es eht ts ydu of a dn e px e mir ent noita wi ht ht e tni e nr la
in et ract noi s fo a c lpmo ex sys et ,m ro fo a tsysbus em htiw in a c lpmo ex ys ets .m
• nI f mro ta noi al, gro a zin a noit la a dn e mnorivn e tn al cha gn es can be lumis a det a dn
ht e ef ef ct fo t oh se a tl e nr a it sno no eht m do e s’l behavi ro ac n eb sbo e vr e .r
• hT e lwonk e gd e ga ni ed in de gningis a s mi alu t noi ledom can be of rg eat
v la ue t wo a dr ggus tse gni vorpmi eme tn in t eh sys tem dnu er vni e gits a it no
When lumiS ita no si toN irporppA ta e
• lumiS ta noi dluohs eb desu hw en eht lborp em ac onn t eb vlos ed su i gn com nom
se .esn
• lumiS ta noi dluohs ton eb su ed fi eht lborp em ac n eb solved ana yl t ci a .yll
• lumiS ta noi dluohs ton eb su e ,d fi ti si eas ei r ot perf mro erid ct e px erime .stn
• lumiS ta noi dluohs ton eb su e ,d fi eht c so ts excee sd savi sgn .
2102naJ/ceD - 31
.3 eD f eni eht fo ll ow gni t re sm su ed in si talum ion 8 skraM
:loS )i sid cre et ys ts em
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 2
Sy ets sm ni ihw ch the cha gn se are rp e mod inant yl sid c no t suouni are c la el d sid crete
tsys me s. xE : aB kn – ht e bmun er of c motsu e s’r cha gn es no ly hw en a cu ts mo er
a virr es ro when ht e se ivr ec divorp ed a c motsu er is c elpmo et .d
i )i c no t suouni ys ets m
Sy ets sm ni ihw ch ht e cha gn es are rp e od im na yltn htooms are c la led c no it suoun
s tsy em. xE : H ae d of a w eta r behi dn a da .m
i )ii ots cha cits ys ets m
H sa no e ro rom e ra modn va ir a lb e sa i stupn . Ra odn m stupni el a sd to ra modn
stuptuo . xE : lumiS ati no fo a ba kn ovni lves ra odn m in et ra virr al a dn es ecivr t mi e .s
i d)v eter im ni cits ys ets m
C no at sni on ra odn m var ai selb . hT ey have a nwonk s te of i upn st ihw ch iw ll resu tl
in a uqinu e s te fo tuptuo s. :xE virrA al fo pa it ents ot t eh De tn si t at eht sche lud ed
a mtniopp e tn emit
)v e ytitn
nA e ytitn is an bo ej tc fo tni er se t ni a s tsy e .m
:xE nI eht af c yrot sys et ,m depa mtr ent ,s dro ers, pa str a dn udorp c st a er ehT ne it seit
A)iv tt tubir e
nA etubirtta de ton es t eh porp erty fo an e .ytitn
:xE uQ a ititn es f ro ae ch dro er, t py e of pa tr , ro bmun er of am c nih es ni a Departme tn
are att setubir fo fac yrot ys ets m
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 3
.4 Dr wa eht flo cw ah rt fo ts e sp i ovn lved in talumis i no s ydut . 21 skraM
:loS
nuJ e 2102
.5 tahW is umis l ?noita E nialpx w hti f wol c ah r ,t eht ste sp ovni lved in s talumi i no
ts u yd skraM01
:loS
Si um l ita on
A alumiS it no si t eh im ti ta i no fo t eh po erat noi fo a r ae l- row ld orp c sse ro s tsy em vo er
it .em
rB ief E tanalpx ion
• ehT behavi ro fo a tsys em as ti e ov lves vo er emit si ts du ei d yb deve pol i gn a
alumis it no dom e .l
• sihT dom el takes eht f ro m fo a set fo a snoitpmuss c cno e nr i gn t eh po e ar t noi fo eht
s tsy e
ehT lumis ta noi dom el ub li di gn can eb korb en into 4 hp ase .s
I esahP
• C stsisno fo ts e sp 1 a dn 2
• It si peri do fo d csi vo e yr / iro enta noit
• ehT ana tsyl may have to r atse tr t eh corp e ss fi ti is on t f ni e- nut ed
• Re ac li rb a it sno a dn cla ir fi ac snoit may co c ru ni t sih hp a es ro a hton er hp a .es
II esahP
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 4
• C stsisno fo ts e sp 3,4,5,6 a dn 7
• A c gniunitno i tn e lpr ay si re riuq ed gnoma eht ts e sp
• xE c noisul fo dom el u es r re stlus in ilpmi ac snoit rud i gn lpmi eme tn ita no
III esahP
• C stsisno fo ts e sp 8,9 a dn 01
• C cno ie ves a t hguoroh nalp f ro e px er emi gnitn
• D csi rete-eve tn stoc citsah si a ts a tsit ical e px e mir e tn
• hT e tuptuo var ai lb es are e mits ates ht ta c tno a ni ra modn e rorr a dn ht eref ro e
porp er
ts ta citsi al ana sisyl si re uq ire .d
VI esahP
• C stsisno fo ts e sp 11 a dn 21
• uS cc essf lu im lp eme atn t noi depe sdn no the i vlovn eme tn of su er a dn eve yr
ts e sp us cce ss f lu c lpmo te .noi
.6 Di ff eren etait be wt e ne c tno i un o su dna sid c ter e tsys e .sm 5 M skra
:nloS )i sid cre et tsys em
Sy ets sm ni ihw ch the cha gn se are rp e mod inant yl sid c no t suouni are c la el d sid crete
tsys me s. xE : aB kn – ht e bmun er of c motsu e s’r cha gn es no ly hw en a cu ts mo er
a virr es ro when the se ivr ec divorp ed a c motsu er is c elpmo et .d
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 5
i )i c no t suouni ys ets m
Sy ets sm ni ihw ch ht e cha gn es are rp e od im na yltn htooms are c la led c no it suoun
s tsy em. xE : H ae d of a w eta r behi dn a da .m
.7 ahW t is tsys em and s tsy em e ivn ronm ne ?t iL ts the c nopmo ne ts of a s tsy em,
wi ht e pmax el . 5 M skra
:loS tsyS e sm
A tsys me si ed if ned as na a rgg eg ta noi ro a ss em lb age of bo je tc s j nio ed in mos e
re ug al r tni e ar c noit or in et dr epe dn e ecn t wo a dr eht a cc lpmo si mh e tn fo os me oprup s .e
xE a elpm : udorP cti no tsyS em
nI the a vob e ys ets m ht ere are ce tr a ni d tsi ni ct jbo ce st , each of ihw ch ssop e ss es
porp erties fo i tn e hT.tser e er a er osla ce atr in tni e ar c snoit o cc gnirru in eht sys et m that
ac esu cha gn es ni t eh s tsy e .m
pmoC one stn fo a tsyS em
E tn i yt : nA e itn ty si an bo ej tc fo tni er se t ni a etsys m.
xE : nI eht af c yrot ys ets ,m department ,s dro e ,sr par st a dn udorp c st a er ehT ne t ti i .se
ttA r bi ute
nA ta t etubir de ton es eht porp erty fo an e .ytitn
xE : uQ a ititn es f ro each ro der, pyt e of pa tr , ro un mber fo machines in a Departme tn
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 6
a er tta tubir es fo fa yrotc ys mets .
Activi yt
ynA orp ec ss ca gnisu c gnah es ni a s tsy em is ac ll ed as an acti ytiv .
xE : Ma afun tc gniru ssecorp fo t eh departme .tn
tatS e fo eht yS stem
hT e ats et of a tsys em is de nif ed as the c ello tc noi of va ir a lb es cen e ss a yr to
describe a ys ets m at a yn mit e, rela vit e to the bo je itc ve of yduts . nI other drow s, ts ate
fo ht e tsys em mean a d cse pir it no fo la l the e ititn e ,s a tt ri tub es a dn act vi ti ies as they
e tsix ta eno tniop ni t mi .e
Eve tn
nA eve tn si ed if ned as an i sn at ne suo co c rru ence ht at may cha gn e t eh s at et fo eht
sys et m.
yS stem E vn ri mno ent
hT e e tx e nr la c nopmo en st ihw ch i tn e ar tc htiw ht e tsys me a dn cudorp e
en ec ss a yr cha gn es are sa di to c sno tit tu e ht e ys mets e norivn em tn . nI dom ile gn
ys ets sm , it si nece ss a yr to deci ed no the dnuob a yr be ewt en ht e ys ets m a dn ti s
e vn i mnor e tn . sihT d ce noisi may depe dn no eht esoprup fo eht .yduts
xE : nI a fa yrotc s tsy em, the fac rot s c ortno ll gni a rr ival of dro e sr am y be disnoc ered
ot be stuo ide ht e fa yrotc but yet a pa tr of ht e ys ets m e vn i nor em tn . When, ew
c no is der eht dema dn a dn ppus ly of doog s, the er si ec tr a ylni a r ale ti pihsno
b te neew ht e f tca yro uo t up t a dn a virr la fo .sredro hT is rela hsnoit ip si c no is dered as
an a tc vi i yt fo t eh tsys e .m
eD 1102naJ/c - 21
.8 L tsi yna f vi e ci cr natsmu sec , hW en ht e Si um l noita is appr po r etai loot dna
when ti si n ?to skraM01
:snA hW en umiS l ita on si eht ppA r po ri eta looT
� lumiS a noit ena lb es ht e yduts of a dn e px e ir em tn a noit iw th ht e i tn e nr al
tni eract snoi of a c lpmo ex sys et ,m ro fo a tsysbus em htiw in a c lpmo ex ys ets .m
� nI f amro t lanoi , gro a zin ati no al a dn e vn i nor em tn al cha gn es can be lumis ated a dn
the fe f tce fo t esoh a tl e nr ita sno no eht m ’ledo s beha roiv can eb sbo e vr e .r
� hT e lwonk e gd e ga ni ed in d ise ng i gn a si lum ita no m do el can be of rg ae t v la ue
t wo a dr ggus tse gni vorpmi eme tn in t eh sys tem dnu er vni e gits a it .no
�By cha gn i gn lumis ta noi upni ts a dn sbo e vr ing the re tlus i gn stuptuo , valua lb e hgisni t
may be bo at ni ed otni ihw ch va bair el s a er m tso tropmi a tn dna woh va ir a lb es tni e ar c .t
� lumiS a oit n can be u es d as a peda gog i ac l de iv ce to reinf cro e ana ityl c
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 7
os l tu i no tem golodoh sei . alumiS t noi can be su ed ot e px e mir ent w ti h new de ngis s
ro op li eic s roirp to i lpm eme tn ati ,no os as to rp epa er f ro hw at may ppah e .n
� lumiS a noit can eb su ed ot ve ir fy ana yl t ci os l tu i no s.
�By s mi lu a gnit ffid e ner t ac pa lib ti ies f ro a m ca hi ,en re uq ir eme stn can eb d ete mr ine .d
hW en talumiS i no si toN ppA r po ir eta
� lumiS a it no uohs ld eb su ed hw en t eh borp l me ac tonn eb vlos ed su i gn oc mm no
se .esn
� lumiS a noit dluohs ton eb su ed if eht lborp em can eb s vlo ed a an ly acit .yll
� lumiS a noit dluohs ton eb su ed, fi ti si ae s ei r ot perf mro di er ct e px e ir m .stne
� lumiS a noit dluohs ton eb su ed, fi eht co ts s e cx ee sd sa gniv s.
� lumiS a noit s dluoh ton eb perf mro ed, if ht e re ruos ces ro time ra e ton
ava li a lb e.
.9 E nialpx eht ste sp ni umis l noita ts u yd . Wi ht wolf c ah r ?t skraM01
:loS tS e sp ni a talumiS i no duts y
1. Pr lbo em for um l ita on
vE re y uts dy be snig with a ts atement of the lborp em, divorp ed yb op licy
am ke nA.sr la y ts e rusn es its raelc ly dnu er ts doo . If ti si deve pol ed yb a an l tsy
ilop cy make sr uohs ld dnu er ats dn a dn a rg ee w ti h .ti
2. Se tt i gn fo jbo ce sevit dna vo re lla pr jo ce t alp n
hT e bo je itc ves cidni ate ht e uq esti sno ot be a wsn ered yb mis u ital no . tA iht s tniop
a dete nimr a noit dluohs be am de c cno e gninr whe ht er lumis ta noi si t eh
a irporpp a et tem golodoh y. gnimussA ti is a irporpp a ,et eht vo er la l jorp ce t p al n s dluoh
inc edul t eh a tl e nr ita ev tsys me s
�A m te doh f ro ev la ua gnit eht e ff ce tivene ss fo ht e es la te nr a vit es
� lP a sn f ro t eh st ydu in te smr fo t eh un mber fo pe elpo vlovni ed tsoC fo t eh st ydu
� hT e un mber fo da sy re riuq ed ot a cc omp il hs each hp ase of ht e krow iw th eht
a itn c api et d res .stlu
3. M do el c cno e lautp i az it no
hT e c sno t ur c noit of a dom le of a tsys me is baborp ly as um ch a tr as scie ecn . ehT art
fo m do eli gn si e hn a cn ed yb an a ib l yti
� oT a sb tr ca t t eh e ss e itn al fe ta seru fo a borp l me
� oT sele tc a dn m ido fy b sa ci a pmuss t snoi ht at hc a ar cte ezir t eh s metsy
� oT e irn ch a dn ale rob a et eht dom el litnu a us ufe l a xorpp ima noit res lu ts
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 8
suhT , ti si be ts ot ts art w ti h a lpmis e m do el a dn ub li d wot a dr rg eater c lpmo ex ti y.
ledoM c cno e utp ali taz i no e hn ance eht uq a il ty of eht re tlus i gn m ledo a dn
ni c er ase eht c fno idence fo eht m do el su er in eht a cilpp ati no fo eht dom e .l
4. ataD col el c noit
hT ere si a c tsno ant in et lpr ay be wt ee n the c sno t ur cti no of m do el a dn t eh c ello cti no
fo n ee ded tupni da .at enoD ni eht ae ylr ts age .s bO j tce ive dnik fo data a er to eb
coll ce te .d
5. M do el tr talsna i no
Real- row ld ys ets sm re tlus in dom sle ht ta re riuq e a rg tae de la of inf mro ati no st ro age
a dn c tupmo a it on. tI ac n be rgorp a mm ed yb u is gn lumis a noit al ugn ages ro ps ce i la
esoprup alumis it no os tf wa .er
lumiS a oit n la ugn ages are wop erful a dn f lbixel e. S mi ul oita n os f wt are
dom e sl dev le mpo e tn ti em can eb re cud e .d
6. eV rified
It per at sni ot com tup er rgorp am a dn c kceh i gn ht e perf ro am ecn . If ht e i tupn
parameters a dn gol ical urts c erut a dn c erro ctly re rp e es tn e ,d ve fir ic ta noi si comp el te .d
7. laV i tad ed
It is ht e dete nimr ati no that a m do el si an a cc ru ate re rp esen at noit of eht r ae l
ys ts A.me chieved hguorht lac arbi it no of the m do el, an ti erat vi e corp e ss of c pmo a gnir
ht e dom el ot a utc al tsys em beha roiv a dn eht discrepancies wteb ee n eht t .ow
8. E epx r mi e latn De ngis
hT e tla e nr ta vi es ht ta a er ot eb lumis ated m tsu be ed et rm ni ed. W ih ch a tl e nr ita ves
to alumis et may be a f cnu t noi of snur . roF e ca h s tsy me ngised , ed isic sno deen ot be
ma ed gninrecnoc
�Le gn th fo eht itini a zil ta noi pe doir
�Le gn th fo lumis a noit snur
� bmuN er fo replica it no ot eb ma ed fo each nur
9. Pr udo c noit r nu s dna sisylana
hT ey are u es d ot e amits et em a erus s of perf ro m na ec f ro the sys et m de ngis s that
a er be gni mis u al te .d
10. M ero r snu
aB sed no ht e ana sisyl of snur ht at have b ee n lpmoc eted. hT e a an l tsy dete nimr es
fi a tidd i no al snur a er en e ded a dn hw at de ngis t esoh a tidd i no al e px erime stn dluohs
f .wollo
11. oD c mu e itatn on dna er op rti gn
owT t py es fo od c mu e tn ati .no
� rP o rg am od c mu e tn a noit
� orP sec s od c mu e tn a noit
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 9
Pr go r ma od c mu e tn ation
aC n be su ed aga ni yb the as me ro d fi fere tn a an l sy st to dnu e tsr a dn woh ht e
rgorp am po erates. htruF er dom if ci a it no wi ll be ea is er. doM el su e sr can cha gn e
the i tupn parameters f ro tteb er pe mrofr a .ecn
Pr co e ss od c mu e tn a oit n
Giv se ht e yrotsih of a simu al ti no orp jec .t ehT user lt of la l ana sisyl s dluoh be
re detrop lc ea ylr a dn c no c si ely in a lanif re trop . ihT s ena lb e ot rev ei w ht e f ni la
f ro mu al ti no a dn la te nr a vit es, res lu st of ht e e px e mir en st a dn ht e er c mmo e dn ed
ulos t noi ot ht e borp l ehT.me f ni al re trop vorp ides a veh ci el fo certif ci ati .no
12. I lpm em ne tat ion
uS cc e ss depe sdn no ht e rp e suoiv ts e sp . If ht e m do le su er h sa been t hguoroh ly
in ov lved a dn dnu e tsr a sdn the rutan e of ht e m do el a dn sti stuptuo , like doohil fo
a vi uorog s lpmi eme tn ita no is e hn an ec .d
nuJ - 1102
.01 hW ta si s tsy em And tsyS em vnE ri onment? E nialpx ht e c pmo o en stn of a
system w hti an e lpmax e? skraM01
:loS tsyS em
A tsys me si de nif ed sa na a rgg ega noit ro a ss e lbm age of jbo e stc j nio ed in emos
re ug al r tni e ar cti no ro i dretn epe dn e ecn wot a dr eht acc hsilpmo em nt fo emos .esoprup
xE a elpm : udorP cti no yS ets m
tsyS em E ivn r mno ent
hT e e tx e nr al com nop ents ihw ch i tn er ca t iw th ht e s tsy em a dn udorp ec en ce ass yr
cha gn es are sa di to c sno tit tu e ht e ys mets e norivn em tn . nI dom ile gn ys ets sm , it
si nece ss a yr to deci ed no the dnuob a yr be ewt en ht e ys ets m a dn ti s e vn i mnor e tn .
sihT d ce noisi may depe dn no eht esoprup fo eht .yduts
Co pm one stn fo a tsyS em
E tn i yt - nA ent yti is an jbo e tc fo in et re ts ni a ys ts .me
xE : nI eht af c yrot ys ets ,m department ,s dro e ,sr par st a dn udorp c st a er ehT ne t ti i .se
ttA r bi ute- nA attri etub de on t se eht porp e ytr fo an en it .yt
xE : uQ a ititn es f ro each dro er, pyt e of pa tr , ro un mber fo machines in a Departme tn
a er tta tubir es fo fa yrotc ys mets .
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 01
Activi yt - ynA orp ec ss suac i gn cha gn es ni a etsys m si called as an ca vit i yt .
xE : Ma afun tc gniru ssecorp fo t eh departme .tn
tatS e of ht e tsyS em-The ts ate of a tsys me is defined sa ht e co ll ec noit of
var ai selb nece ss a yr ot desc bir e a ys ets m ta a yn t emi , rela vit e to ht e jbo e vitc e of
yduts . nI hto er drow s, ts ate of the metsys mean a desc noitpir of a ll ht e e seititn ,
ta rt i tub es a dn a tc vi i seit as ht ey e tsix at eno tniop ni .emit
Eve tn - nA eve tn is ed f ni e sa an insta tn ane uo s co c rru e cn e ht at may cha gn e ht e ts ate
fo eht ys ets .m
.11 xE p ial n suoirav s et ps ni is mu oital n stu .yd W hti h ple fo n tae rgaid a ?m
skraM01
:loS 1. Pr lbo em for um l ita on
vE re y uts dy be snig with a ts atement of the lborp em, divorp ed yb op licy
am ke .sr nA la y ts e rusn es its raelc ly dnu er ts doo . If ti si deve pol ed yb a an l tsy
ilop cy make sr uohs ld dnu er ats dn a dn a rg ee w ti h .ti
2. Se tt i gn fo jbo ce sevit dna vo re lla pr jo ce t alp n
hT e bo je itc ves cidni ate ht e uq esti sno ot be a wsn ered yb mis u ital no . tA iht s tniop
a dete nimr a noit dluohs be am de c cno e gninr whe ht er lumis ta noi si t eh
a irporpp a et tem golodoh y. gnimussA ti is a irporpp a ,et eht vo er la l jorp ce t p al n s dluoh
inc edul
�A ts ateme tn fo t eh a tl e nr ita ev tsys me s
�A m te doh f ro ev la ua gnit eht e ff ce tivene ss fo ht e es la te nr a vit es
� lP a sn f ro t eh st ydu in te smr fo t eh un mber fo pe elpo vlovni ed tsoC fo t eh st ydu
� hT e un mber fo da sy re riuq ed ot a cc omp il hs each hp ase of ht e krow with eht
a itn c api et d re .stlus
3. M do el c cno e lautp i az it no
hT e c sno t ur c noit of a dom le of a tsys me is baborp ly as um ch a tr as scie ecn . ehT art
fo m do eli gn si e hn a cn ed yb an a ib l yti
• oT ab ts ar ct eht e ss e tn ai l fea serut fo a melborp
• oT s le ect a dn m ido fy ba cis a ss ump it sno that cha ar cte ezir t eh metsys
• oT e rn ci h a dn ela arob te eht m ledo tnu il a su ef lu mixorppa a noit luser ts
suhT , ti si be ts ot ts art w ti h a lpmis e m do el a dn ub li d wot a dr rg eater c lpmo ex ti y.
ledoM c cno e utp ali taz i no e hn ance eht uq a il ty of eht re tlus i gn m ledo a dn
ni c er a es eht c fno idence fo eht m do el su er in eht a cilpp ati no fo eht dom e .l
4. ataD col el c noit
hT ere si a c tsno ant in et lpr ay be wt ee n the c sno t ur cti no of m do el a dn t eh c ello cti no
fo n ee ded tupni da .at enoD ni eht ae ylr ts age .s bO j tce ive dnik fo data a er to eb
coll ce te .d
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 11
5. M do el tr talsna i no
Real- row ld ys ets sm re tlus in dom sle ht ta re riuq e a rg tae de la of inf mro ati no st ro age
a dn c tupmo a it on. tI ac n be rgorp a mm ed yb u is gn lumis a noit al ugn ages ro ps ce i la
esoprup alumis it no os tf wa .er
6. eV rified
It per at sni ot he com tup er rgorp am a dn c kceh i gn ht e perf ro am ecn . If ht e
i tupn parameters a dn gol ical urts c erut a dn c erro ctly re rp e es tn e ,d ve fir ic ta noi si
comp el te .d
7. laV i tad ed
It is ht e dete nimr ati no that a m do el si an a cc ru ate re rp esen at oit n of eht r ae l
ys ts A.me chieved hguorht lac arbi it no of the m do el, an ti erat vi e corp e ss of c pmo a gnir
ht e dom el ot a utc al tsys em beha roiv a dn eht discrepancies wteb ee n eht t .ow
8. E epx r mi e latn De ngis
hT e tla e nr ta vi es ht ta a er ot eb lumis ated m tsu be ed et rmined. W ih ch a tl e nr ita ves
to alumis et may be a f cnu t noi of snur . roF e ca h s tsy me ngised , ed isic sno deen ot be
ma ed c cno e nr i gn
• Le htgn of eht itini la noitazi pe doir
• Le htgn of lumis ta noi snur
• bmuN er fo re lp ic ita no ot eb am ed fo ae ch nur
9. Pr udo c noit r nu s dna sisylana
hT ey are u es d ot e amits et em a erus s of perf ro m na ec f ro the sys et m de ngis s that
a er be gni mis u al te .d
10. M ero r snu
aB sed no ht e ana sisyl of snur ht at have b ee n lpmoc eted. hT e a an l tsy dete nimr es
fi a tidd i no al snur a er en e ded a dn hw at de gis n t esoh a tidd i no al e px erime stn dluohs
f .wollo
11. oD c mu e itatn on dna er op rti gn
owT t py es fo od c mu e tn ati .no
� rP o rg am od c mu e tn a noit
� orP sec s od c mu e tn a noit
Pr go r ma od c mu e tn ation
aC n be su ed aga ni yb the as me ro d fi fere tn a an l sy st to dnu e tsr a dn woh ht e
rp rgo am po erates. htruF er dom if ci a it no wi ll be ea is er. doM el su e sr can cha gn e
the i tupn parameters f ro tteb er pe mrofr a .ecn
Pr co e ss od c mu e tn a oit n
Giv se ht e yrotsih of a simu al ti no orp jec .t ehT user lt of la l ana sisyl s dluoh be
re detrop lc ea ylr a dn c no c si ely in a lanif re trop . ihT s ena lb e ot rev ei w ht e f ni la
f ro mu al ti no a dn la te nr a vit es, res lu st of ht e e px e mir en st a dn ht e er c mmo e dn ed
ulos t noi ot ht e borp l .me
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 21
ehT f ni al re trop vorp ides a veh ci el fo certif ci ati .no
12. I lpm em ne tat ion
uS cc e ss depe sdn no ht e rp ev suoi ts e sp . If ht e m do le su er h sa been t hguoroh ly
in ov lved a dn dnu e tsr a sdn the rutan e of ht e m do el a dn sti stuptuo , like doohil fo
a vi uorog s lpmi eme tn ita no is e hn an ec .d
tS e sp in lumis ita no st ydu
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 31
tinU 2
3102enuJ
.1 nialpxE :elpmaxenahtiwnoitalumistneveetercsidnidesumreteht
yaleD)viLEF)iiiecitontnevE)iitnevE)i
etatsmetsyS)iVkcolC)v 01 skraM
:los
)i S tsy me etatS
A c ello cti no fo va ir a lb es that c no t nia lla eht inf ro am ti no nec se sa yr ot de ebircs eht
metsys at a yn time
)ii event
nA insta tn ane suo co c nerru ce ht at cha gn es t eh ts a et fo a tsys em as an a virr al fo a new
c motsu e .)r
vi ) Delay
nA insta tn ane suo co c nerru ce ht at cha gn es t eh ts a et fo a tsys em as an a virr al fo a new
c motsu e .)r
)i ys ets m
A c llo ecti no of ent eiti s (e. .g , pe lpo e a dn am c nih e )s t tah ii got te her vo er t emi to
a cc omp il hs no e ro
m ero og a .sl
.2 Co sn id re ht e groce yr ots er w hti no e ch ce k tuo cou tn re . rP e ap er ht e umis la noit
lbat e for e hgi t c tsu omers dna f ni d out va re ga e w tia i gn time of custom re ni
queue, di el mit e of s re ev r na d va re ega s re eciv time . hT e i retn ra ri lav time AI( T)
dna es r iv ce time S( T) are vig en ni nim ute .s
AI T : 3,2,6,4,4,5,8
TS ( im n) 3: ,5,5,8,4,6,2,3
ssA ume f ri ts customer a irr ves ta time 0=t skraM01
:loS
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 41
2102naJ/ceD - 31
.3 Sup op es ht e xam imum vni e otn ry el vel si M 11 nu i st and the er weiv p re doi si 5
syad e ts ima et yb talumis i no the eva r ega e gnidn nu i st in i vn e otn ry dna
un bm er fo yad s when a s oh r egat c noitidno o cc urs . aitinI l umis l noita is
ats rted iw ht el v le fo 3 tinu s dna na ord re of 8 nu i st cs he lud ed ot arri ev in
two syad time. umiS l ta e of r ht ree cyc el s 51( )syad The pr ibabo il yt for ad li y
demand dna el da ti em is vig en be wol .
02 skraM
D me and 0 1 2 3 4
P 0.1 0.25 0.35 0.2 0.1
L ae d emit 1 2 3
porP abi til y 0.5 0.3 0.2
RD f ro dema :dn 42 , 53 , 56 , 52 ,8, 58 , 77 , 86 , 82 ,5, 55,29 , 94 , 96 , 07
RD f ro el ad time 5: ,0,3
nuJ e 2102
.4 eD f eni eht et rm su ed in discre et eve tn is lum a :noit skraM6
)i Sy ets m as fe tsil)ii i )ii ve ent i F)v EL )v delay ys)iv ets m
:nloS
)i S tsy me as fe
A c ello cti no fo va ir a lb es that c no t nia lla eht inf ro am ti no nec se sa yr ot de ebircs eht
metsys at a yn time
)ii tsil
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 51
A c ello c noit of p( er am yltnen ro et ropm ar li )y a oss ic ta ed e titn ei s dro ered in os em
l go ic la fa hs i no (s hcu as lla c motsu e sr c rru e yltn in a wa gniti il ,en dro ered yb fi tsr
c ,emo f tsri se vr e ,d ro yb rp i .)ytiro
)iii event
nA insta tn ane suo co c nerru ce ht at cha gn es t eh ts a et fo a tsys em as an a virr al fo a new
c motsu e .)r
vi ) Delay
nA insta tn ane suo co c nerru ce ht at cha gn es t eh ts a et fo a tsys em as an a virr al fo a new
c motsu e .)r
)i ys ets m
A c llo ecti no of ent eiti s (e. .g , pe lpo e a dn am c nih e )s t tah ii got te her vo er t emi to
a cc omp il hs no e ro m ero og a .sl
.5 Six ud pm trucks a er u es d ot ha lu c ao l fr mo the e tn r na ec of a lams l mine to
r daollia . Each truck si daol ed yb one of two l edao rs. Aft re l gnidao tru kc vom es
ot sc ela , ot be w hgie ed. retfA w gnihgie a truck be ig ns ot tr va el time and eht n
er ut r sn ot daol re uq eue. tI ah s b ee n ssa umed taht five of truc sk rA e ta daol re
dna no e ta lacs e ta time 0.By gnisu ve e tn sche gnilud ogla rithm fi dn tuo ysub
time fo l dao er dna sc ela dna ppots i gn mit e E si 46 snim . skram41
oL a gnid t mi e 10 5 5 10 15 10 01
eW gnihgi ti em 12 21 12 16 12 16 --
rT avel emit 60 01 0 40 40 80 -- --
:loS
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 61
vA re ega daoL er tU i tazil i no = 44 / 2 = 0. 29
vA re ega Scale oitazilitU n 42/42= = 1. 00
1102naJ/ceD - 21
6. doirepweiverehtdnastinu11MsilevelyrotnevnimumixamehtesoppuS
dnayrotnevninistinugnidneegarevaehtnoitalumisybetamitsesyad5si
nocegatrohsanehwsyadforebmun sinoitalumislaitinI.srucconoitid
nievirraotdeludehcsstinu8foredronadnastinu3folevelhtiwdetrats
yliadrofytilibaborpehT)syad51(selcyceerhtrofetalumiS.emitsyadowt
.wolebnevigsiemitdaeldnadnamed 02 skraM
D me and 0 1 2 3 4
P 0.1 0.25 0.35 0.2 0.1
L ae d emit 1 2 3
porP abi til y 0.5 0.3 0.
07,96,94,55,29,5,82,86,77,58,8,52,56,53,42:dnamedrofDR
3,0,5:emitdaelrofDR
:loS
nuJ e 1102
7) a gr co ery ots re sah no e ch ce tuok c nuo t re . motsuC sre a rr vi e ta siht
ch ce tuok c tnuo re ta r dna om fr mo 1 ot M8 in tu es apa rt and each tni re av l
time sah ht e mas e pr ibabo il ty fo o cc ru re cn e. T eh es r eciv mit es av ry fr mo 1
ot M6 inutes w hti pr ibabo il yt given b le ow:
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 71
Ser civ e m(s ni ute )s 1 2 3 4 5 6
Pr babo li ti y 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.25 0.10 0. 50
Si um l ta e ht e ra r lavi fo 6 c tsu om re s dna c la c talu e:
vA re ega w gnitia mit e f ro a c motsu re
Pr libabo i yt taht a c motsu re ah s ot wait
Pr babo li i yt fo a es r rev be gni di le
vA re ega es r iv ce ti em
sU e emit be wt ee n ra ir lav
sU e eht fo ll o iw gn se neuq ce fo r dna om nu bm re :s
aR modn di tig f ro a virr al 19 3 727 10 5 849 903 229
aR modn gid it f ro se ivr ce 48 10 47 53 17 97
emit
mussA e ht at ht e if tsr motsuc er a virr es at t mi e 0.De ip tc ht e lumis ita no in a
ta ub al r f mro . skram02
:loS
1. ehT avera eg wa ti i gn t emi f ro a c motsu er is 2. M8 i tun e .s t sih si ted e nimr ed ni t eh
f wollo i gn ma nn e :r
oT at l emit c su t mo e sr wa ti in uq e eu )nim(
vA erage Wai gnit emiT =
oT at l .on fo c su to em sr
= 56 = 2. M8 uni t se
20
2. ehT borp a ib lity taht a c motsu er has ot w ia t ni t eh uq e eu si 0. .56 hT is si
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 81
de ret m ni ed
ni eht f lo l gniwo ma nn e :r
borP a lib ti y w( ia )t = un mber fo c su t mo e sr ohw aw it
oT at l un mber fo c sremotsu
31
= = 0. 56
02
3. ehT fr ca noit fo eldi emit fo eht es vr er si 0. .12 sihT is dete nimr ed ni t eh f wollo i gn
ma nn e :r
toT al eldi emit fo se vr er ( im un et )s
borP abi ytil fo idle se vr er =
toT al nur emit fo lumis ati no m( i tun e )s
81
= = 0. 12
68
ehT borp a ytilib fo t eh se vr er b ie gn ysub si t eh c pmo el me tn fo 0. ,12 ro 0. .97
4. ehT avera eg se ivr ec t emi si 3.4 unim et ,s de et mr ined as fo ll :swo
toT al se vr ci e it em
vA erage se ivr ce emit (m tuni e )s =
toT al bmun er fo c su t sremo
86
= = 3.4 im tun es
02
hT si re tlus ac n eb c rapmo ed wi ht t eh e epx cted se ivr ce emit yb f gnidni ht e m ae n of
eht se vr eci - it em d tsi noitubir gnisu t eh e auq t noi
)s(E = Σ sp )s(
iylppA ng ht e e px ec et d-v la ue e noitauq to ht e rtsid i ub t noi ni at lb e 2.7 gives an
e epx c det se vr ci e ti em of:
= 0(1 . )01 + 0(2 . )02 + 0(3 . )03 + 0(4 . )52 + 0(5 . )01 + 0(6 . )05
= 3.2 im tun es
hT e e epx cted se vr eci time is ls hgi lt y wol er than the average emit ni ht e lumis at noi .
ehT gnol er lumis ta ,noi t eh lc o es r eht average lliw eb ot E .)S(
5. hT e average t mi e be wt ee n a rr iva sl si 4.3 mi tun es. hT is si d ete mr ined in eht
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 91
fo ll gniwo
C OL CK == t has b ee n dpu ate ,d t eh OLC CK is a vd an ec d ot noitalumis ti em
C OL CK =_ 1t a dn eht mi m ni e tn eve tn on tice si er m vo ed f mor t eh LEF a dn t eh eve tn
e ex c tu e ..d hT si orp ec ss re ep ta s tnu il t eh s mi lu a noit si vo e .r
� hT e se uq ence of a snoitc ihw ch a lumis at ro tsum perf ro m to a vd a cn e the c ol ck
tsys me snaps toh is ca ll ed eht event-sche ud il gn mit/ e-a vd a ecn a irogl t mh
Old ys ets m ns a tohsp at emit t
Eve tn - cs he lud i gn /time- navda ec al og r mhti
tS ep .1 Re evom t eh eve tn ton i ec f ro t eh nimmi e tn event
(eve tn ,3 t mi e t) f mor LEP
tS ep .2 vdA a ecn C OL CK to i mm ine tn eve tn ti em
(i ,.e. a vd a ecn C OL CK f or m r to .)1t
tS ep .3 xE ec etu mi m ni e tn event: etadpu tsys em ts ta ,e
cha egn en it yt at rt i tub e ,s a dn tes em mbe hsr ip as n ee de .d
tS ep .4 Gene ar te f erutu ve e stn fi( en sec sa )yr a dn
p al ec the ri eve tn citon es no LEP ra kn ed yb eve tn it m .e
xE( a pm el : vE e tn 4 ot rucco ta emit ,*t hw e er 2t < *t < t3.)
tS ep .5 etadpU cum lu a vit e ts ita its cs a dn c nuo et .sr
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 02
nU ti -3
uJ 3102en
.1 Six ud pm trucks a er su ed ot haul c lao rf mo the e tn r na ec of a llams mine to
ra li r dao . Each truck si l dao ed yb one of two edaol rs. Af et r daol i gn truck vom es
ot scale, ot be we hgi ed as s noo sa lbissop e. htoB ht e daol re dna ht e cs ela
vah e fi tsr c mo e fir ts res ved w gnitia il ne rof trucks. Tr va el time fr mo a
l dao re ot scale si disnoc ered ne elbigilg . After w ie gnihg a truck snigeb ot tr va el
mit e dna ht en er ut rns ot daol re uq e eu . The ac tivit ei s of l dao i gn , w hgie i gn dna
tr va el mit e are given ni eht f lo lowi gn bat el .
L gnidao mit e 10 5 5 01 51 10 01
We gnihgi time 12 12 12 61 21 16 --
rT va el time 60 001 40 04 08 -- --
dnE of umis l ita on is c lpmo eti no of two we gnihgi fr mo ht e sc ela . Dep ci t ht e
talumis i no tab el na d es tamit e the daol re na d sca el itu il taz i no s. mussA e t ah t if ve
of ht e tr skcu a er ta ht e load re s na d no e si ta eht scale ta emit .0 15M skra
:los
vA re ega daoL er tU i tazil i no = 44 / 2 = 0. 29
vA re ega Scale oitazilitU n 42/42= = 1. 00
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 12
.2 nialpxE eht f lo low .gni M5 skra
tsyS em :A co ll ect oi n fo enti it es taht interacttogethe or vertim te oaccomplishone ro more
g lao s.
Eve tn Lis :t list of ve ent notices for future events, o dr ered by it em of co curr cne e;
kno nw as the futu er eventlist(FEL).
� wlA ays r na ek d by ht e eve tn it me
ytitnE : An obje tc in the sy ts em th ta requires explicit re rp esentation in ht e mo ,led e.g.,
p oe lp e, ma hc ines, no ed s, ekcap ts, server, customer
Eve tn : Aninstantaneouso rucc re ecn thatchangesthestateofasy ts em.
21ceD - 31
.3 A large lim il gn machine ah s th eer fid fer tne bear sgni ht at fail in s re eciv . The
c talumu i ev tsid ir tub ion f nu c noit of ht e il ef of each be gnira is di e tn ical given in
lbat e 1. hW en a be nira g fai sl , ht e im ll spots , a iaper r p sre no si c lla ed dna a
new bear gni is ni s at ll ed. ht e ed l ya time fo ht e re riap pe s’nosr arrivi gn ta ht e
llim i gn am chi en si osla a r odna m av r bai el , wi ht ht e tsid r ubi it no given in ta lb e
2. oD w mitn e for ht e lim l si est mi ated at 5$ / im n tu e. The id rect no is te cost of
ht e er ap ir p re nos si 51$ / uoh r. tI kat es 02 tunim es ot c gnah e 1 bea ir gn , 03
tunim se ot c gnah e 2 bea ir sgn na d 04 min tu es ot cha gn e 3 beari sgn .The
bear gni c tso si 61$ each. A pr asopo l sah been made ot er pl ca e all 3 aeb ir sgn
whenever a be ra i gn fai .sl M gana eme tn een sd na e av l tau i no of siht pr asopo l.
Si talum e ht e tsys em for 01 , 000 uoh rs of epo rat noi nu ed r pr sopo ed me ht od
dna det re nim e ht e latot c tso fo ht e pr sopo ed tsys e .m 2 skraM0
Table 1 Beari gn il fe id ts noitubir
Bea nir g 001 0 0011 0021 031 0 041 0 051 0 061 0 1 081007 0 0091
iL fe srH( )
borP ab ili ty 0.10 0.13 0.25 0.13 0.09 0.12 0.02 0.06 0.05 0. 50
Table 2 Delay emit ubirtsid it no
D ale (y im un et s) 5 10 51
borP ab ili ty 0.6 0.3 1.0
redisnoC eht gniwollof s ecneuqe fo modnar tigid s rof gniraeb efil t mi se
iraeB ng 1 67 8 49 84 44 30 10 51
iraeB ng 2 70 43 86 93 81 44 19 15
iraeB ng 3 76 65 61 96 65 56 11 68
redisnoC eht gniwollof s ecneuqe fo modnar tigid s rof led ay t mi e
yaleD 3 7 5 1 4 3 7 8
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 22
:loS
ehtO r selpmaxE fo noitalumiS )2(
• elpmaxE ).tnoC(5.2
� The d le ya time fo the re iap rper as'nos rr gnivi ta the lim l gni ma hc ni e si
al os a r odna m av r bai le, w ti h the tsid r bi u noit vig en ni baT le
� The c umu l vita e sid tribut noi funct noi fo the fil e fo ea hc bear gni si
di e itn ca ,l sa shown ni baT le 2. 22 .
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 32
2102enuJ
.4 tahW od uoy me na yb oW r dl eiV w? siD c ssu ht e ffid ere tn pyt es fo oW r dl eiV w?
skraM01
nloS : oW lr d eiV ws
� reledoM skniht ni smret fo sessecorp
A• ssecorp si eht efil elcyc fo eno ,ytitne hcihw stsisnoc fo suoirav stneve dna seitivitca
noitalumiS• ledom si idenifed n smret fo seititne ro stcejbo dna rieht efil elcyc sa yeht
wolf hguorht eht ,metsys nidnamed g secruoser dna gnieueuq ot tiaw rof secruoser
detimileraseiticapacesohwsecruosereromroenofoesuehteriuqerthgimseitivitcaemoS•
sessecorP• ,tcaretni ,.g.e eno ssecorp sah ot tiaw ni a eueuq esuaceb eht ecruoser ti
sdeen si ysub htiw na rehto ssecorp
A• ssecorp si a emit - ecneuqes d tsil fo ,stneve seitivitca dna ,syaled gnidulcni sdnamed
,ecruoserrof taht enifed eht efil elcyc fo eno ytitne sa ti sevom hguorht a metsys
elbairaV• emit ecnavda
� � ytivitcA - gninnacs
reledoM• wollatahtsnoitidnocesohtdnaledomafoseitivitcanosetartnecnoc na
ytivitcA nigebot
rofsnoitidnoceht,ecnavdakcolchcaetA• ,dekcehceraytivitcahcae ,dna ehtfi
,eurterasnoitidnoc neht eht cagnidnopserroc ytivit snigeb
xiF• emit ecnavda
narehtehwrevocsidotgninnacsdetaeperehT:egatnavdasiD• ytivitca nac eb ig ev n
stluser ni emitnurwols
eerhT:tnemevorpmI - hcaorppaesahp
- noitanibmoC fo tneve htiwgniludehcs ytivitca gninnacs
sweiVdlroW
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 42
stnevE• oreznoitarudfoseitivitcaera emit stinu
seitivitcafosepytowT•
- B :seitivitca dnastneveyramirpllaruccootdnuobseitivitca seitivitcalanoitidnocnu
- C :seitivitca niatrecnopulanoitidnoceratahtstneveroseitivitca eurtgniebsnoitidnoc
BehT• - tsuj,emitfodaehadeludehcsebnacseitivitcaepyt sa tneveehtni - gniludehcs
hcaorppa
- elbairaV emit ecnavda
- LEF sniatnoc ylno B- epyt stneve
rehtehwnraelotgninnacS• Cyna - ronigebnacseitivitcaepyt C- ruccostneveepyt
taylnoneppah Bllaretfa,ecnavdaemithcaefodneeht - detelpmocevahstneveepyt
.5 T eh xam i mum vni e yrotn level , ,M si 11 stinu dna eht weiver doirep , N, si 5
syad . ehT melborp si ot tamitse e, yb noitalumis , eht gareva e gnidne stinu
ni yrotnevni dna ht e rebmun fo syad w neh a egatrohs noitidnoc oc uc rs. ehT
noitubirtsid fo eht rebmun fo stinu med a dedn rep yad si nwohs in ta lb e 9. nI
siht elpmaxe , dael - emit si a r dna om av ir ba el , as nwohs ni lbat e 01 . emussA
ht at sredro era decalp ta eht esolc fo ssenisub dna era ofdeviecer r yrotnevni ta
eht gninnigeb sa denimreted yb eht le da -ti em .
:loS Si italum on fo na ,M( )N yrotnevnI metsyS skram01
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 52
11ceD - 21
.6 tahW yttnereffidehtssucsiD?weiVdlroWybnaemuoyod ?weiVdlroWfosep
skraM01
:loS sweiVdlroW
� ssecorP - noitcaretni
reledoM• skniht ni smret fo sessecorp
A• ssecorp si eht efil c elcy fo eno ,ytitne hcihw stsisnoc fo suoirav stneve dna seitivitca
noitalumiS• ledom si idenifed n smret fo seititne ro stcejbo dna rieht efil elcyc sa yeht
wolf hguorht eht ,metsys gnidnamed secruoser dna gnieueuq ot tiaw rof secruoser
mseitivitcaemoS• detimileraseiticapacesohwsecruosereromroenofoesuehteriuqerthgi
sessecorP• ,tcaretni ,.g.e eno ssecorp sah ot tiaw ni a eueuq esuaceb eht ecruoser ti
sdeen si ysub htiw na rehto ssecorp
A• ssecorp si a emit - ecneuqes d tsil fo ,stneve seitivitca dna aled ,sy gnidulcni sdnamed
,ecruoserrof taht enifed eht efil elcyc fo eno ytitne sa ti sevom hguorht a metsys
elbairaV• emit ecnavda
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 62
� ytivitcA - gninnacs
reledoM• wollatahtsnoitidnocesohtdnaledomafoseitivitcanosetartnecnoc na
A ytivitc nigebot
rofsnoitidnoceht,ecnavdakcolchcaetA• ,dekcehceraytivitcahcae ,dna ehtfi
,eurterasnoitidnoc neht eht ytivitcagnidnopserroc snigeb
xiF• emit ecnavda
narehtehwrevocsidotgninnacsdetaeperehT:egatnavdasiD• ytivitca c na eb ig ev n
stluser ni emitnurwols
eerhT:tnemevorpmI - hcaorppaesahp
- noitanibmoC fo tneve htiwgniludehcs ytivitca gninnacs
sweiVdlroW
oreznoitarudfoseitivitcaerastnevE• emit stinu
seitivitcafosepytowT•
- B :seitivitca tdnuobseitivitca dnastneveyramirpllaruccoo seitivitcalanoitidnocnu
- C :seitivitca niatrecnopulanoitidnoceratahtstneveroseitivitca eurtgniebsnoitidnoc
BehT• - epyt seitivitca tsuj,emitfodaehadeludehcsebnac sa tneveehtni - gniludehcs
hcaorppa
- lbairaV e emit ecnavda
- LEF sniatnoc ylno B- epyt stneve
rehtehwnraelotgninnacS• Cyna - ronigebnacseitivitcaepyt C- ruccostneveepyt
Bllaretfa,ecnavdaemithcaefodneehttaylnoneppah - detelpmocevahstneveepyt
.7 gnisU tlum i evitacilp laitneurgnoc em ht od, etareneg modnar srebmun ot
co lpm ete nialpxE.elcyc mumixam ytisned dna xam i mum doirep ,
11=A , X,61=M 0 7= skraM01
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 72
ehT:loS ecneuqes fo iX dna tneuqesbus iR seulav si detupmoc sa swollof :
0X = 72
1X = 71( . 72 + dom)34 001 = 205 dom 001 = 2
2=1R =001⁄ 0. 02
2X = 71( • 2 + )34 dom 001 = 77 dom 001 = 77
77=2R 0=001⁄ . 77
]tp3[* 3X = +77•71( dom)34 001 = 2531 dom 001 = 25
25=3R 0=001⁄ . 52
tsriF , eciton taht eht srebmun detareneg f mor noitauqE 7( . )2 can no l emussay
va seul morf ht e tes I = 0{ ,1 m/ , ,m/2 ... , m( — )m/)l , ecnis e ca h iX si an
suounitnoc no eht lavretni [0, ]1 , sihT mixorppa at noi a pp ea sr to be of lit lt e
,ecneuqesnoc dedivorp taht eht suludom m si a yrev egral in et ger. seulaV( hcus as
m = 132 — 1 a dn m = 842 era ni nommoc esu ni eg srotaren eppa a gnir ni am yn
noitalumis segaugnal .) yB mumixam ytisned si tnaem taht eht seulav ussa em d yb
iR = ,1 ...,2 , evael on egral spag ]1,0[no
dnoceS , ot pleh eveihca mumixam ,ytisned dna ot diova gnilcyc i( . ,.e ecnerrucer
of t eh as m ecneuqese of g detarene )srebmun ni lacitcarp snoitacilppa , eht
rotareneg dluohs evah ht e la gr est elbissop doirep . lamixaM doirep nac eb deveihca
yb eht reporp eciohc fo ,a ,c ,m dna 0X .
• roF m a wop er of 2, say m b2= a dn c ≠ 0, eht gnol est ssop i lb e pe doir is P =
m = ,b2 hcihw si deveihca divorp ed that c si ylevitaler emirp ot m taht( si , eht
erg ate ts c nommo rotcaf fo dnac m i s l dna,) a= = ,k4+l erehw k si na getni er.
• roF m a rewop fo 2, yas m b2= a dn c = 0, eht tsegnol elbissop pe doir si P =
m⁄4 = b2 -2, hcihw si deveihca vorp i ded taht eht dees 0X is ddo a dn ht e
um lt ilpi er a, , is given yb K8+3=a , rof 1,0=Kemos , ..
• roF m a emirp rebmun dna 0=c , ht e l gno e ts lbissop e peri do is =P m-1, ihw ch is
ac ih e dedivorpdev taht eht reilpitlum , ,a sah eht ytreporp taht ht e tsellams regetni k
hcus taht a k
- si1 elbisivid yb m si =k m-1.
enuJ 02 11
.8 A loot birc sah laitnenopxe raretni r lavi dna ecivres semit , dna ti sevres a
very egral puorg fo scinahcem . ehT naem ti em teb w nee slavirra si 4 setunim . tI
sekat 3 setunim no t eh egareva of r a loot birc dnetta a tn ot ecivres a cinahcem .
The tta e adn nt si iap d 01$ p re uoh r dna t eh cinahcem si diap 51$ rep ruoh .
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 82
dluoW ti eb vda isa lb e ot have a sec dno loot irc b ?tnadnetta
skraM01
:loS
� teL Ti etoned eht latot emit gnirud [ ,0 T] ni hcihw eht metsys deniatnoc
yltcaxe i ,sremotsuc eht emit - dethgiew - egareva rebmun ni a metsys si denifed
1
T T
� ehT emit - dethgiew - egareva rebmun ni eueuq :si
T
= LQ (t) td → LQ sa T → ∞
ˆ
L = 0[ (3) +1( )21 + )4(2 +3(1 /]) 02
= 23/ 02 = 1.1 5 mosuc ters
.9 etelpmocotsrebmunmodnaretareneg,dohtemlaitneurgnocevitacilpitlumgnisU
nialpxE.elcyc mumixam ytisned dna xam i mum doirep , 11=A , =M X,61 0 7=
skraM01
:loS ehT ecneuqes fo iX dna tneuqesbus iR seulav si detupmoc sa :swollof
0X = 72
1X = 71( . 72 + dom)34 001 = 205 dom 001 = 2
2=1R =001⁄ 0. 02
2X = 71( • 2 + )34 dom 001 = 77 dom 001 = 77
77=2R 0=001⁄ . 77
]tp3[* 3X = +77•71( dom)34 001 = 2531 dom 001 = 25
25=3R 0=001⁄ . 52
tsriF , eciton taht eht srebmun detareneg f mor noitauqE 7( . )2 can no l emussay
va seul morf ht e tes I = 0{ ,1 m/ , ,m/2 ... , m( — )m/)l , ecnis e ca h iX si an
suounitnoc no eht lavretni [0, ]1 , sihT mixorppa at noi a pp ea sr to be of lit lt e
,ecneuqesnoc dedivorp taht eht suludom m si a yrev egral in et ger. seulaV( hcus as
m = 132 — 1 a dn m = 842 era ni nommoc esu ni eg srotaren eppa a gnir ni am yn
noitalumis segaugnal .) yB mumixam ytisned si tnaem taht eht seulav ussa em d yb
iR = ,1 ...,2 , evael on egral spag ]1,0[no
dnoceS , ot pleh eveihca mumixam ,ytisned dna ot diova gnilcyc i( . ,.e ecnerrucer
of t eh as m ecneuqese of detareneg )srebmun ni lacitcarp snoitacilppa , eht
rotareneg dluohs evah ht e la gr est elbissop doirep . lamixaM doirep nac eb deveihca
yb :
ˆL = =
i=0 i=0 � �
� �
∞ ∞
∑iT
i ∑i� Ti �
∞
∑iT
i
i=0
Q1 1
T
T
ˆLQ =
0∫
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 92
yb eht reporp eciohc fo ,a ,c ,m dna 0X .
• roF m a wop er of 2, say m b2= a dn c ≠ 0, eht gnol est ssop i lb e pe doir is P =
m = ,b2 hcihw si deveihca divorp ed that c si ylevitaler emirp ot m taht( si , eht
erg ate ts c nommo rotcaf fo dnac m i s l dna,) a= = ,k4+l erehw k si na getni er.
• roF m a rewop fo 2, yas m b2= a dn c = 0, eht tsegnol elbissop pe doir si P =
m⁄4 = b2 -2, cihw h si deveihca vorp i ded taht eht dees 0X is ddo a dn ht e
um lt ilpi er a, , is given yb K8+3=a , rof 1,0=Kemos , ..
• roF m a emirp rebmun dna 0=c , ht e l gno e ts lbissop e peri do is =P m-1, ihw ch is
ac ih e dedivorpdev taht eht reilpitlum , ,a sah eht ytreporp taht t eh tsellams regetni k
hcus taht a k
- si1 elbisivid yb m si =k m-1.
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 03
nU ti -4
3102enuJ
.1 K/N/C/B/Ametsysgniueuqrevreslellaraprofnoitatons’lladneKnialpxE
gninaemdeterpretniosladna /2/M/Mfo .∞/∞ .skraM01
:loS
:seueuqrevreslellaraprofmetsysnoitatonA K/N/c/B/A
•A lavirraretniehtstneserper - noitubirtsidemit
•B ecivresehtstneserper - noitubirtsidemit
•c srevreslellarapforebmunehtstneserper
•N ysehtstneserper yticapacmets
•K noitalupopgnillacehtfoezisehtstneserper
• K,N ytinifnierayehtfi,deppordyllausuera
rofslobmysnommoC A dna B
•M noitubirtsidlaitnenopxe,vokraM
•D citsinimreted,tnatsnoC
• Ek redrofonoitubirtsidgnalrE k
•H pxerepyH noitubirtsidlaitneno
•G yrartibra,lareneG
selpmaxE
• /M/M 1/8/ saemas8 /M/M elgniS:1 - llacdnayticapacdetimilnuhtiwrevres
detubirtsidyllaitnenopxeerasemitecivresdnalavirraretnI.noitalupop
• /G/G 1/5/ elgniS:5 - llacdna5yticapachtiwrevres - op .5noitalup
•M/M llac,02yticapachtiwrevreslellarapeviF:OFIF/0051/02/5/ - 0051noitalupop
OFIFenilpicsidecivresdna
.2 .eueuq1/G/MfosretemarapetatsydaetsnialpxE skraM01 .
:loS
ydaetS - etiniFforoivaheBetatS - noitalupoP
sledoM
•� rplacitcarpnI etinifsinoitalupopgnillacsmelbo
•� sremotsuceromroenofoecneserpeht,llamssinoitalupopgnillacehtnehW
.slavirraerutuffonoitubirtsidehtnotceffegnortsasahmetsysehtni
•� etinifaredisnoC - htiwledomnoitalupopgnillac K (sremotsuc M K/K/c/M/ )
•� siecivresrofllactxenehtdnatisivecivresenofodneehtneewtebemitehT
.λ/1=naemhtiwdetubirtsidyllaitnenopxe
•� /1naemhtiwdetubirtsidyllaitnenopxeoslaerasemitecivreS µ.
•� c iyticapacmetsysdnasrevreslellarap s K.
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 13
naJ/ceD 21 - 31
.3 K/N/C/B/Ametsysgniueuqrevreslellaraprofnoitatons’lladneKnialpxE
/2/M/Mfogninaemdeterpretniosladna .∞/∞ .skraM01
:loS
:seueuqrevreslellaraprofmetsysnoitatonA K/N/c/B/A
•A per lavirraretniehtstneser - noitubirtsidemit
•B ecivresehtstneserper - noitubirtsidemit
•c srevreslellarapforebmunehtstneserper
•N yticapacmetsysehtstneserper
•K noitalupopgnillacehtfoezisehtstneserper
• K,N yehtfi,deppordyllausuera ytinifniera
rofslobmysnommoC A dna B
•M noitubirtsidlaitnenopxe,vokraM
•D citsinimreted,tnatsnoC
• Ek redrofonoitubirtsidgnalrE k
•H noitubirtsidlaitnenopxerepyH
•G yrartibra,lareneG
selpmaxE
• /M/M 1/8/ saemas8 /M/M elgniS:1 - iwrevres llacdnayticapacdetimilnuht
detubirtsidyllaitnenopxeerasemitecivresdnalavirraretnI.noitalupop
• /G/G 1/5/ elgniS:5 - llacdna5yticapachtiwrevres - .5noitalupop
•M/M llac,02yticapachtiwrevreslellarapeviF:OFIF/0051/02/5/ - 0051noitalupop
esdna OFIFenilpicsidecivr
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 23
.4 K/N/C/B/AmrofehtfosnoitatongniueuqnidesusmretehtnialpxE
6 skraM
:loS /c/B/A:seueuqrevreslellaraprofmetsysnoitatonA K/N
lavirraretniehtstneserperA - ,noitubirtsidemit
ecivresehtstneserperB - ,noitubirtsidemit
,srevreslellarapforebmunehtstneserperc
,yticapacmetsysehtstneserperN
noitalupopgnillacehtfoezisehtstneserperK
.5 modnaretercsidaenifeD elbairav skram4
:loS
selbairaVmodnaRetercsiD
elbissopforebmunehtfielbairavmodnaretercsidasiX�
.etinifnielbatnuocro,etinifsiXfoseulav
.pohsbojatagnivirrasbojredisnoC:elpmaxE�
.pohsbojatakeewhcaegnivirrasbojforebmunehtebXteL�
segnar(Xfoseulavelbissop=xR� }…,2,1,0{=)Xfoecap
)ix=X(P=ixsielbairavmodnarehtytilibaborp=)ix(p�
:yfsitastsum…,2,1=i,)ix(p•
)ix(p.1 illarof,0≥
1=)ix(p.2
enuJ 102 2
.6 ehT rebmun fo ruH r senaci nittih g ht e tsaoc of idnI an follows nossiop
tsid ir b tu ion with em na 8.0=α rep raey :enimreteD
i) ehT ytilibaborp fo erom naht owt nisenacirruh a raey
ii ) ehT ytilibaborp fo erom naht eno enacirruh ani raey skraM6
:los
ioPs nos iDs rt i tubi no
maxE p :el A retupmoc er pa ri ep sr on si “ eeb ep d” ea emithc ereht si a ca ll
for se civr e. The bmun er fo be pe s ep r
ho ru ~ Po ssi (no α = 2 per uoh .)r
� T eh ilibaborp ty of eerht b ee ps ni the en xt hour:
3(p ) = e-2
23
!3/ = 81.0
,osla )3(p = )3(F – )2(F = 758.0 -0. 76 7 81.0=
� T eh ilibaborp ty of owt ro more eb eps ni a 1-hour ep rio :d
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 33
2(p or om re) = 1 – p(0) – p(1)
= 1 – (F 1)
= 495.0

.7 nialpxE eht smret desu ni gniueuq snoitaton fo eht mrof K/N/C/B/A
skraM6
:loS A noitaton metsys rof lellarap revres :seueuq K/N/c/B/A
A stneserper eht lavirraretni - emit d ,noitubirtsi
B stneserper eht ecivres - emit ,noitubirtsid
c stneserper eht rebmun fo lellarap ,srevres
N stneserper eht metsys ,yticapac
K stneserper eht ezis fo gnillaceht noitalupop
.8 tsiL eht ydaets etats sretemarap 1/G/Mfo skraM8
:loS
 elgniS -s revre seueuq htiw nossioP slavirra & detimilnu yticapac .
� esoppuS ecivres semit evah naem m/1 dna ecnairav s2
dna r = /l m < ,1 eht ydaets -
etats
sretemarap fo /G/M 1 :eueuq
ρ λ= / µ, P0 = 1- ρ
ρ (1+σ µ ) ρ (1+σ µ )
(2 1- ρ) (2 1- ρ)
2 2 2
+ , wQ =
naJ/ceD 02 11 - 21
.9 dnaK/N/C/B/Ametsysgniueuqrevreslellaraprofnoitatons’lladneKnialpxE
/2/M/Mfogninaemdeterpretniosla .∞/∞ .skraM01
:loS
K/N/c/B/A:seueuqrevreslellaraprofmetsysnoitatonA
serperA• lavirraretniehtstne - noitubirtsidemit
ecivresehtstneserperB• - noitubirtsidemit
srevreslellarapforebmunehtstneserperc•
yticapacmetsysehtstneserperN•
noitalupopgnillacehtfoezisehtstneserperK•
rayehtfi,deppordyllausueraK,N• ytinifnie
BdnaArofslobmysnommoC
noitubirtsidlaitnenopxe,vokraMM•
citsinimreted,tnatsnoCD•
w =
1 λ( /1 µ +σ ) λ( /1 µ 2
+σ )
µ (2 1- ρ) (2 1- ρ)
2 2 2 2 2 2
L = ρ + , LQ =
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 43
kredrofonoitubirtsidgnalrEkE•
noitubirtsidlaitnenopxerepyHH•
yrartibra,lareneGG•
selpmaxE
elgniS:1/M/Msaemas8/8/1/M/M• - htiwrevres llacdnayticapacdetimilnu
detubirtsidyllaitnenopxeerasemitecivresdnalavirraretnI.noitalupop
elgniS:5/5/1/G/G• - llacdna5yticapachtiwrevres - .5noitalupop
llac,02yticapachtiwrevreslellarapeviF:OFIF/0051/02/5/M/M• - 0051noitalupop
ivresdna OFIFenilpicsidec
.01 .eueuq1/G/MfosretemarapetatsydaetsnialpxE 1 .skraM0
:loS
ydaetS - etiniFforoivaheBetatS - noitalupoP
sledoM
•� etinifsinoitalupopgnillacsmelborplacitcarpnI
•� sremotsuceromroenofoecneserpeht,llamssinoitalupopgnillacehtnehW
.slavirraerutuffonoitubirtsidehtnotceffegnortsasahmetsysehtni
•� etinifaredisnoC - iwledomnoitalupopgnillac )K/K/c/M/M(sremotsucKht
•� siecivresrofllactxenehtdnatisivecivresenofodneehtneewtebemitehT
λ/1=naemhtiwdetubirtsidyllaitnenopxe .
•� .µ/1naemhtiwdetubirtsidyllaitnenopxeoslaerasemitecivreS
•� dnasrevreslellarapc .Ksiyticapacmetsys
enuJ 1102
.11 enifeD a etercsid modnar elbairav . nialpxe eht laimonib noitubirtsid .
M5 skra
:los etercsiD modnaR selbairaV P[ r abo b ili ty R ve ie ]w
�X si a d rcsi ete random va ir ba le if ht e num eb r of po iss ble
val eu s fo X si finit ,e or c tnuo ab el infinit .e
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 53
�Ex ma ple: C no is ed r jo sb a ivirr ng ta a j bo s oh .p
�Let X be the n mu ber of jobs a rr iv ni g ae ch ew ke at a j bo hs .po
� Rx = op ssi lb e av ul es of X r( an eg sp ca e of X) = {0,1,2 }…,
� (p xi) = p bor ba i il yt ht e dnar mo rav iab el is xi = X(P = xi)
� p x( i), i = 1, ,2 … must s sita f :y
1. p(xi ) ≥ ,0 rof lla i
2. p(xi ) =1
T eh c ello c it on of iap rs [xi, x(p i) ,] i = ,…,2,1 is ca ll de eht pr abo b li ity id strib tu i no of X,
a dn (p xi) is c la l de the orp bability mass f nu c noit
12. nialpxE eht scitsiretcarahc fo a gniueuq .metsys tsiL tnereffid gniueuq
snoitaton . 15 skraM
:loS .1 1 scitsiretcarahC fo gniueuQ metsyS s
yeK stnemele fo gniueuq :smetsys
remotsuC : srefer ot gnihtyna ht ta sevirra ta a ytilicaf dna seriuqer e,ecivres . ,.g
,senihcam,elpoep ,skcurt iame ls.
revreS : srefer ot yna ecruoser taht sedivorp eht detseuqer ,ecivres e. ,.g
,snosrepriaper laveirter ,senihcam syawnur ta tropria .
� gnillaC noitalupop : eht noitalupop fo laitnetop ,sremotsuc yam eb demussa ot eb
f roetini etinifni .
� etiniF noitalupop ledom : fi lavirra etar sdneped no eht rebmun sremotsucfo
gnieb devres dna ,gnitiaw ,.g.e ledom fo eno etaroproc ,tej fi ti si gnieb eht,deriaper
riaper lavirra etar semoceb orez .
� etinifnI noitalupop ledom : fi lavirra etar si ton detceffa yb eht rebmun fo
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 63
sremotsuc gnieb devres dna ,gnitiaw e. ,.g htiwsmetsys egral noitalupop laitnetopfo
sremotsuc .
� metsyS yticapaC : a timil no ht e rebmun sremotsucfo taht yam eb ni gnitiaweht
enil etsysro m.
� detimiL yticapac , ,.g.e citamotuana rac hsaw ylno sah moor rof 01 srac ot tiaw
ni enil retneot msinahcemeht .
� detimilnU yticapac , ,.g.e trecnoc tekcit selas htiw on timil no eht ebmun r fo
elpoep dewolla ot tiaw ot esahcrup stekcit .
� roF etinifni - noitalupop :sledom
� nI smret fo lavirraretni semit fo evisseccus sremotsuc .
� modnaR :slavirra lavirraretni semit yllausu deziretcarahc yb a ytilibaborp
tubirtsid ion.
� tsoM tnatropmi om :led nossioP lavirra ssecorp htiw( etar l ,) erehw An stneserper
eht lavirraretni emit neewteb remotsuc n-1 dna remotsuc n, dna si yllaitnenopxe
detubirtsid htiw( naem 1/l).
� deludehcS :slavirra lavirraretni semit nac eb tnatsnoc ro tnatsnoc sulp ro sunim a
llams modnar tnuoma ot tneserper ylrae lro a slavirraet .
� ,.g.e stneitap ot a naicisyhp ro deludehcs a thgilfenilri otslavirra na ai ropr t.
� tA tsael eno remotsuc si demussa ot syawla eb ,tneserp os eht revres si reven
,.g.e,eldi tneiciffus war am lairet rof a enihcam .
� roF etinif - noitalupop :sledom
� remotsuC si gnidnep nehw eht remotsuc si edistuo eht gnieueuq ,metsys ,.g.e
enihcam - riaper :melborp a enihcam si ”gnidnep“ nehw ti si ,gnitarepo ti semoceb
ton“ ”gnidnep eht tnatsni ti sdnamed ivres ec mrof eht mriaper an.
� emitnuR fo a remotsuc si eht htgnel fo emit f morferutrapedmor eht gnieueuq
metsys litnu taht s’remotsuc txen lavirra ot eht ,eueuq ,.g.e enihcam - riaper ,melborp
senihcam era sremotsuc dna a emitnur si emit ot eruliaf .
� teL A1
(i)
, A2
(i)
, … eb evisseccuseht semitnur fo remotsuc dna,i S1
(i)
, S2
(i)
eb eht
gnidnopserroc evisseccus metsys :semit
� eueuQ :roivaheb eht snoitca fo sremotsuc elihw ni a eueuq rofgnitiaw otecivres
,nigeb f :elpmaxero
� :klaB evael nehw yeht ees taht enileht si oot ,gnol
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 73
� :egeneR evael retfa gnieb ni eht enil nehw sti gnivom oot ,ylwols
� :yekcoJ evom morf eno enil ot a retrohs enil .
� eueuQ :enilpicsid eht lacigol gniredro fo sremotsuc ni a eueuq taht senimreted
hcihw remotsuc si nesohc rof ecivres nehw a revres semoceb ,eerf rof :elpmaxe
� tsriF - ni - tsrif - tuo )OFIF(
� tsaL - ni - tsrif - tuo OFIL( )
� ecivreS ni modnar redro )ORIS(
� tsetrohS gnissecorp femit i tsr TPS( )
� ecivreS gnidrocca ot ytiroirp )RP( .
� ecivreS semit fo evisseccus ra slavir era detoned yb S1, S2, S3.
� yaM eb tnatsnoc ro modnar .
� {S1, S2, S3, }… si yllausu deziretcarahc sa a ecneuqes fo dnatnednepedni
yllacitnedi detubirtsid modnar ,selbairav ,.g.e ,laitnenopxe ,llubieW ,ammag
,lamrongol dna detacnurt lamron irtsid noitub .
� hcaE ecivres retnec stsisnoc fo emos rebmun fo ,srevres c, gnikrow ni ,lellarap
nopu gnitteg ot eht daeh fo eht ,enil remotsuca sekat eht 1st
elbaliava revres .
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 83
tinU -5
3102enuJ
.1 lumgnisusrebmunmodnarevifetareneG htiwdohtemlaitneurgnocevitacilpit
X0 .46=m,01=a,5= .skraM6
nloS : 0X = 63
1X = 6()91( 3) dom 001 = 7911 dom 001 = 79
2X )91(= 001dom)79( = 3481 m do 001 = 43
3X )91(= 001dom)34( = 718 m do 001 = 17
nehW m si a ewop r of 1 ,0 say m = b01 , eht om d olu noitarepo is dehsilpmocca
by s gniva eht b tsomthgir )lamiced( igid ts.
.2 gnisU.detarenegera29.0,50.0,61.0,28.0,66.0,44.0srebmunxisehT
vorogomlok - htiwtsetvonrims ehttahtsisehtopyhehtkcehcdna50.0=α
.detcejerebnac]1,0[lavretniehtnodetubirtsidylmrofinuerasrebmun
.skraM8
:loS
,tsriF eht srebmun tsum eb deknar morf ellams st to .tsegral uclacehT l snoita
nac detatilicafeb yb esu fo Tab el .2.7 ehT pot wor stsil eht srebmun morf
)1(tsellams ) ot )n(R(tsegral ) T. he itatupmoc o sn rof ,+D n ema ly i N/ - }i(R dna
rof D-, eman ly i(R ) - ( i - l ) / ,N are isae ly dehsilpmocca gnisu elbaT 2.7 . ehT
scitsitats era c detupm sa +D = 62.0 dna D- = 0 12. .
ferehT o ,er D = am x ,62.0{ }12.0 = 62.0 . ehT tirc i lac eulav fo ,D eniatbo d morf
elbaT 8.A rof a 50.0= dna N = ,5 si 565.0 . ecniS eht detupmoc ,eulav ,62.0 si ssel
naht eht detalubat acitirc l eulav , ,565.0 eht h sisehtopy fo on ereffid n ec neewteb
the di noitubirts fo eht detareneg srebmun dna ht e mrofinu noitubirtsid si on t
er j detce .
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 93
ehT snoitaluclac ni aT b el 2.7 era etartsulli d in Fi rug e ,2.7 where ht e
ripme i lac cd ,)X(NS,f si derapmoc ot t eh rofinu m cd ,f F(x .) tI nac eb s nee th ta
D+
si eht tsegral d taive i no of (NS x) evoba (F x ,) dna taht D-
si eht tsegral
aived t noi fo )X(NS eb l wo (F x). roF ex ,elpma ta R eht)3( eulav fo D+
si ig v ne by
5/3 - )3(R = 06.0 - .0 44 61.0= dna of D-
is vig en by R(3) = 5/2 = 4.0 4 - 04.0 =
.40.0 ohtlA u hg eht tset tats citsi D is denifed by noitauqE ( )3.7 sa the
maxim noitaivedmu revo lla x, ti nac be nees morf Fi erug 2.7 taht the
am xim mu ved ia it no liw l la ways rucco ta one of eht uj mp op in st R )1( , R 2( ) . . . ,
dna suht eht d noitaive ta rehto eulav s of x een d
ton eb noc deredis .
.3 gnisU tlum i evitacilp laitneurgnoc htem od, etareneg modnar srebmun
ot co lpm ete .elcyc nialpxE mumixam ytisned dna xam i mum
X,61=M,11=A,doirep 0 7= 6 skraM
:loS ehT ecneuqes fo iX dna tneuqesbus iR seulav si detupmoc sa :swollof
0X = 72
X1 = 71( . 72 + dom)34 001 = 205 dom 001 = 2
2=1R =001⁄ 0. 02
2X = 71( • 2 + )34 dom 001 = 77 dom 001 = 77
77=2R 0=001⁄ . 77
]tp3[* 3X = +77•71( dom)34 001 = 2531 dom 001 = 25
25=3R 0=001⁄ . 52
ceD naJ/ 2102 - 31
.4 gnisU s elbatiu ycneuqerf tset dnif tuo w eh reht eht dnar om n bmu ers
gener ta ed era ylmrofinu detubirtsid on eht lavretni 0[ , ]1 nac eb
detcejer . mussA e 0=α . 50 dna Dα 0= . 565 . ht e modnar srebmun era
0,11.0,89.0,37.0,45.0 . 86 4 skraM
los : tsriF , eht srebmun tsum be ra kn ed f or m ms la le ts ot la gr e ts . ehT
snoitaluclac nac afeb c detatili yb esu fo elbaT 7.2. ehT pot wor stsil eht
srebmun morf tsellams )1(R( ) ot )n(R(tsegral ) . ehT snoitatupmoc f ro +D , yleman
i N/ - }i(R dna f ro D-, name yl R(i ) - ( i - l ) / N, a ylisaeer dehsilpmocca gnisu
elbaT 7.2. ehT scitsitats era detupmoc sa +D = 0. 62 a dn D- = 0. .12
eroferehT , D = 0{xam . 62 , 0. }12 = 0. 62 . ehT citirc la v la ue of D, deniatbo morf
elbaT A.8 f ro a 0= . 50 dna N = 5, si 0. 565 . ecniS eht tupmoc ed eulav , 0. 62 , si ssel
naht eht lubat ated c citir al va ,eul 0. 565 , eht sisehtopyh fo on fid f ecnere neewteb eht
noitubirtsid fo eht reneg ated bmun e sr a dn eht mrofinu noitubirtsid si ton detcejer .
.5 gnisU elbatius ycneuqerf tset dnif tuo rehtehw eht modnar srebmun
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 04
detareneg era ylmrofinu detubirtsid no eht lavretni ]1,0[ c na eb .detcejer
emussA 50.0=α dna Dα 0= . 565 . eht modnar srebmun era
0,11.0,89.0,37.0,45.0 . 86 skraM01
:loS tsriF , eht srebmun tsum be ra kn ed f or m ms la le ts ot la gr e ts . ehT
snoitaluclac nac afeb c detatili yb esu fo elbaT 7.2. ehT pot wor stsil eht
srebmun morf tsellams )1(R( ) ot )n(R(tsegral ) . ehT snoitatupmoc f ro +D , yleman
i N/ - }i(R dna f ro D-, name yl R(i ) - ( i - l ) / N, a ylisaeer dehsilpmocca gnisu
elbaT 7.2. ehT scitsitats era detupmoc sa +D = 0. 62 a dn D- = 0. .12
eroferehT , D = 0{xam . 62 , 0. }12 = 0. 62 . ehT citirc la v la ue of D, deniatbo morf
elbaT A.8 f ro a 0= . 50 dna N = 5, si 0. 565 . ecniS eht tupmoc ed eulav , 0. 62 , si ssel
naht eht lubat ated c citir al va ,eul 0. 565 , eht sisehtopyh fo on fid f ecnere neewteb eht
noitubirtsid fo eht reneg ated bmun e sr a dn eht mrofinu irtsid noitub si ton detcejer .
ehT snoitaluclac ni lbaT e 7.2 era detartsulli ni erugiF 7.2, rehw e the ripme ci al
c fd , )X(NS , is derapmoc ot eht inu f mro c fd , )x(F . tI nac eb es en taht D+
si eht
la gr tse de iv ati no of )x(NS above )x(F , dna taht D-
si eht ral tseg noitaived fo )X(NS
b le wo )x(F . roF elpmaxe , ta )3(R eht av lue fo D+
si gi nev by 5/3 - (R 3) = 0. 06 -
0. 44 0= . 61 a dn of D-
si given by R(3) = 2/5 = 0. 44 - 0. 04 = 0.0 4. hguohtlA eht
tset citsitats D si denifed yb Eq noitau 7( . )3 sa ht e ma umix m dev ai noit over la l x, ti
nac eb nees morf erugiF 7.2 taht eht mumixam dev ai noit wi ll always occ ru at
no e of eht j pmu stniop ,)1(R )2(R . . . , dna suht eht noitaived ta rehto seulav fo x
deen ton eb deredisnoc .
.6 tsegguS a pets yb pets erudecorp ot etareneg modnar v setaira gnisu
inve sr e tra sn f mro euqinhcet rof laitnenopxe noitubirtsid . skraM6
:loS esrevnI mrofsnarT nhceT i euq :
ehT esrevni snart f mro euqinhcet nac eb desu ot elpmas morf laitnenopxe , ht e
inu f mro , llubieWeht , dna eht ralugnairt rtsid i tub i sno a dn empi cir al
di rts i snoitub . noitiddA ally, it is t gniylrednueh elpicnirp f ro gnilpmas morf a
diw e rav ei yt of d csi rete d si t .snoitubir ehT euqinhcet lliw eb denialpxe ni liated rof
eht laitnenopxe noitubirtsid dna ht en deilppa ot hto er di rts i ub t snoi .
tI si eht m tso ,drawrofthgiarts tub syawla eht tsom ,.tneiciffe euqinhcet
yllanoitatupmoc .
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 14
LAITNENOPXE NOITUBIRTSID :
ehT laitnenopxe ,noitubirtsid sah ytilibaborp ytisned noitcnuf )fdp( nevig yb
=)X(f eλ - xλ
, x ≥ 0
,0 x < 0
dna evitalumuc noitubirtsid noitcnuf )fdc( nevig yb
)X(f = ∫ -∞
x
)t(f td = 1 – e –λ
,x x ≥ 0
,0 <x 0
ehT retemarap nac eb deterpretni sa eht naem rebmun fo secnerrucco rep emit tinu .
roF elpmaxe , fi lavirraretni semit iX , 2X , 3X , . . . dah na laitnenopxe noitubirtsid
htiw ar et , then dluoc eb deterpretni sa eht naem rebmun of a rr iv la s per mit e inu t,
ro the a rr ival r eta | toN eci that ynarof j =)iX(E λ/1 os taht si eht naem
lavirraretni .emit ehT laog ereh si ot poleved a p erudecor rof neg erati gn seulav
,3X,2X,1X … .. hcihw evah na laitnenopxe noitubirtsid .
ehT esrevni snart f mro euqinhcet nac eb ,dezilitu ta tsael ni ,elpicnirp rof yna
tubirtsid i no . tuB siti tsom esu f lu hw en eht c fd . )x(F , si of hcus elpmis mrof
ht at its i vn e esr , F , can be ea ylis etupmoc d. A pets - yb -st pe erudecorp rof eht
esrevni snart f mro euqinhcet rtsulli ated yb me laitnenopxe ,noitubirtsid si sa
fo ll :swo
tS ep .1 tupmoC e eht fdc fo eht de deris modnar lbairav e X. roF eht laitnenopxe
noitubirtsid , eht dc f si )x(F = 1 — e , x > 0.
tS ep 2. teS )X(F = R no eht gnar e of X. roF eht laitnenopxe noitubirtsid , ti b ce mo es
1 – e- Xλ
= R no eht egnar x 0=> . ecniS X si a modnar va elbair htiw( eht
laitnenopxe noitubirtsid in siht ac ,)es ti f swollo taht 1 - si osla a modnar
elbairav , reh e ca ll ed .R sA lliw eb nwohs late ,r R has a mrofinu noitubirtsid
revo eht lavretni ,.)1,0(
tS ep 3. evloS eht noitauqe )X(F = R rof X ni terms of R. roF eht laitnenopxe
tubirtsid i no , eht noitulos sdeecorp sa :swollof
1 – e-λ
x = R
e-λ
=x 1 – R
- =Xλ 1(nl - )R
=x - λ/1 1(nl – )R ( 1.5 )
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 24
noitauqE 5( . )1 si dellac a modnar - etairav rotareneg f ro eht laitnenopxe
id st ubir it no . nI ,lareneg noitauqE 5( . )1 si nettirw sa F=X - (1 R ). gnitareneG a
ecneuqes fo seulav si pmocca sil hed guorht h spets 4.
tS ep 4. etareneG sa( )dedeen mrofinu modnar bmun e sr R1, R2, R ..,3 . dna
etupmoc eht derised modnar setairav yb iX = F-1 )iR( roF eht laitnenopxe ,esac F
)R( = (- 1(nl)λ/1 - )R yb noitauqE ,)1.5( tahtos iX = - λ/1 nl ( 1 – )iR ( 2.5 )
rof i = 1,2, ,3 ... . enO noitacifilpmis taht si yllausu e deyolpm ni uqE ita no )2.5( si to
ecalper 1 – iR yb otiR dleiy iX = - λ/1 nl iR ( 3.5 )
hcihw si j deifitsu ecnis htob iR dna 1- iR era ylmrofinu detubirtsid no )1,0( .
uJ ne 102 2
.7 nialpxE eht owt tnereffid seuqinhcet rof neg gnitare modnar srebmun htiw
?selpmaxe skraM01
:loS 1 raeniL rgnoC u ne t lai eM ht do )
ehT raenil laitneurgnoc dohtem , yllaitini desoporp yb remheL ,]1591[ udorp ec s a
ecneuqes getnifo e ,sr X, ,2X ... neewteb orez dna m — 1 gnidrocca ot eht gniwollof
er visruc e :pihsnoitaler
Xi+1 = (aXi + c) om d m, i = 0,1,2, ...
ehT laitini eulav 0X si dellac eht ,dees
fI c ≠ 0 ni uqE a noit 7( . )1 , eht mrof si c la led ht e m dexi aitneurgnoc l
m te h do . nehW c = ,0 eht mrof si nwonk sa the m evitacilpitlu aitneurgnoc l
me ht do . ehT noitceles fo eht v la u se f ro a, ,c m dna X0 yllacitsard stceffa eht
itats stic la porp erties a dn ht e cycle el ngth. . ehT modnar sregetni era gnieb detareneg
[ m,0 -1 ,] dna ot trevnoc eht sregetni ot modnar :srebmun
2 oC m denib raeniL tneurgnoC i la eG n are t sro
sA gnitupmoc rewop sah desaercni , eht ytixelpmoc fo eht sys smet ht at we are
a lb e to si lum a et sah osla saercni de .
enO luftiurf hcaorppa si ot enibmoc owt ro erom evitacilpitlum neurgnoc -t ai l
genera srot ni hcus a yaw taht eht denibmoc ge rotaren sah doog citsitats al
seitreporp dna a l gno er pe doir . ehT gniwollof tluser morf L' reyucE ]8891[
stseggus woh siht nac eb d :eno fI ,iW 1 , Wi , 2. . . , W ,i k era yna tnednepedni ,
etercsid - deulav modnar selbairav ton( ylirassecen yllacitnedi ,)detubirtsid tub eno
fo meht , say iW , ,1 si inu f ylmro detubirtsid no eht sregetni 0 ot mi — 2,
ht en si ylmrofinu detubirtsid no eht getni sre 0 imot — 2.
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 34
.8 ehT ecneuqes fo srebmun 0,50.0,41.0,18.0,44.0 . 39 w ere tareneg e ,d esu eht
vorogomloK - vonrimS htiwtset levela fo ecnacifingis a fo erapmoc.50.0 )X(F
dna SN )X( skraM01
:loS
ehT snoitaluclac ni elbaT 7.2 era ulli detarts ni giF u er 7. ,2 erehw eht laciripme
)X(NS,fdc , derapmoc ot eht mrofinu fdc , )x(F . tI nac eb se ne taht +D si eht
egral s noitaivedt of )x(NS evoba )x(F , dna taht D- si eht tsegral noitaived of
(NS X) bel wo )x(F . roF elpmaxe , ta )3(R eht va eul of +D si nevig yb 5/3 - )3(R =
0. 06 - 0. 44 0= . dna61 fo D- si nevig by )3(R = 2/5 = 0. 44 - 0. 04 = 0. 40 . hguohtlA
eht tset ats t si cit D denifedsi yb noitauqE )3.7( sa eht mumixam noitaived revo
lla x, ti nac eb nees f giFmor u er 7.2 taht eht mumixam noitaived lliw a wl a sy
occ ru at no e of ht e j pmu stniop )1(R , )2(R . . . , dna suht eht noitaived ta rehto
seulav fo x deen ton deredisnoceb
D naJ/ce 02 11 - 21
.9 nialpxE eht owt tnereffid seuqinhcet rof gnitareneg modnar srebmun htiw
?selpmaxe skraM01
:loS 1 raeniL rgnoC u ne t lai eM ht do )
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 44
ehT raenil laitneurgnoc dohtem , yllaitini desoporp yb remheL ,]1591[ udorp ec s a
ecneuqes getnifo e ,sr X, ,2X ... neewteb orez dna m — 1 gnidrocca ot eht gniwollof
visrucer e :pihsnoitaler
Xi+1 = (aXi + c) om d m, i = 0,1,2, ...
ehT laitini eulav 0X si dellac eht ,dees
fI c ≠ 0 ni uqE a noit 7( . )1 , eht mrof si c la led ht e m dexi aitneurgnoc l
m te h do . nehW c = ,0 eht mrof si nwonk sa the m evitacilpitlu aitneurgnoc l
me ht do . ehT noitceles fo eht v la u se f ro a, ,c m dna X0 yllacitsard stceffa eht
itats stic la porp erties a dn ht e cycle el gn th. . ehT modnar sregetni era gnieb detareneg
[ m,0 -1 ,] dna ot trevnoc eht sregetni ot modnar :srebmun
2 oC m denib raeniL tneurgnoC i la eG n are t sro
sA gnitupmoc rewop sah desaercni , eht ytixelpmoc fo eht s sy smet ht at we are
a lb e to si lum a et sah osla desaercni .
enO luftiurf hcaorppa si ot enibmoc owt ro erom evitacilpitlum neurgnoc -t ai l
genera srot ni hcus a yaw taht eht denibmoc ge rotaren sah doog citsitats al
seitreporp dna a l gno er pe doir . ehT gniwollof er tlus morf L' reyucE ]8891[
stseggus woh siht nac eb :enod fI ,iW 1 , Wi , 2. . . , W ,i k era yna tnednepedni ,
etercsid - deulav modnar selbairav ton( ylirassecen yllacitnedi ,)detubirtsid tub eno
fo meht , say iW , ,1 si inu f ylmro detubirtsid no eht sregetni 0 to mi — 2,
ht en si ylmrofinu detubirtsid no eht sregetni 0 imot — 2.
.01 gnisU.detarenegera29.0,50.0,61.0,28.0,66.0,44.0srebmunxisehT
vorogomlok - htiwtsetvonrims ehttahtsisehtopyhehtkcehcdna50.0=α
.detcejerebnac]1,0[lavretniehtnodetubirtsidylmrofinuerasrebmun
.skraM01
:loS
,tsriF eht srebmun tsum eb deknar morf ellams st to .tsegral uclacehT l snoita
nac detatilicafeb yb esu fo Tab el .2.7 ehT pot wor stsil eht srebmun morf
)1(tsellams ) ot )n(R(tsegral ) T. he itatupmoc o sn rof ,+D n ema ly i N/ - }i(R dna
rof D-, eman ly i(R ) - ( i - l ) / ,N are isae ly dehsilpmocca gnisu elbaT 2.7 . ehT
scitsitats era c detupm sa +D = 62.0 dna D- = 12.0 .
ferehT o ,er D = am x ,62.0{ }12.0 = 62.0 . ehT tirc i lac eulav fo ,D eniatbo d morf
elbaT 8.A rof a 50.0= dna N = ,5 si 565.0 . ecniS eht detupmoc ,eulav ,62.0 si ssel
naht eht detalubat acitirc l eulav , ,565.0 eht h sisehtopy fo on ereffid n ec neewteb
the d noitubirtsi fo eht detareneg srebmun dna ht e mrofinu noitubirtsid si on t
er j detce .
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 54
ehT snoitaluclac ni aT b el 2.7 era etartsulli d in Fi rug e ,2.7 where ht e
ripme i lac cd ,)X(NS,f si derapmoc ot t eh rofinu m cd ,f F(x .) tI nac eb s nee th ta
D+
si aleht tsegr d taive i no of (NS x) evoba (F x ,) dna taht D-
si eht tsegral
aived t noi fo )X(NS eb l wo (F x). roF ex ,elpma ta R eht)3( eulav fo D+
si ig v ne by
5/3 - )3(R = 06.0 - .0 44 61.0= dna of D-
is vig en by R(3) = 5/2 = 4.0 4 - 04.0 =
.40.0 ohtlA u hg eht tset tsitats ci D is denifed by noitauqE ( )3.7 sa the
maxim noitaivedmu revo lla x, ti nac be nees morf Fi erug 2.7 taht the
am xim mu ved ia it no liw l la ways rucco ta one of eht uj mp op in st R )1( , R 2( ) . . . ,
dna suht eht d noitaive ta rehto eulav s of x een d ton eb edisnoc der .
nuJ 02e 11
.11 ehtesu,detarenegerew39.0,50.0,41.0,18.0,44.0srebmunfoecneuqesehT
vorogomloK - dna)X(Ferapmoc.50.0foaecnacifingisfolevelahtiwtsetvonrimS
)X(NS skraM01
:loS
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 64
.21 seuqinhcettnereffidowtehtnialpxE htiwsrebmunmodnargnitarenegrof
?selpmaxe skraM01
:loS )dohteMlaitneurgnoCraeniL1
asecudorp,]1591[remheLybdesoporpyllaitini,dohtemlaitneurgnocraenilehT
X,sregetnifoecneuqes  mdnaorezneewteb...,2X, — ollofehtotgnidrocca1 gniw
:pihsnoitalerevisrucer
...,2,1,0=i,mdom)c+iXa(=1+iX
,deesehtdellacsi0XeulavlaitiniehT
cfI =cnehW.dohtemlaitneurgnocdeximehtdellacsimrofeht,)1.7(noitauqEni0≠
ehtfonoitcelesehT.dohtemlaitneurgnocevitacilpitlumehtsanwonksimrofeht,0
lcycehtdnaseitreporplacitsitatsehtstceffayllacitsard0Xdnam,c,arofseulav e
m,0[detareneggnieberasregetnimodnarehT..htgnel - sregetniehttrevnocotdna,]1
:srebmunmodnarot
srotareneGlaitneurgnoCraeniLdenibmoC2
otelbaeraewtahtsmetsysehtfoytixelpmoceht,desaercnisahrewopgnitupmocsA
nioslasahetalumis .desaerc
neurgnocevitacilpitlumeromroowtenibmocotsihcaorppaluftiurfenO - srotareneglait
regnoladnaseitreporplacitsitatsdoogsahrotarenegdenibmocehttahtyawahcusni
nacsihtwohstseggus]8891[reyucE'LmorftlusergniwollofehT.doirep fI:enodeb
etercsid,tnednepedniynaerak,iW,...2,iW,1,iW - ton(selbairavmodnardeulav
detubirtsidylmrofinusi,1,iWyas,mehtfoenotub,)detubirtsidyllacitnediylirassecen
imot0sregetniehtno — ehtnodetubirtsidylmrofinusineht,2 imot0sregetni — .2
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 74
tinU -6
3102enuJ
.1 esrevnignisusetairavmodnaretarenegoterudecorppetsybpetsatsegguS
.noitubirtsidlaitnenopxerofeuqinhcetmrofsnart skraM01
:los
�Ex tnenop ial siD t ir tub oi n:
� laitnenopxE cdf:
r = )x(F
= 1 – e-λx
for x ≥ 0
R= )X(F
X=F-1
( )R
� To eneg r eta X1, X2, X3 …
Xi = F-1
(R)
= -(1/λ) ln(1-R)
= - 1( /λ) R(nl i)
niS ce ob th 1-Ri & Ri era lmrofinu y id s irt ub t de b te we ne 0& 1
:erugiF vnI esre - euqinhcetmrofsnart rof exp(λ = )1
.2 .atadtuohtiwsledomtupnignitcelesfosdohtemruofnialpxE
skraM01
:loS
erehT era ruof spets ni eht tnempoleved fo a lufesu ledom fo tupni :atad
• tcelloC atad morf eht laer metsys fo etni r tse . sihT o netf seriuqer a tsbus antial
emit dna cruoser e c mmo itme tn . ,yletanutrofnU ni emos snoitautis ti si ton
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 84
elbissop tcellocot atad .
• yfitnedI a ytilibaborp ubirtsid t noi ot tneserper eht upni t ssecorp . nehW atad are
elbaliava , siht pets yllacipyt snigeb by gnipoleved a fre uq ency di rts i noitub , ro
,margotsih fo eht atad .
• esoohC emarap t sre ht at enimreted a ps e cific ni s ecnat of the di ubirts it no f ylima .
nehW atad era ,elbaliava eseht sretemarap yam eb detamitse ehtmorf atad .
• E etaulav eht esohc n di irts noitub dna t eh sa s aico t de emarap t sre for og od-of-fit.
ssendooG - fo - tif yam be detaulave ni f yllamro aiv rg a hp ical me sdoht , ro mrof a ll y
aiv lacitsitats te sts . ehT erauqsihc dna ht e omloK - rog ov- nrimS ov te ts s a er
dnats a dr ssendoog - fo - tif stset . If ton fsitas dei taht the c soh en di rts i ub t noi si a
doog noitamixorppa fo eht atad , neht eht tsylana er t snru ot the es c dno ste ,p
sesoohc a tnereffid ylimaf fo id ts ubir it no s, a dn re ep a st the corp e erud . fI ves eral
snoitareti fo siht erudecorp liaf ot dleiy a tif eewteb n na sa mus ed rtsid i ub it lano
mrof dna eht detcelloc atad .
naJ/ceD 02 21 - 31
.3 ehT ollof w gni si tes of elgnis tigid nu bm e sr fr mo a r dna om n mu b re
gnisU.rotareneg etairporppa tset kcehc, rehtehw eht srebmun era
50.0=α,05=N.ylmrofinu dna X2
9.61= 02 skraM
7,4,0,6,5,8,6,2,1,6,6,2,8,0,4,6,4,6,0,9,9,6,0,7,6
,4,1,0,2,9,7,4,0,1,7,6,6,8,0,6,8,9,4,1,7,0,5,3,1 8
:loS esU eht ihc - qs u era tset wi ht a = 50.0 ot tset rehtehw eht atad nwohs woleb era
mrofinu ly etubirtsid d. elbaT 3.7 co sniatn eht laitnesse moc p atu ti no s. ehT tset sesu n
= foslavretni01 qe ual ,htgnel ,0[yleman ,)1.0 [ ,1.0 ,)2.0 . . . , ,9.0[ )0.1 . ehT eulav
of X0
2
is 4.3 . sihT si derapmoc htiw eht lacitirc eulav X2
9,50.0 = ecniS.9.61 X0
2
si
hcum rellams naht eht detalubat v eula of X2
, eht llun h sisehtopy fo a mrofinu
noitubirtsid si ton cejer t de .
.0 05.9
50.0 ,9
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 94
htoB eht gomloK o vor -S vonrim dna eht ihc - erauqs tset era elbatpecca rof gnitset
eht imrofinu ty fo a elpmas of ad t ,a rp o dediv taht the pmas le zis e is al r .eg
Ho ,revew eht vorogomloK - onrimS v et ts si eht erom lufrewop fo eht owt dna
si mocer m dedne . Fu rehtr m ,ero eht mloK o vorog - vonrimS tset nac eb ppa l dei ot
llams elpmas is z ,se saerehw eht ihc - qs u era si av il d no ly rof lar eg ,selpmas yas
05=>N .
igamI ne a tes fo 01 0 nu srebm hcihw era ieb ng detset of r edni p edne n ec erehw the
fi tsr 01 val eu s era ni eht ar n eg 10.0 - .0 1 ,0 eht dnoces 01 seulav era ni eht ar n eg
11.0 - 02.0 , dna os no . sihT tes fo srebmun dluow ssap eht euqerf ncy stset htiw ,esae
tub eht gniredro of eht srebmun decudorp by eht eg n rotare dluow n to eb modnar .
ehT stset ni eht redniamer fo siht ahc p ret era oc n rec n de htiw eht ecnednepedni fo
modnar srebmun hcihw era
nuJ e 102 2
.4 poleveD a modnar etairav rotareneg rof X htiw fdp nevig woleb
,x=)x(F 1<x<0
= 2-x 2<x<1
= 0 iwrehto se skraM6
:loS
.5 .margotsihgnisunoitubirtsidatadfoecnatropmi,elpmaxenahtiwnialpxE
41 skraM
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 05
A ycneuqerf noitubirtsid ro margotsih si lufesu in gniyfitnedi eht epahs fo a
noitubirtsid .
A margotsih si c detcurtsno :swollofsa
1. ediviD eht egnar fo eht atad otni slavretni slavretni( ra e yllausu fo lauqe
;htdiw woh e rev , lauqenu shtdiw revewoh , lauqenu htdiw yam be desu if the
he sthgi of ht e frequencies a er detsujda ).
2. lebaL eht latnoziroh sixa ot mrofnoc ot eht slavretni detceles .
3. enimreteD eht ycneuqerf fo secnerrucco nihtiw hcae lavretni .
4. lebaL eht lacitrev sixa os taht eht latot secnerrucco nac eb dettolp rof hcae
lavretni .
5. tolP eht seicneuqerf no eht sixalacitrev .
• fI eht slavretni era oot ,ediw eht margotsih eblliw ,esraoc ro ,ykcolb dna sti epahs
dna sliatedrehto lliw ton wohs llew . fI eht slavretni era oot ,worran eht margotsih
lliw eb dnadeggar lliw ton htooms eht atad .
• ehT margotsih rof suounitnoc atad sdnopserroc ot eht ytilibaborp ytisned noitcnuf
fo a laciteroeht noitubirtsid .
D ce naJ/ 02 11 - 21
.6 esrevnignisusetairavmodnaretarenegoterudecorppetsybpetsatsegguS
irtsidlaitnenopxerofeuqinhcetmrofsnart .noitub skraM01
:los
�Ex tnenop ial siD t ir tub oi n:
� laitnenopxE cdf:
r = )x(F
= 1 – e-λx
for x ≥ 0
R= )X(F
X=F-1
( )R
� To eneg r eta X1, X2, X3 …
Xi = F-1
(R)
= -(1/λ) ln(1-R)
= - 1( /λ) R(nl i)
niS ce ob th 1-Ri & Ri era lmrofinu y id s irt ub t de b te we ne 0& 1
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 15
.7 poleveD a modnar etairav rotareneg rof X htiw fdp nevig woleb
)x(F ,x= 1<x<0
2= - 2<x<1x
esiwrehto0= 01 skraM
:loS
1102enuJ
.8 ehT ollof w gni si tes of elgnis tigid nu bm e sr fr mo a r dna om n mu b re
.rotareneg gnisU etairporppa tset kcehc, rehtehw eht srebmun era
50.0=α,05=N.ylmrofinu dna X2
9.61= 02 skraM
7,4,0,6,5,8,6,2,1,6,6,2,8,0,4,6,4,6,0,9,9,6,0,7,6
,4,1,0,2,9,7,4,0,1,7,6,6,8,0,6,8,9,4,1,7,0,5,3,1 8
:loS esU eht ihc - qs u era tset wi ht a = 50.0 ot tset rehtehw eht atad nwohs woleb era
mrofinu ly ubirtsid et d. elbaT 3.7 co sniatn eht laitnesse moc p atu it no s. ehT tset sesu n
= foslavretni01 qe ual ,htgnel ,0[yleman ,)1.0 [ ,1.0 ,)2.0 . . . , ,9.0[ )0.1 . ehT eulav
of X0
2
is 4.3 . sihT si derapmoc htiw eht lacitirc eulav X2
9,50.0 = ecniS.9.61 X0
2
si
hcum lams rel naht eht detalubat v eula of X2
, eht llun h sisehtopy fo a mrofinu
noitubirtsid si ton cejer t de .
.0 05.9
50.0 ,9
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 25
htoB eht gomloK o vor -S vonrim dna eht ihc - erauqs tset era elbatpecca rof gnitset eht
imrofinu ty fo a elpmas of ad t ,a rp o dediv taht the pmas le zis e is al r .eg Ho ,revew eht
vorogomloK - onrimS v tset si eht erom lufrewop fo eht owt dna si mocer m dedne .
Fu rehtr m ,ero eht mloK o vorog - vonrimS tset nac eb ppa l dei ot llams elpmas is z ,se
saerehw eht ihc - qs u era si av il d no ly rof lar eg ,selpmas yas 05=>N .
amI ig ne a tes fo 01 0 nu srebm hcihw era ieb ng detset rof edni p edne n ec erehw the fi tsr
01 val eu s era ni eht ar n eg 10.0 - .0 1 ,0 eht dnoces 01 seulav era ni eht ar n eg 11.0 - 02.0 , dna
os no . sihT tes fo srebmun dluow ssap eht euqerf ncy stset htiw ,esae tub eht iredro gn of
eht srebmun decudorp by eht eg n rotare dluow ton eb modnar . ehT stset ni eht redniamer
fo siht ahc p ret era oc n rec n de htiw eht ecnednepedni fo modnar srebmun hcihw era
.detareneg ehT pr noitatnese fo eht stset si ralimis ot taht by tdimhcS dna Ta ly or
[1 079 ].
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 35
tinU -7
3102enuJ
.1 .metsysnoitalumisfoecnamrofrepfoerusaemnialpxeylfeirB .skraM01
:loS
� redisnoC eht noitamitse fo a amrofrep n ec ,retemarap q ro( f ,) of a talumis ed
sy ts em.
� etercsiD emit :atad [Y1, Y2, …, Yn yranidrohtiw,] :naem q
� suounitnoC - emit atad : { ,)t(Y 0 ≤ t ≤ TE} htiw emit - hgiew t de
naem :
� tnioP noitamitse rof etercsid emit atad .
� ehT tniop :rotamitse
θˆ
=
sI aibnu s de fi sti ex detcep av l eu is θ, aht t si i :f
sI aib s de :fi
tnioP tsE i tam or
� tnioP noitamitse rof suounitnoc - emit atad .
� ehT tniop :rotamitse
φˆ
=
� sI aib s nide neg e hwlar re :e .
� nA desaibnu ro wol -bi sa rotamitse si derised .
� lausU l ,y s metsy ecnamrofrep serusaem nac eb up t otni eht nommoc
krowemarf fo q ro f:
,.g.e the noitroporp fo yad s no hcihw s sela are tsol hguorht na tuo - fo - kcots
,noitautis let:
fi tuo fo kcots no yad i
iwrehto se
� ecnamrofreP saem u er taht seod ton :tif elitnauq ro :elitnecrep
� gnitamitsE :selitnauq eht esrevni fo eht p melbor fo gnitamitse a
porp o noitr ro
ytilibaborp .
� redisnoC a margotsih fo t eh devresbo v eula s Y:
� dniF tahthcus p001 % fo eht margotsih si ot eht tfel fo
ams( l rel aht n
ecnedifnoC - lavretnI noitamitsE
� oT dnatsrednu ecnedifnoc slavretni ,ylluf ti si tnatropmi ot hsiugnitsid neewteb
serusaem fo rre o ,r dna serusaem fo ,ksir ,.g.e edifnoc n ec ni t lavre susrev ciderp t noi
in avret l.
n
∑Y
i
i=1
1
n
E(θˆ
) =θ
∫
TE
TE
0
1 Y (t) td
Y (t) = �
1,
�0,
�
rP {Y ≤ θ} = p
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 45
� esoppuS eht ledom si t eh lamron rtsid i noitub w ti h m nae q ecnairav, s2
tob( h
)nwonknu .
� teL Yi eb eht egareva cyc el emit rof strap dorp u dec no eht ith
noitacilper fo eht
noitalumis sti( lacitamehtam noitatcepxe si q).
� egarevA c elcy emit lliw av ry morf day ot da ,y tub olehtrevo ng- ehtnur av foegare eht
segareva eblliw esolc ot q.
� elpmaS ecnairav ssorca R :snoitacilper
ecnedifnoC - lavretnI noitamitsE
� ecnedifnoC lavretnI :)IC(
� A erusaem rorrefo .
� erehW Y .i era yllamron detubirtsid .
Y ± tα / 2,R-1
.2 ydaetsdnanoitalumistneisnartrognitanimretneewtebnoitcnitsidehtnialpxE
.elpmaxenaeviG.noitalumisetats skraM01
:loS
D ce naJ/ 02 21 - 31
.3 ialpxE n eht ihc - erauqs tset w hti a = 50.0 ot tset w rehteh eht atad ohs wn
woleb era ylmrofinu detubirtsid . elbaT 7.3 sniatnoc eht laitnesse
c pmo u tat i sno . ehT tset su es n = 01 slavretni of lauqe htgnel , na ylem 0( , 0. ]1 ,
0( .1, 0. ]2 , . . . , 0( .9, 1. ]0 . ehT eulav of χ0
2
sihT si derapmoc htiw eht cr iti cal
av lue χ2
9.61= . ecniS χ0
2
si hcum s rellam naht ht e eulavdetalubat fo χ2
eht llun sisehtopyh fo a mrofinu noitubirtsid si detcejerton . .skraM01
1
R -1
-Y )2
R
∑(Y
i. ..
i=1S =2
S
R
si 3.4.0 50. , 90.05, 9
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 55
iOlavretnI iE iO - iE iO( - 2)iE iO( - iE/2)iE
001 001 0 .3 4
.4 ottcepserhtiwnoitalumisetatsydaetsdnagnitanimretneewtebetaitnereffiD
.elpmaxenahtiwsisylanatuptuo skraM01
:loS
ecnedifnoC - noitamitsElavretnI
� :)IP(lavretnInoitciderP
.ksirfoerusaemA•
titubrotamitseruosiyadralucitrapanoemitelcycegarevaehtrofsseugdoogA•
.thgiryltcaxeebotylekilnusi
ynanoemitelcycegarevalautcaehtniatnocothguoneediwebotdengisedsiIP•
.ytilibaborphgihhtiwyadralucitrap
lamroN• - :lavretninoitciderpyroeht
R,2/αt±Y - 1S1
etalumisrevennacewesuacebsesaercniRsa0otogtonlliwIPfohtgnelehT•
.ksiryawa
:sitimils’IP•
snoitalumiSgnitanimreTrofsisylanAtuptuO
tA� .]ET,0[lavretniemitdetalumisarevosnur:noitalumisgnitanimre
modnartnereffidagnisunurhcae,desuerasnoitacilpertnednepedni,larenegnI�
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 65
.snoitidnoclaitininesohcyltnednepednidnamaertsrebmun
enuJ - 2102
5) sdroceR gniniatrep ot eht tnom ylh rebmun fo boj detaler i ujn ries ta na
u dn re gr uo nd laoc enim erew gnieb deiduts yb edef r la ycnega . eht seulav of
tsap 001 mont sh a er as fo swoll :
tnom/seirujnI h 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
cneuqerF y fo 35 40 13 6 4 1 1
ecnarucco
ylppA eht ihc rauqs e tset ot eseht atad ot tset ht e opyh thesis that the
dist noitubir is siop s no htiw naem 0.1 dna 0=α . dna50 X2
=7 8. 1.
skraM01
:loS
ehT tsrif wef srebmun detareneg era sa f :swollo
X1
= 75
)754,321( dom 2( 13
- )1 = 997,149,470,2 dom 2( 13
- )1
X1
= 997,149,470,2
R1
= X1
⁄2 13
X2 = 75
)997,149,470,2( 2(dom 13
- )1 = 278,955 , 061
R2 = X2
2⁄ 13
= 7062.0
X3 = 75
)061,278,955( 132(dom - )1 = 316,535,546,1
R3 = X3
2⁄ 13
= 2667.0
.5 etaitnereffiD neewteb gnitanimret dna ydaets etats italumis on w hti tcepser
ot tuptuo sisylana htiw na pmaxe le. skraM01
:loS
ecnedifnoC - lavretnI noitamitsE
� noitciderP lavretnI ( :)IP
� A erusaem fo ksir .
� A doog sseug rof eht egareva elcyc emit no a ralucitrap yad si ruo rotamitse tub
ti
si ylekilnu ot yltcaxeeb thgir .
� IP si dengised ot eb hguoneediw ot ehtniatnoc ac laut egareva elcyc emit ynano
ralucitrap yad htiw ih hg ytilibaborp .
� lamroN - yroeht noitciderp :lavretni
Y ± tα / 2,R-1S 1+
..
9.50.0
1
R
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 75
� ehT htgnel fo IP lliw ton og ot 0 sa R sesaercni esuaceb ew nac reven etalumis
yawa ksir .
� s’IP timil i :s
tuptuO sisylanA rof gnitanimreT Si italum ons
�A nitanimret g :noitalumis snur revo a detalumis emit lavretni [ ,0 TE].
� nI ,lareneg tnednepedni snoitacilper era ,desu hcae nur gnisu a tnereffid modnar
rebmun maerts dna yltnednepedni nesohc laitini tidnoc i sno .
D naJ/ce 02 11 - 21
.6 ihcnialpxE - fossendoogfoerauqs - tif – ?noitubirtsidlaitnenopxeroftset
:los skram01
margotsiherapmoC
seziselpmasegralrofdilaV
snoitavresbonehtegnarrA
W hcih ihcehtswollofyletamixorppa - khtiwnoitubirtsiderauqs -s- ,modeerffoseerged1
fosretemarapfo#=serehw elpmasehtybdetamitsenoitubirtsiddezisehtopyheht
sisehtopyhlluN.scitsitats – ebtonnacnoitubirtsiddeificepsamorfemocsnoitavresbo
ehttceffas’iEllamshtiwsllecnisrorrEm:stnemmoC:fiαfoecnacifingisatadetcejer
hteromscitsitatstset na :detabediEfoezismuminiMm.s’iEegralhtiwsllec
rofdengisedtseTm.sllectnecajdaenibmoctonfi;eromro5foeulavasdnemmocer
ihC,snoitubirtsidsuounitnocroF.ylnoseziselpmasegraldnasnoitubirtsidetercsid -
ixorppanaylnositseterauqS nrofylnosdlohecnacifingisfolevel,.e.i(noitam -> .)∞
;rotarenegrebmunmodnaragnisudetarenegsrebmunmodnar005:1elpmaxE
foleveltA.1dna0neewteb,1.0foslavretnitasllecotnidezirogetacsnoitavresbo
ebmunesehtera,1.0foecnacifingis ?)1,0(UDIIsr
Inte vr al Oi Ei iO([ - )iE ^ ]2 / iE
1 05 05 0
2 84 05 0. 80
3 94 05 0. 20
4 24 05 1. 82
5 25 05 0. 80
6 54 05 0.5
7 36 05 3. 83
8 45 05 0. 23
9 05 05 0
01 74 05 0. 81
500 5. 48
χ0 = 8.5 5; orf m ht e t ba le χ[
2
= 6.41 8;
isehtopyH s etpecca d ta cnacifingis e evel l fo .01.0
θ ± zα / 2σ
2
.0 9,9]
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 85
.7 nialpxeylfeirB .metsysnoitalumisfoecnamrofrepfoerusaem .skraM01
:loS
� redisnoC eht noitamitse fo a amrofrep n ec ,retemarap q ro( f ,) of a talumis ed sy ts em.
� etercsiD emit :atad [Y1, Y2, …, Yn yranidrohtiw,] :naem q
� suounitnoC - emit atad : { ,)t(Y 0 ≤ t ≤ TE} tiw h emit - hgiew t de
naem :
� tnioP noitamitse rof etercsid emit atad .
� ehT tniop :rotamitse
θˆ
=
sI aibnu s de fi sti ex detcep av l eu is θ, aht t si i :f
sI aib s de :fi
tnioP tsE i tam or
� tnioP noitamitse rof suounitnoc - emit atad .
� ehT tniop :rotamitse
φˆ
=
� sI aib s nide neg e hwlar re :e .
� nA desaibnu ro wol -bi sa rotamitse si derised .
� lausU l ,y s metsy ecnamrofrep serusaem nac eb up t otni eht nommoc krowemarf fo q ro
f:
,.g.e the noitroporp fo yad s no hcihw s sela are tsol hguorht na tuo - fo - kcots
,noitautis let:
fi tuo fo kcots no yad i
iwrehto se
� ecnamrofreP saem u er taht seod ton :tif elitnauq ro :elitnecrep
� gnitamitsE :selitnauq eht esrevni fo eht p melbor fo gnitamitse a porp o noitr
ro ytilibaborp .
� redisnoC a margotsih fo t eh evresbo d v eula s Y:
� dniF tahthcus p001 % fo eht margotsih si ot eht tfel fo ams( l rel aht n
ecnedifnoC - lavretnI noitamitsE
� oT dnatsrednu ecnedifnoc slavretni ,ylluf ti si tnatropmi ot hsiugnitsid neewteb
serusaem fo rre o ,r dna serusaem fo ,ksir ,.g.e edifnoc nce ni t lavre susrev ciderp t noi
in avret l.
� esoppuS eht ledom si t eh lamron rtsid i noitub w ti h m nae q ecnairav, s2
tob( h
)nwonknu .
� teL Yi eb eht egareva cyc el emit rof strap dorp u dec no eht ith
noitacilper fo eht
noitalumis sti( lacitamehtam noitatcepxe is q).
� egarevA c elcy emit lliw av ry morf day ot da ,y olehtrevotub ng- ehtnur av foegare eht
n
∑Y
i
i=1
1
n
E(θˆ
) =θ
∫
TE
TE
0
1 Y (t) td
Y (t) = �
1,
�0,
�
rP {Y ≤ θ} = p
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 95
segareva eblliw esolc ot q.
� elpmaS ecnairav ssorca R :snoitacilper
enuJ 1102
.8 ihcnialpxE - fossendoogfoerauqs - tif – itubirtsidlaitnenopxeroftset ?no
:los skram01
erapmoC rgotsih ma
dilaV f ro large elpmas sezis
egnarrA eht n snoitavresbo
W cih h letamixorppa y f swollo eht ihc - erauqs noitubirtsid htiw k-s-1 seerged fo
,modeerf erehw s = # fo sretemarap fo eht dezisehtopyh noitubirtsid mitse deta yb
eht tatselpmas i ts i sc . lluN sisehtopyh – snoitavresbo emoc morf a deificeps
noitubirtsid tonnac eb detcejer ta a ecnacifingis fo α :stnemmoC:fi m srorrE ni
sllec htiw llams Ei’s tceffa eht tset scitsitats erom naht sllec htiw egral Ei .s’ m
muminiM ezis fo Ei :detabed sdnemmocer a eulav fo 5 ro ;erom
fi ton tnecajdaenibmoc sllec . m tseT dengised rof etercsid snoitubirtsid dna egral
elpmas sezis ylno . roF suounitnoc ,snoitubirtsid ihC - erauqS tset si ylno na
noitamixorppa i( . ,.e level fo ecnacifingis sdloh ylno rof n-> )∞ .
elpmaxE :1 005 modnar srebmun detareneg gnisu a modnar rebmun ;rotareneg
snoitavresbo dezirogetac otni sllec ta slavretni fo ,1.0 neewteb 0 dna 1. tA level fo
ecnacifingis fo ,1.0 era eseht srebmun DII ?)1,0(U
Inte vr al Oi Ei iO( - )iE ^ ]2 / iE
1 05 05 0
2 84 05 0. 80
3 94 05 0. 20
4 24 05 1. 82
5 25 05 0. 80
6 54 05 0.5
7 36 05 3. 83
8 45 05 0. 23
9 05 05 0
01 74 05 0. 81
500 5. 48
χ0 = 8.5 5; orf m ht e t ba le χ[
2
= 6.41 8;
isehtopyH s etpecca d ta cnacifingis e evel l fo .01.0
.9 tahW od uoy naem yb noitacifirev dna noitadilav fo talumis noi ?sledom nialpxE
noitarbilac dna noitadilav fo sledom htiw taen ?margaid skraM01
2
.0 9,9]
1
R -1
-Y )2S =2
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 06
:loS
noitacifireV
.:esopruP�
nommocynaM� - :elpmaxerof,snoitseggusesnes
.ledomehtkcehcesleenoemosevaH�
issopyllacigolhcaesedulcnitahtmargaidwolfaekaM� noitcaelb ekatnacmetsysa
.sruccotnevenanehw
tupnifoyteiravarednussenelbanosaerroftuptuoledomehtenimaxeylesolC�
sgnittesretemarap . )!dekoolrevonetfO(
eebtonevahyehterusekam,noitalumisehtfodneehttasretemaraptupniehttnirP� n
.yltnetrevdanidegnahc
opruP se & O ev rvi we
�The goal of t eh va il tad i no proce ss :si
� To pr udo ce a m ledo taht er pres tne s tr eu eb ha iv or c ol sely one u hg for ed cisi no -
mak gni up r op s se
� To ni rc ae se eht m edo l’s rc ide bility ot na a cc pe tab el lev le
� aV il ad it no is na inte rg al pa tr of om del ed vel empo tn
� eV rification – bu li ding eht m do el co rr ectly c( o rr ectly im elp m detne htiw og od inp tu
dna struc ut r )e
� V la adi tion – build gni eht rroc ect m ledo ( na a cc ur eta r pe res atne t noi of eht r lae
system)
�Mo ts me ht do s are ni for am l s bu je vitc e com ap sir no s wh li e a few ar ofe r am l ts ta citsi al
proc ude res
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 16
U tin -8
3102enuJ
.1 htiW a taen margaid ledom ,gnidliub v noitacifire dna va il ad it no ssecorp
skraM01
:los
noitacifireV fo noitalumiS sledoM
• ehT esoprup fo ledom noitacifirev si ot erussa taht eht lautpecnoc m do el is
er flected yletarucca ni eht deziretupmoc noitatneserper .
• ehT lautpecnoc ledom etiuq netfo sevlovni emos rged ee of a artsb cti no
a uob t sys et m ,snoitarepo ro emos tnuoma fo noitacifilpmis fo utca la snoitarepo .
ynaM snoitseggus nac eb nevig rof esu ni eht noitacifirev :ssecorp -
:1 evaH eht deziretupmoc noitatneserper dekcehc yb enoemos rehto naht sti
repoleved .
:2 ekaM a wolf margaid hcihw sedulcni hcae yllacigol elbissop a itc no a tsys me
can take nehw na tneve srucco , dna wollof eht ledom gol ic f ro each a f ro each
a tc noi f ro ae ch tneve t py e.
:3 ylesolC enimaxe eht ledom tuptuo f ro nosaer a lb eness dnu er a var ei yt of
set gnit s fo tupnI sretemarap .
4. evaH eht deziretupmoc noitatneserper tnirp eht i tupn sretemarap ta eht dne
fo eht noitalumiS ot eb erus taht eseht retemarap seulav evah ton neeb degnahc
yltnetrevdani .
5. ekaM eht deziretupmoc noitatneserper fo fles - gnitnemucod sa elbissop .
6. fI ht e ziretupmoc ed noitatneserper si ,detamina irev fy ht at tahw is es en
ni eht noitamina setatimi eht lautca tsys em.
7. ehT evitcaretni nur rellortnoc )CRI( ro reggubed si na laitnesse
com nop ent lufsseccuSfo noitalumis dom el gnidliub . nevE eht tseb of
noitalumis anal stsy ma sek sekatsim ro stimmoc lacigol orre sr hw en iub ldi gn a
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 26
dom el. ehT stsissaCRI ni f dni i gn a gnitcerrocdn esoht srorre ni eht wollof :syaw
)a( ehT noitalumis nac eb derotinom sa ti sessergorp .
)b( noitnettA nac eb desucof no a ralucitrap enil fo l igo c ro lum ti lp e nil es of
l go ci that utitsnoc et a erudecorp ro a ralucitrap ytitne .
)c( seulaV fo detceles ledom nenopmoc ts ac n be sbo e vr ed. nehW eht
is mulat noi h sa desuap , eht tnerruc va eul ro sutats fo selbairav , tubirtta es, seueuq ,
er s ruo ces, c nuo te ,sr ,.cte nac eb devresbo .
.2 ebircseD htiw a aen t margaid evitareti secorp s fo arbilac t gni a mod .le
1 skraM0
:loS
noitarbilaC dna noitadilaV fo sledoM
• noitacifireV dna noitadilav hguohtla era yllautpecnoc tcnitsid , yllausu era
c tcudno ed ylsuoenatlumis yb eht reledom .
• noitadilaV si ht e llarevo ssecorp fo gnirapmoc eht ledom a dn its beha roiv to
the r ae l metsys dna sti roivaheb .
• noitarbilaC si eht evitareti ssecorp fo pmoc a gnir the m do el to ht e er la tsys em,
stnemtsujdagnikam ot eht ,ledom gnirapmoc niaga dna os no .
• ehT gniwollof erugif 7.2 swohs eht ler ati hsno ip of ht e ledom c rbila ati no ot
the vo erall noitadilav ssecorp .
• ehT nosirapmoc fo eht ledom ot ytilaer si deirrac tuo yb yteirav fo tset .
• Te sts era evitcejbus dna jbo ec it ve.
• buS j evitce tset yllausu ovni l ev elpoep , ohw era egdelwonk a lb e a uob t no e ro
rom e a eps cts fo eht ,metsys gnikam j stnemgdu tuoba eht ledom dna sti tuptuo .
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 36
• evitcejbO stset syawla eriuqer atad no eht s'metsys roivaheb ulp s ht e
c dnopserro i gn da at decudorp yb eht ledom .
sA na dia ni eht val di ta noi orp ec ,ss rolyaN dna egniF r ]7691[ f lumro ated a
eerht pets hcaorppa hcihw sah neeb ylediw :dewollof -
1. dliuB a ledom taht sah hgih ecaf ytidilav .
2. etadilaV ledom snoitpmussa .
3. erapmoC eht ledom tupni - tuptuo snoitamrofsnart ot gnidnopserroc tupni - uo tupt
snoitamrofsnart rof eht laer metsys .
ceD 02 21 - 31
.3 nialpxE htiw a ne ta rgaid am noitacifirev fo italumis on mod le .
skraM01
:loS
noitacifireV fo noitalumiS sledoM
• ehT esoprup fo ledom noitacifirev si ot erussa taht eht lautpecnoc m do el is
er flected yletarucca ni eht deziretupmoc noitatneserper .
• ehT lautpecnoc ledom etiuq netfo sevlovni emos rged ee of a artsb cti no
a uob t sys et m ,snoitarepo ro emos tnuoma fo noitacifilpmis fo lautca snoitarepo .
ynaM snoitseggus nac eb nevig rof esu ni eht itacifirev no :ssecorp -
:1 evaH eht deziretupmoc noitatneserper dekcehc yb enoemos rehto naht sti
repoleved .
:2 ekaM a wolf margaid hcihw sedulcni hcae yllacigol elbissop a itc no a tsys me
can ta ek nehw na tneve srucco , dna wollof eht ledom gol ic f ro each a f ro each
a tc noi f ro ae ch tneve t py e.
:3 ylesolC enimaxe eht ledom tuptuo f ro nosaer a lb eness dnu er a var ei yt of
set gnit s fo tupnI sretemarap .
4. evaH eht deziretupmoc noitatneserper tnirp eht tupni sretemarap ta eht dne
fo eht noitalumiS ot eb erus taht eseht arap retem seulav evah ton neeb degnahc
yltnetrevdani .
5. ekaM eht deziretupmoc noitatneserper fo fles - gnitnemucod sa elbissop .
6. fI ht e ziretupmoc ed noitatneserper si ,detamina irev fy aht t tahw is es en
ni eht noitamina setatimi eht lautca tsys em.
7. ehT ni evitcaret nur rellortnoc )CRI( ro reggubed si na laitnesse
com nop ent lufsseccuSfo noitalumis dom el gnidliub . nevE eht tseb of
noitalumis anal stsy ma sek sekatsim ro stimmoc lacigol srorre hw en iub ldi gn a
dom el. ehT stsissaCRI ni f dni i gn a gnitcerrocdn oht es srorre ni eht wollof :syaw
)a( ehT noitalumis nac eb derotinom sa ti sessergorp .
)b( noitnettA nac eb desucof no a ralucitrap enil fo l igo c ro lum ti lp e nil es of
l go ci that etutitsnoc a erudecorp ro a ralucitrap ytitne .
)c( seulaV fo detceles ledom oc nenopm ts ac n be sbo e vr ed. nehW eht
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 46
is mulat noi h sa desuap , eht tnerruc va eul ro sutats fo selbairav , tubirtta es, seueuq ,
er s ruo ces, c nuo te ,sr ,.cte nac eb devresbo .
)d( ehT noitalumis nac eb yliraropmet ,dednepsus ro suap ed, ton ylno ot view
inf mro a noit
tub osla ot ngissaer seulav ro seititnetcerider .
8. lacihparG secafretni era dednemmocer rof gnihsilpmocca irev f noitaci &
noitadilav .
.4 ebircseD htiw a taen margaid evitareti secorp s fo arbilac t gni a mod .le
1 skraM0
:loS
noitarbilaC dna laV noitadi fo sledoM
• noitacifireV dna noitadilav hguohtla era yllautpecnoc tcnitsid , yllausu era
c tcudno ed ylsuoenatlumis yb eht reledom .
• noitadilaV si eht llarevo ssecorp fo gnirapmoc eht ledom a dn its beha roiv to
the r ae l metsys dna sti roivaheb .
• noitarbilaC si eht evitareti ssecorp fo pmoc a gnir the m do el to ht e er la tsys em,
stnemtsujdagnikam ot eht ,ledom gnirapmoc niaga dna os no .
• ehT gniwollof erugif 7.2 swohs eht ler ati hsno ip of ht e ledom c rbila ati no ot
the vo erall noitadilav ssecorp .
• ehT nosirapmoc fo eht ledom ot ytilaer si deirrac tuo yb yteirav fo tset .
• Te sts era evitcejbus dna jbo ec it ve.
• buS j evitce tset yllausu ovni l ev elpoep , ohw era egdelwonk a lb e a uob t no e ro
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 56
rom e a eps cts fo eht ,metsys gnikam j stnemgdu tuoba eht ledom na d sti tuptuo .
• evitcejbO stset syawla eriuqer atad no eht s'metsys roivaheb ulp s ht e
c dnopserro i gn da at decudorp yb eht ledom .
sA na dia ni eht val di ta noi orp ec ,ss rolyaN dna egniF r ]7691[ f lumro ated a
eerht pets hcaorppa hcihw sah neeb ylediw dewollof :-
1. dliuB a ledom taht sah hgih ecaf ytidilav .
2. etadilaV ledom snoitpmussa .
3. erapmoC eht ledom tupni - tuptuo snoitamrofsnart ot gnidnopserroc tupni - tuptuo
snoitamrofsnart rof eht laer metsys .
2102enuJ
.5 nialpxE htiw a ne ta rgaid am noitacifirev fo italumis on mod le .
skraM01
:loS
noitacifireV fo noitalumiS sledoM
• ehT esoprup fo ledom noitacifirev si ot erussa taht eht lautpecnoc m do el is
er flected yletarucca ni eht deziretupmoc noitatneserper .
• ehT lautpecnoc ledom etiuq netfo sevlovni emos rged ee of a artsb cti no
a uob t sys et m ,snoitarepo ro emos tnuoma fo noitacifilpmis fo lautca snoitarepo .
ynaM snoitseggus nac eb nevig rof esu ni eht noitacifirev :ssecorp -
:1 evaH eht deziretupmoc noitatneserper dekcehc yb enoemos rehto naht sti
repoleved .
:2 ekaM a wolf margaid hcihw sedulcni hcae yllacigol elbissop a itc no a tsys me
can ta ek nehw na tneve srucco , dna wollof eht ledom gol ic f ro each a f ro each
a tc noi f ro ae ch tneve t py e.
:3 ylesolC enimaxe eht ledom tuptuo f ro nosaer a lb eness dnu er a var ei ty of
set gnit s fo tupnI sretemarap .
4. evaH eht deziretupmoc noitatneserper tnirp eht tupni sretemarap ta eht dne
fo eht noitalumiS ot eb erus taht eseht retemarap seulav evah ton neeb degnahc
yltnetrevdani .
5. ekaM eht deziretupmoc noitatneserper fo fles - gnitnemucod sa elbissop .
6. fI ht e ziretupmoc ed noitatneserper si ,detamina irev fy aht t tahw is es en
ni eht noitamina setatimi eht lautca tsys em.
7. ehT evitcaretni nur rellortnoc )CRI( ro reggubed si na laitnesse
com nop ent lufsseccuSfo noitalumis dom el gnidliub . nevE eht tseb of
noitalumis anal stsy ma sek sekatsim ro stimmoc lacigol srorre hw en iub ldi gn a
dom el. ehT stsissaCRI ni f dni i gn a gnitcerrocdn esoht srorre ni eht wollof :syaw
)a( ehT noitalumis nac eb derotinom sa ti sessergorp .
)b( oitnettA n nac eb desucof no a ralucitrap enil fo l igo c ro lum ti lp e nil es of
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 66
l go ci that etutitsnoc a erudecorp ro a ralucitrap ytitne .
)c( seulaV fo detceles ledom nenopmoc ts ac n be sbo e vr ed. nehW eht
is mulat noi h sa desuap , eht tnerruc va eul ro sutats fo selbairav , tubirtta es, seueuq ,
er s ruo ces, c nuo te ,sr ,.cte nac eb devresbo .
)d( ehT noitalumis nac eb yliraropmet ,dednepsus ro suap ed, ton ylno ot view
inf mro a noit
tub osla ot ngissaer seulav ro seititnetcerider .
8. lacihparG secafretni era dednemmocer rof occa gnihsilpm irev f noitaci &
noitadilav .
.6 ebircseD w hti a taen margaid evitareti ssecorp fo gnitarbilac a model.
hcihW era spetseerht taht dia ni eht noitadilav ?ssecorp skraM01
:los
noitarbilaC dna noitadilaV fo sledoM
• noitacifireV a dn noitadilav hguohtla era yllautpecnoc tcnitsid , yllausu era
c tcudno ed ylsuoenatlumis yb eht reledom .
• noitadilaV si eht llarevo ssecorp fo gnirapmoc eht ledom a dn its beha roiv to
the r ae l metsys dna sti roivaheb .
• noitarbilaC si eht evitareti ecorp ss fo pmoc a gnir the m do el to ht e er la tsys em,
stnemtsujdagnikam ot eht ,ledom gnirapmoc niaga dna os no .
• ehT gniwollof erugif 7.2 swohs eht ler ati hsno ip of ht e ledom c rbila ati no ot
the vo erall noitadilav ssecorp .
• ehT nosirapmoc fo eht ledom ot aer ytil si deirrac tuo yb yteirav fo tset .
• Te sts era evitcejbus dna jbo ec it ve.
• buS j evitce tset yllausu ovni l ev elpoep , ohw era egdelwonk a lb e a uob t no e ro
rom e a eps cts fo eht ,metsys gnikam j stnemgdu tuoba eht ledom dna sti tuptuo .
• evitcejbO stset la syaw eriuqer atad no eht s'metsys roivaheb ulp s ht e
c dnopserro i gn da at decudorp yb eht ledom .
sA na dia ni eht val di ta noi orp ec ,ss rolyaN dna egniF r ]7691[ f lumro ated a
eerht pets hcaorppa hcihw sah neeb ylediw :dewollof -
1. dliuB a ledom taht sah hgih ecaf ytidilav .
2. etadilaV ledom snoitpmussa .
3. erapmoC eht ledom tupni - tuptuo snoitamrofsnart ot gnidnopserroc tupni - tuptuo
snoitamrofsnart rof eht laer metsys .
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 76
naJ/ceD 02 11 - 21
.7 ebircseD htiw a taen margaid evitareti secorp s fo arbilac t gni a mod .le
1 skraM0
:loS
noitarbilaC dna noitadilaV fo sledoM
• noitacifireV dna noitadilav hguohtla era yllautpecnoc tcnitsid , yllausu era
c tcudno ed ylsuoenatlumis yb eht reledom .
• noitadilaV si eht llarevo ssecorp fo gnirapmoc eht ledom a dn its beha roiv to
the r ae l metsys dna sti roivaheb .
• noitarbilaC si eht evitareti ssecorp fo pmoc a gnir the m do el to ht e er la tsys em,
stnemtsujdagnikam ot eht ,ledom gnirapmoc niaga dna os no .
• ehT gniwollof erugif 7.2 swohs eht ler ati hsno ip of ht e ledom c ila rb ati no ot
the vo erall noitadilav ssecorp .
• ehT nosirapmoc fo eht ledom ot ytilaer si deirrac tuo yb yteirav fo tset .
• Te sts era evitcejbus dna jbo ec it ve.
• buS j evitce tset yllausu ovni l ev elpoep , ohw era egdelwonk a lb e a uob t no e ro
rom e a eps cts fo t eh ,metsys gnikam j stnemgdu tuoba eht ledom dna sti tuptuo .
• evitcejbO stset syawla eriuqer atad no eht s'metsys roivaheb ulp s ht e
c dnopserro i gn da at decudorp yb eht ledom .
sA na dia ni eht val di ta noi orp ec ,ss rolyaN dna egniF r ]7691[ f lumro ated a
erht e pets hcaorppa hcihw sah neeb ylediw :dewollof -
1. dliuB a ledom taht sah hgih ecaf ytidilav .
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 86
2. etadilaV ledom snoitpmussa .
3. erapmoC eht ledom tupni - tuptuo snoitamrofsnart ot gnidnopserroc tupni - tuptuo
snoitamrofsnart rof eht laer metsys .
.8 htiW a taen margaid ledom ,gnidliub v noitacifire dna va il ad it no ssecorp
skraM01
:los
noitacifireV fo noitalumiS sledoM
• ehT esoprup fo ledom noitacifirev si ot erussa taht eht lautpecnoc m do el is
er flected yletarucca ni eht deziretupmoc neserper noitat .
• ehT lautpecnoc ledom etiuq netfo sevlovni emos rged ee of a artsb cti no
a uob t sys et m ,snoitarepo ro emos tnuoma fo noitacifilpmis fo lautca snoitarepo .
ynaM snoitseggus nac eb nevig rof esu ni eht noitacifirev :ssecorp -
:1 evaH eht deziretupmoc r noitatneserpe dekcehc yb enoemos rehto naht sti
repoleved .
:2 ekaM a wolf margaid hcihw sedulcni hcae yllacigol elbissop a itc no a tsys me
can ta ek nehw na tneve srucco , dna wollof eht ledom gol ic f ro each a f ro each
a tc noi f ro ae ch tneve t py e.
:3 ylesolC enimaxe eht ledom tuptuo f ro nosaer a lb eness dnu er a var ei yt of
set gnit s fo tupnI sretemarap .
4. evaH eht deziretupmoc noitatneserper tnirp eht tupni sretemarap ta eht dne
fo eht noitalumiS ot eb erus taht eseht retemarap seulav evah ton neeb degnahc
vdani yltnetre .
5. ekaM eht deziretupmoc noitatneserper fo fles - gnitnemucod sa elbissop .
6. fI ht e ziretupmoc ed noitatneserper si ,detamina irev fy aht t tahw is es en
ni eht noitamina setatimi eht lautca tsys em.
7. ehT evitcaretni nur rellortnoc )CRI( ro ggubed re si na laitnesse
com nop ent lufsseccuSfo noitalumis dom el gnidliub . nevE eht tseb of
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 96
noitalumis anal stsy ma sek sekatsim ro stimmoc lacigol srorre hw en iub ldi gn a
dom el. ehT stsissaCRI ni f dni i gn a gnitcerrocdn esoht srorre ni eht wollof :syaw
)a( ehT s noitalumi nac eb derotinom sa ti sessergorp .
)b( noitnettA nac eb desucof no a ralucitrap enil fo l igo c ro lum ti lp e nil es of
l go ci that etutitsnoc a erudecorp ro a ralucitrap ytitne .
)c( seulaV fo detceles ledom nenopmoc ts ac n be sbo e vr ed. nehW eht
is mulat noi h sa desuap , eht tnerruc va eul ro sutats fo selbairav , tubirtta es, seueuq ,
er s ruo ces, c nuo te ,sr ,.cte nac eb devresbo .
enuJ 1102
.9 nialpxE yna owt tuptuo sisylana rof ydaets - etats ?noitalumis 5 skraM
:loS
ydaetS[saiBnoitazilaitinI - noitalumiSetatS ]s
oteuqinhcetnevorpdnaevitcejbo,detpeccaylediwoN� otatadhcumwohediug
.levelelbigilgenaotsaibnoitazilaitiniecuderoteteled
.dednemmocerllitserayehttubgnidaelsimeb,semitta,nacstolP�
omdnarehtoomsalaeversegarevaelbmesnE� ,snoitacilperfo#ehtsadnertesicerper
.sesaercni,R
.egarevagnivomagnittolpybrehtrufdehtoomsebnacsegarevaelbmesnE�
.degarevaeraataderomsaelbairavsselsemocebegarevaevitalumuC�
ofsekattiregnoleht,tneserpnoitalerroceromehT� .etatsydaetshcaorppar
.setartnereffidtaetatsydaetshcaorppadluocserusaemecnamrofreptnereffiD�
rrE or E its m oita n [St dae y-State Sim lu ation ]s
a) Stati rano y time s re ies Yi
ex ibih t gni op siti ev
ua tocor er lati .no
b) Stati rano y time s re ies Yi
ex ibih t gni en gati ev
ua tocor er lati .no
c) Nonstati no a yr time s re ies with
na upwa dr tre dn
Y. j to
� �n � erehw B =�E� � = VB (Y ),
� S �2
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 07
.01 etirW tontrohSa
51 M skra
:loS
)a scitsiretcarahC fo gniueuq ?metsys
scitsiretcarahC fo gnieueuQ smetsyS
�Key stnemele fo gnieueuq :smetsys
� motsuC :re srefer ot gnihtyna taht sevirra ta a ytilicaf dna seriuqer ,ecivres g.e .,
,elpoep ,senihcam ,skcurt sliame .
� :revreS srefer ot yna ecruoser taht sedivorp eht detseuqer ,ecivres ,.g.e
,snosrepriaper laveirter ,senihcam syawnur ta tropria .
gnillaC P noitalupo scitsiretcarahC[ fo gnieueuQ ]metsyS
� gnillaC :noitalupop eht noitalupop fo laitnetop ,sremotsuc yam eb demussa ot eb
etinif ro fni i in te.
� etiniF noitalupop :ledom fi lavirra etar sdneped no eht rebmun fo sremotsuc
devresgnieb dna ,gnitiaw ,.g.e ledom fo ,tejetaroproceno fi ti si gnieb per a eht,deri
riaper lavirra etar semoceb orez .
� etinifnI noitalupop :ledom fi lavirra etar si ton detceffa yb eht bmun er fo
sremotsuc gnieb devres dna ,gnitiaw e. ,.g htiwsmetsys egral noitalupop netopfo lait
sremotsuc .
metsyS apaC tic y scitsiretcarahC[ fo gnieueuQ ]metsyS
� metsyS :yticapaC a timil no eht rebmun fo yamtahtsremotsuc eb ni eht gnitiaw
enil etsysro m.
� detimiL ,yticapac ,.g.e na citamotua rac hsaw ylno sah moor f ro 10 srac ot tiaw ni
l eni ot retne eht em cha msin .
� detimilnU ,yticapac ,.g.e trecnoc tekcit selas htiw on timil no eht rebmun fo
elpoep dewolla ot tiaw ot esahcrup stekcit .
)b lavirrA ssecorP scitsiretcarahC[ fo gnieueuQ ]metsyS
� roF etinifni - noitalupop :sledom
� nI smret fo lavirraretni semit fo evisseccus sremotsuc .
� modnaR :slavirra lavirraretni semit yllausu deziretcarahc yb a ytilibaborp
oitubirtsid n.
� tsoM tnatropmi :ledom nossioP lavirra ssecorp htiw( etar l ,) erehw An stneserper
eht lavirraretni emit neewteb uc remots n-1 dna suc t mo er n, dna si yllaitnenopxe
detubirtsid htiw( naem l/1 ).
� deludehcS :slavirra lavirraretni semit nac eb tnatsnoc ro tnatsnoc sulp ro sunim a
llams modnar tnuoma ot tneserper ylrae ro etal slavirra .
� ,.g.e stneitap ot a naicisyhp ro deludehcs enilria thgilf slavirra ot na ropria t.
� tA tsael eno remotsuc si demussa ot syawla eb ,tneserp os eht sirevres reven
,eldi
,.g.e tneiciffus war lairetam rof a enihcam .
noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01
fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 17
)b srorrE elihw gnitareneg modnaroduesp srebmun
oduesP snaem eslaf , os eslaf modnar srebmun era gnieb detareneg . ehT laog fo
yna gener ta i no emehcs , si ot ecudorp a ecneuqes fo srebmun teb neew ze or a dn 1
ihw ch umis al tes, ro i aitin t se , eht di e la porp e seitr fo inu f mro noitubirtsid dna
dnepedni e cn e as cl yleso as sop si elb . ehW n eg gnitaren oduesp - modnar
srebmun , trec a ni smelborp ro e srorr can co c ru . esehT srorre , ro serutraped
morf laedi ,ssenmodnar era lla detaler ot eht seitreporp detats ylsuoiverp .
emoS selpmaxe edulcni eht gniwollof
1. ehT detareneg srebmun yam ton eb lmrofinu y detubirtsid .
2. ehT detareneg srebmun yam eb etercsid - deulav daetsni suounitnoc deulav
3. ehT naem fo eht detareneg srebmun yam ooteb hgih ro oot wol .
4. ehT ecnairav fo eht detareneg srebmun yam ooteb hgih ro wol
5. erehT yam eb ecnedneped . ehT f gniwollo era :selpmaxe
)a( noitalerrocotuA neewteb srebmun .
)b( srebmuN ylevisseccus rehgih ro rewol naht tnecajda srebmun .
)c krowteN fo eueuQ
� elgnisfoskrowtensadeledomyllarutanerasmetsysynaM sremotsuc:seueuq
byameueuqenomorfgnitraped .rehtonaotdetuore
dnanoitalupopgnillacetinifnihtiwmetsyselbatsaemussastlusergniwollofehT�
:yticapacmetsysnotimilon
ehtneht,eueuqehtnideyortsedrodetaercerasremotsucontahtdedivorP�
saemasehtsieueuqafotuoetarerutraped ehtrevo(eueuqehtotnietarlavirraeht
.)nurgnol
etartaieueuqotevirrasremotsucfI� eramehtfo1≤jip≤0noitcarfadna,iλ
etarlavirraehtneht,erutrapednopujeueuqotdetuor jipiλsijeueuqotieueuqmrof
.)nurgnolehtrevo(
eN tworks fo uQ e seu
� T eh revo a ll lavirra r eta i otn euq ue :j
λ = a + pij la l i
muS fo lavirra setar morf rehto seueuq krowtenni
� If eueuq j has cj < ∞ llarap el s ,srevre ae ch ow rk gni ta ar et µj, neht eht gnol -r nu
noitazilitu of hcae ser ev r is ρj=λj/(cµj) w( here ρj < 1 .)eueuqelbatsrof
� If slavirra f mor edistuo the en t row k f ro m a ioP ss no ecorp ss iw th etar aj f ro ae ch
euq ue j, na d if ereht are cj id ne tic la es r rev s eviled r gni ex op n ne t yllai d si t tubir ed
s re v iteci m htiwse m nae /1 µj, ,neht aetsni d euq,etatsy eu j beha sev il kes na M/ /M cj
q eueu iw th virra al r eta .

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Ise viii-system modeling and simulation [10 cs82]-solution

  • 1. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 1 UTV TSEUQ I NO REPAP NOITULOS NU IT 1 3102enuJ knabfoelpmaxenahtiwmetsysnoitalumisfostnenopmocgniwollofehtnialpxE.1 metsys ytitne)iimetsys)i vytivitca)vietubirtta)iii tneve) 01 skraM :nloS metsyS)i : A c lo lecti no of ent eiti s (e. .g , pe lpo e a dn am c nih e )s t tah ii got te her vo er t emi to a cc omp il hs no e ro m ero og a .sl )ii e ytitn : nA e ytitn is an bo ej tc fo tni er se t ni a s tsy e .m :xE nI eht af c yrot sys et ,m depa mtr ent ,s dro ers, pa str a dn udorp c st ehT ne it eit s etubirttA)iii .ytitnenafoytreporpehtsetonedetubirttanA: :xE uQ a ititn es f ro ae ch dro er, t py e of pa tr , ro bmun er of am c nih es ni a Departme tn are att setubir fo fac yrot ys ets m ytivitca)vi : ynA ssecorp gnisuac segnahc ni a s sy t me si ellac d ivitcanasa ty. :xE gnirutcafunaM ssecorp fo eht tnemtraped . :tneve)v nA tneve si denifed sa na suoenatsni ecnerrucco th ta yam ahc n eg eht etats of eht s sy t me . .2 tsiL any eerht snoitautis nehw noitalumis loot si etairporppa dna ton airporppa et oot l. 01 skraM :nloS When lumiS ita no is t eh irporppA a et looT • lumiS ta noi ena lb es eht ts ydu of a dn e px e mir ent noita wi ht ht e tni e nr la in et ract noi s fo a c lpmo ex sys et ,m ro fo a tsysbus em htiw in a c lpmo ex ys ets .m • nI f mro ta noi al, gro a zin a noit la a dn e mnorivn e tn al cha gn es can be lumis a det a dn ht e ef ef ct fo t oh se a tl e nr a it sno no eht m do e s’l behavi ro ac n eb sbo e vr e .r • hT e lwonk e gd e ga ni ed in de gningis a s mi alu t noi ledom can be of rg eat v la ue t wo a dr ggus tse gni vorpmi eme tn in t eh sys tem dnu er vni e gits a it no When lumiS ita no si toN irporppA ta e • lumiS ta noi dluohs eb desu hw en eht lborp em ac onn t eb vlos ed su i gn com nom se .esn • lumiS ta noi dluohs ton eb su ed fi eht lborp em ac n eb solved ana yl t ci a .yll • lumiS ta noi dluohs ton eb su e ,d fi ti si eas ei r ot perf mro erid ct e px erime .stn • lumiS ta noi dluohs ton eb su e ,d fi eht c so ts excee sd savi sgn . 2102naJ/ceD - 31 .3 eD f eni eht fo ll ow gni t re sm su ed in si talum ion 8 skraM :loS )i sid cre et ys ts em
  • 2. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 2 Sy ets sm ni ihw ch the cha gn se are rp e mod inant yl sid c no t suouni are c la el d sid crete tsys me s. xE : aB kn – ht e bmun er of c motsu e s’r cha gn es no ly hw en a cu ts mo er a virr es ro when ht e se ivr ec divorp ed a c motsu er is c elpmo et .d i )i c no t suouni ys ets m Sy ets sm ni ihw ch ht e cha gn es are rp e od im na yltn htooms are c la led c no it suoun s tsy em. xE : H ae d of a w eta r behi dn a da .m i )ii ots cha cits ys ets m H sa no e ro rom e ra modn va ir a lb e sa i stupn . Ra odn m stupni el a sd to ra modn stuptuo . xE : lumiS ati no fo a ba kn ovni lves ra odn m in et ra virr al a dn es ecivr t mi e .s i d)v eter im ni cits ys ets m C no at sni on ra odn m var ai selb . hT ey have a nwonk s te of i upn st ihw ch iw ll resu tl in a uqinu e s te fo tuptuo s. :xE virrA al fo pa it ents ot t eh De tn si t at eht sche lud ed a mtniopp e tn emit )v e ytitn nA e ytitn is an bo ej tc fo tni er se t ni a s tsy e .m :xE nI eht af c yrot sys et ,m depa mtr ent ,s dro ers, pa str a dn udorp c st a er ehT ne it seit A)iv tt tubir e nA etubirtta de ton es t eh porp erty fo an e .ytitn :xE uQ a ititn es f ro ae ch dro er, t py e of pa tr , ro bmun er of am c nih es ni a Departme tn are att setubir fo fac yrot ys ets m
  • 3. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 3 .4 Dr wa eht flo cw ah rt fo ts e sp i ovn lved in talumis i no s ydut . 21 skraM :loS nuJ e 2102 .5 tahW is umis l ?noita E nialpx w hti f wol c ah r ,t eht ste sp ovni lved in s talumi i no ts u yd skraM01 :loS Si um l ita on A alumiS it no si t eh im ti ta i no fo t eh po erat noi fo a r ae l- row ld orp c sse ro s tsy em vo er it .em rB ief E tanalpx ion • ehT behavi ro fo a tsys em as ti e ov lves vo er emit si ts du ei d yb deve pol i gn a alumis it no dom e .l • sihT dom el takes eht f ro m fo a set fo a snoitpmuss c cno e nr i gn t eh po e ar t noi fo eht s tsy e ehT lumis ta noi dom el ub li di gn can eb korb en into 4 hp ase .s I esahP • C stsisno fo ts e sp 1 a dn 2 • It si peri do fo d csi vo e yr / iro enta noit • ehT ana tsyl may have to r atse tr t eh corp e ss fi ti is on t f ni e- nut ed • Re ac li rb a it sno a dn cla ir fi ac snoit may co c ru ni t sih hp a es ro a hton er hp a .es II esahP
  • 4. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 4 • C stsisno fo ts e sp 3,4,5,6 a dn 7 • A c gniunitno i tn e lpr ay si re riuq ed gnoma eht ts e sp • xE c noisul fo dom el u es r re stlus in ilpmi ac snoit rud i gn lpmi eme tn ita no III esahP • C stsisno fo ts e sp 8,9 a dn 01 • C cno ie ves a t hguoroh nalp f ro e px er emi gnitn • D csi rete-eve tn stoc citsah si a ts a tsit ical e px e mir e tn • hT e tuptuo var ai lb es are e mits ates ht ta c tno a ni ra modn e rorr a dn ht eref ro e porp er ts ta citsi al ana sisyl si re uq ire .d VI esahP • C stsisno fo ts e sp 11 a dn 21 • uS cc essf lu im lp eme atn t noi depe sdn no the i vlovn eme tn of su er a dn eve yr ts e sp us cce ss f lu c lpmo te .noi .6 Di ff eren etait be wt e ne c tno i un o su dna sid c ter e tsys e .sm 5 M skra :nloS )i sid cre et tsys em Sy ets sm ni ihw ch the cha gn se are rp e mod inant yl sid c no t suouni are c la el d sid crete tsys me s. xE : aB kn – ht e bmun er of c motsu e s’r cha gn es no ly hw en a cu ts mo er a virr es ro when the se ivr ec divorp ed a c motsu er is c elpmo et .d
  • 5. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 5 i )i c no t suouni ys ets m Sy ets sm ni ihw ch ht e cha gn es are rp e od im na yltn htooms are c la led c no it suoun s tsy em. xE : H ae d of a w eta r behi dn a da .m .7 ahW t is tsys em and s tsy em e ivn ronm ne ?t iL ts the c nopmo ne ts of a s tsy em, wi ht e pmax el . 5 M skra :loS tsyS e sm A tsys me si ed if ned as na a rgg eg ta noi ro a ss em lb age of bo je tc s j nio ed in mos e re ug al r tni e ar c noit or in et dr epe dn e ecn t wo a dr eht a cc lpmo si mh e tn fo os me oprup s .e xE a elpm : udorP cti no tsyS em nI the a vob e ys ets m ht ere are ce tr a ni d tsi ni ct jbo ce st , each of ihw ch ssop e ss es porp erties fo i tn e hT.tser e er a er osla ce atr in tni e ar c snoit o cc gnirru in eht sys et m that ac esu cha gn es ni t eh s tsy e .m pmoC one stn fo a tsyS em E tn i yt : nA e itn ty si an bo ej tc fo tni er se t ni a etsys m. xE : nI eht af c yrot ys ets ,m department ,s dro e ,sr par st a dn udorp c st a er ehT ne t ti i .se ttA r bi ute nA ta t etubir de ton es eht porp erty fo an e .ytitn xE : uQ a ititn es f ro each ro der, pyt e of pa tr , ro un mber fo machines in a Departme tn
  • 6. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 6 a er tta tubir es fo fa yrotc ys mets . Activi yt ynA orp ec ss ca gnisu c gnah es ni a s tsy em is ac ll ed as an acti ytiv . xE : Ma afun tc gniru ssecorp fo t eh departme .tn tatS e fo eht yS stem hT e ats et of a tsys em is de nif ed as the c ello tc noi of va ir a lb es cen e ss a yr to describe a ys ets m at a yn mit e, rela vit e to the bo je itc ve of yduts . nI other drow s, ts ate fo ht e tsys em mean a d cse pir it no fo la l the e ititn e ,s a tt ri tub es a dn act vi ti ies as they e tsix ta eno tniop ni t mi .e Eve tn nA eve tn si ed if ned as an i sn at ne suo co c rru ence ht at may cha gn e t eh s at et fo eht sys et m. yS stem E vn ri mno ent hT e e tx e nr la c nopmo en st ihw ch i tn e ar tc htiw ht e tsys me a dn cudorp e en ec ss a yr cha gn es are sa di to c sno tit tu e ht e ys mets e norivn em tn . nI dom ile gn ys ets sm , it si nece ss a yr to deci ed no the dnuob a yr be ewt en ht e ys ets m a dn ti s e vn i mnor e tn . sihT d ce noisi may depe dn no eht esoprup fo eht .yduts xE : nI a fa yrotc s tsy em, the fac rot s c ortno ll gni a rr ival of dro e sr am y be disnoc ered ot be stuo ide ht e fa yrotc but yet a pa tr of ht e ys ets m e vn i nor em tn . When, ew c no is der eht dema dn a dn ppus ly of doog s, the er si ec tr a ylni a r ale ti pihsno b te neew ht e f tca yro uo t up t a dn a virr la fo .sredro hT is rela hsnoit ip si c no is dered as an a tc vi i yt fo t eh tsys e .m eD 1102naJ/c - 21 .8 L tsi yna f vi e ci cr natsmu sec , hW en ht e Si um l noita is appr po r etai loot dna when ti si n ?to skraM01 :snA hW en umiS l ita on si eht ppA r po ri eta looT � lumiS a noit ena lb es ht e yduts of a dn e px e ir em tn a noit iw th ht e i tn e nr al tni eract snoi of a c lpmo ex sys et ,m ro fo a tsysbus em htiw in a c lpmo ex ys ets .m � nI f amro t lanoi , gro a zin ati no al a dn e vn i nor em tn al cha gn es can be lumis ated a dn the fe f tce fo t esoh a tl e nr ita sno no eht m ’ledo s beha roiv can eb sbo e vr e .r � hT e lwonk e gd e ga ni ed in d ise ng i gn a si lum ita no m do el can be of rg ae t v la ue t wo a dr ggus tse gni vorpmi eme tn in t eh sys tem dnu er vni e gits a it .no �By cha gn i gn lumis ta noi upni ts a dn sbo e vr ing the re tlus i gn stuptuo , valua lb e hgisni t may be bo at ni ed otni ihw ch va bair el s a er m tso tropmi a tn dna woh va ir a lb es tni e ar c .t � lumiS a oit n can be u es d as a peda gog i ac l de iv ce to reinf cro e ana ityl c
  • 7. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 7 os l tu i no tem golodoh sei . alumiS t noi can be su ed ot e px e mir ent w ti h new de ngis s ro op li eic s roirp to i lpm eme tn ati ,no os as to rp epa er f ro hw at may ppah e .n � lumiS a noit can eb su ed ot ve ir fy ana yl t ci os l tu i no s. �By s mi lu a gnit ffid e ner t ac pa lib ti ies f ro a m ca hi ,en re uq ir eme stn can eb d ete mr ine .d hW en talumiS i no si toN ppA r po ir eta � lumiS a it no uohs ld eb su ed hw en t eh borp l me ac tonn eb vlos ed su i gn oc mm no se .esn � lumiS a noit dluohs ton eb su ed if eht lborp em can eb s vlo ed a an ly acit .yll � lumiS a noit dluohs ton eb su ed, fi ti si ae s ei r ot perf mro di er ct e px e ir m .stne � lumiS a noit dluohs ton eb su ed, fi eht co ts s e cx ee sd sa gniv s. � lumiS a noit s dluoh ton eb perf mro ed, if ht e re ruos ces ro time ra e ton ava li a lb e. .9 E nialpx eht ste sp ni umis l noita ts u yd . Wi ht wolf c ah r ?t skraM01 :loS tS e sp ni a talumiS i no duts y 1. Pr lbo em for um l ita on vE re y uts dy be snig with a ts atement of the lborp em, divorp ed yb op licy am ke nA.sr la y ts e rusn es its raelc ly dnu er ts doo . If ti si deve pol ed yb a an l tsy ilop cy make sr uohs ld dnu er ats dn a dn a rg ee w ti h .ti 2. Se tt i gn fo jbo ce sevit dna vo re lla pr jo ce t alp n hT e bo je itc ves cidni ate ht e uq esti sno ot be a wsn ered yb mis u ital no . tA iht s tniop a dete nimr a noit dluohs be am de c cno e gninr whe ht er lumis ta noi si t eh a irporpp a et tem golodoh y. gnimussA ti is a irporpp a ,et eht vo er la l jorp ce t p al n s dluoh inc edul t eh a tl e nr ita ev tsys me s �A m te doh f ro ev la ua gnit eht e ff ce tivene ss fo ht e es la te nr a vit es � lP a sn f ro t eh st ydu in te smr fo t eh un mber fo pe elpo vlovni ed tsoC fo t eh st ydu � hT e un mber fo da sy re riuq ed ot a cc omp il hs each hp ase of ht e krow iw th eht a itn c api et d res .stlu 3. M do el c cno e lautp i az it no hT e c sno t ur c noit of a dom le of a tsys me is baborp ly as um ch a tr as scie ecn . ehT art fo m do eli gn si e hn a cn ed yb an a ib l yti � oT a sb tr ca t t eh e ss e itn al fe ta seru fo a borp l me � oT sele tc a dn m ido fy b sa ci a pmuss t snoi ht at hc a ar cte ezir t eh s metsy � oT e irn ch a dn ale rob a et eht dom el litnu a us ufe l a xorpp ima noit res lu ts
  • 8. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 8 suhT , ti si be ts ot ts art w ti h a lpmis e m do el a dn ub li d wot a dr rg eater c lpmo ex ti y. ledoM c cno e utp ali taz i no e hn ance eht uq a il ty of eht re tlus i gn m ledo a dn ni c er ase eht c fno idence fo eht m do el su er in eht a cilpp ati no fo eht dom e .l 4. ataD col el c noit hT ere si a c tsno ant in et lpr ay be wt ee n the c sno t ur cti no of m do el a dn t eh c ello cti no fo n ee ded tupni da .at enoD ni eht ae ylr ts age .s bO j tce ive dnik fo data a er to eb coll ce te .d 5. M do el tr talsna i no Real- row ld ys ets sm re tlus in dom sle ht ta re riuq e a rg tae de la of inf mro ati no st ro age a dn c tupmo a it on. tI ac n be rgorp a mm ed yb u is gn lumis a noit al ugn ages ro ps ce i la esoprup alumis it no os tf wa .er lumiS a oit n la ugn ages are wop erful a dn f lbixel e. S mi ul oita n os f wt are dom e sl dev le mpo e tn ti em can eb re cud e .d 6. eV rified It per at sni ot com tup er rgorp am a dn c kceh i gn ht e perf ro am ecn . If ht e i tupn parameters a dn gol ical urts c erut a dn c erro ctly re rp e es tn e ,d ve fir ic ta noi si comp el te .d 7. laV i tad ed It is ht e dete nimr ati no that a m do el si an a cc ru ate re rp esen at noit of eht r ae l ys ts A.me chieved hguorht lac arbi it no of the m do el, an ti erat vi e corp e ss of c pmo a gnir ht e dom el ot a utc al tsys em beha roiv a dn eht discrepancies wteb ee n eht t .ow 8. E epx r mi e latn De ngis hT e tla e nr ta vi es ht ta a er ot eb lumis ated m tsu be ed et rm ni ed. W ih ch a tl e nr ita ves to alumis et may be a f cnu t noi of snur . roF e ca h s tsy me ngised , ed isic sno deen ot be ma ed gninrecnoc �Le gn th fo eht itini a zil ta noi pe doir �Le gn th fo lumis a noit snur � bmuN er fo replica it no ot eb ma ed fo each nur 9. Pr udo c noit r nu s dna sisylana hT ey are u es d ot e amits et em a erus s of perf ro m na ec f ro the sys et m de ngis s that a er be gni mis u al te .d 10. M ero r snu aB sed no ht e ana sisyl of snur ht at have b ee n lpmoc eted. hT e a an l tsy dete nimr es fi a tidd i no al snur a er en e ded a dn hw at de ngis t esoh a tidd i no al e px erime stn dluohs f .wollo 11. oD c mu e itatn on dna er op rti gn owT t py es fo od c mu e tn ati .no � rP o rg am od c mu e tn a noit � orP sec s od c mu e tn a noit
  • 9. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 9 Pr go r ma od c mu e tn ation aC n be su ed aga ni yb the as me ro d fi fere tn a an l sy st to dnu e tsr a dn woh ht e rgorp am po erates. htruF er dom if ci a it no wi ll be ea is er. doM el su e sr can cha gn e the i tupn parameters f ro tteb er pe mrofr a .ecn Pr co e ss od c mu e tn a oit n Giv se ht e yrotsih of a simu al ti no orp jec .t ehT user lt of la l ana sisyl s dluoh be re detrop lc ea ylr a dn c no c si ely in a lanif re trop . ihT s ena lb e ot rev ei w ht e f ni la f ro mu al ti no a dn la te nr a vit es, res lu st of ht e e px e mir en st a dn ht e er c mmo e dn ed ulos t noi ot ht e borp l ehT.me f ni al re trop vorp ides a veh ci el fo certif ci ati .no 12. I lpm em ne tat ion uS cc e ss depe sdn no ht e rp e suoiv ts e sp . If ht e m do le su er h sa been t hguoroh ly in ov lved a dn dnu e tsr a sdn the rutan e of ht e m do el a dn sti stuptuo , like doohil fo a vi uorog s lpmi eme tn ita no is e hn an ec .d nuJ - 1102 .01 hW ta si s tsy em And tsyS em vnE ri onment? E nialpx ht e c pmo o en stn of a system w hti an e lpmax e? skraM01 :loS tsyS em A tsys me si de nif ed sa na a rgg ega noit ro a ss e lbm age of jbo e stc j nio ed in emos re ug al r tni e ar cti no ro i dretn epe dn e ecn wot a dr eht acc hsilpmo em nt fo emos .esoprup xE a elpm : udorP cti no yS ets m tsyS em E ivn r mno ent hT e e tx e nr al com nop ents ihw ch i tn er ca t iw th ht e s tsy em a dn udorp ec en ce ass yr cha gn es are sa di to c sno tit tu e ht e ys mets e norivn em tn . nI dom ile gn ys ets sm , it si nece ss a yr to deci ed no the dnuob a yr be ewt en ht e ys ets m a dn ti s e vn i mnor e tn . sihT d ce noisi may depe dn no eht esoprup fo eht .yduts Co pm one stn fo a tsyS em E tn i yt - nA ent yti is an jbo e tc fo in et re ts ni a ys ts .me xE : nI eht af c yrot ys ets ,m department ,s dro e ,sr par st a dn udorp c st a er ehT ne t ti i .se ttA r bi ute- nA attri etub de on t se eht porp e ytr fo an en it .yt xE : uQ a ititn es f ro each dro er, pyt e of pa tr , ro un mber fo machines in a Departme tn a er tta tubir es fo fa yrotc ys mets .
  • 10. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 01 Activi yt - ynA orp ec ss suac i gn cha gn es ni a etsys m si called as an ca vit i yt . xE : Ma afun tc gniru ssecorp fo t eh departme .tn tatS e of ht e tsyS em-The ts ate of a tsys me is defined sa ht e co ll ec noit of var ai selb nece ss a yr ot desc bir e a ys ets m ta a yn t emi , rela vit e to ht e jbo e vitc e of yduts . nI hto er drow s, ts ate of the metsys mean a desc noitpir of a ll ht e e seititn , ta rt i tub es a dn a tc vi i seit as ht ey e tsix at eno tniop ni .emit Eve tn - nA eve tn is ed f ni e sa an insta tn ane uo s co c rru e cn e ht at may cha gn e ht e ts ate fo eht ys ets .m .11 xE p ial n suoirav s et ps ni is mu oital n stu .yd W hti h ple fo n tae rgaid a ?m skraM01 :loS 1. Pr lbo em for um l ita on vE re y uts dy be snig with a ts atement of the lborp em, divorp ed yb op licy am ke .sr nA la y ts e rusn es its raelc ly dnu er ts doo . If ti si deve pol ed yb a an l tsy ilop cy make sr uohs ld dnu er ats dn a dn a rg ee w ti h .ti 2. Se tt i gn fo jbo ce sevit dna vo re lla pr jo ce t alp n hT e bo je itc ves cidni ate ht e uq esti sno ot be a wsn ered yb mis u ital no . tA iht s tniop a dete nimr a noit dluohs be am de c cno e gninr whe ht er lumis ta noi si t eh a irporpp a et tem golodoh y. gnimussA ti is a irporpp a ,et eht vo er la l jorp ce t p al n s dluoh inc edul �A ts ateme tn fo t eh a tl e nr ita ev tsys me s �A m te doh f ro ev la ua gnit eht e ff ce tivene ss fo ht e es la te nr a vit es � lP a sn f ro t eh st ydu in te smr fo t eh un mber fo pe elpo vlovni ed tsoC fo t eh st ydu � hT e un mber fo da sy re riuq ed ot a cc omp il hs each hp ase of ht e krow with eht a itn c api et d re .stlus 3. M do el c cno e lautp i az it no hT e c sno t ur c noit of a dom le of a tsys me is baborp ly as um ch a tr as scie ecn . ehT art fo m do eli gn si e hn a cn ed yb an a ib l yti • oT ab ts ar ct eht e ss e tn ai l fea serut fo a melborp • oT s le ect a dn m ido fy ba cis a ss ump it sno that cha ar cte ezir t eh metsys • oT e rn ci h a dn ela arob te eht m ledo tnu il a su ef lu mixorppa a noit luser ts suhT , ti si be ts ot ts art w ti h a lpmis e m do el a dn ub li d wot a dr rg eater c lpmo ex ti y. ledoM c cno e utp ali taz i no e hn ance eht uq a il ty of eht re tlus i gn m ledo a dn ni c er a es eht c fno idence fo eht m do el su er in eht a cilpp ati no fo eht dom e .l 4. ataD col el c noit hT ere si a c tsno ant in et lpr ay be wt ee n the c sno t ur cti no of m do el a dn t eh c ello cti no fo n ee ded tupni da .at enoD ni eht ae ylr ts age .s bO j tce ive dnik fo data a er to eb coll ce te .d
  • 11. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 11 5. M do el tr talsna i no Real- row ld ys ets sm re tlus in dom sle ht ta re riuq e a rg tae de la of inf mro ati no st ro age a dn c tupmo a it on. tI ac n be rgorp a mm ed yb u is gn lumis a noit al ugn ages ro ps ce i la esoprup alumis it no os tf wa .er 6. eV rified It per at sni ot he com tup er rgorp am a dn c kceh i gn ht e perf ro am ecn . If ht e i tupn parameters a dn gol ical urts c erut a dn c erro ctly re rp e es tn e ,d ve fir ic ta noi si comp el te .d 7. laV i tad ed It is ht e dete nimr ati no that a m do el si an a cc ru ate re rp esen at oit n of eht r ae l ys ts A.me chieved hguorht lac arbi it no of the m do el, an ti erat vi e corp e ss of c pmo a gnir ht e dom el ot a utc al tsys em beha roiv a dn eht discrepancies wteb ee n eht t .ow 8. E epx r mi e latn De ngis hT e tla e nr ta vi es ht ta a er ot eb lumis ated m tsu be ed et rmined. W ih ch a tl e nr ita ves to alumis et may be a f cnu t noi of snur . roF e ca h s tsy me ngised , ed isic sno deen ot be ma ed c cno e nr i gn • Le htgn of eht itini la noitazi pe doir • Le htgn of lumis ta noi snur • bmuN er fo re lp ic ita no ot eb am ed fo ae ch nur 9. Pr udo c noit r nu s dna sisylana hT ey are u es d ot e amits et em a erus s of perf ro m na ec f ro the sys et m de ngis s that a er be gni mis u al te .d 10. M ero r snu aB sed no ht e ana sisyl of snur ht at have b ee n lpmoc eted. hT e a an l tsy dete nimr es fi a tidd i no al snur a er en e ded a dn hw at de gis n t esoh a tidd i no al e px erime stn dluohs f .wollo 11. oD c mu e itatn on dna er op rti gn owT t py es fo od c mu e tn ati .no � rP o rg am od c mu e tn a noit � orP sec s od c mu e tn a noit Pr go r ma od c mu e tn ation aC n be su ed aga ni yb the as me ro d fi fere tn a an l sy st to dnu e tsr a dn woh ht e rp rgo am po erates. htruF er dom if ci a it no wi ll be ea is er. doM el su e sr can cha gn e the i tupn parameters f ro tteb er pe mrofr a .ecn Pr co e ss od c mu e tn a oit n Giv se ht e yrotsih of a simu al ti no orp jec .t ehT user lt of la l ana sisyl s dluoh be re detrop lc ea ylr a dn c no c si ely in a lanif re trop . ihT s ena lb e ot rev ei w ht e f ni la f ro mu al ti no a dn la te nr a vit es, res lu st of ht e e px e mir en st a dn ht e er c mmo e dn ed ulos t noi ot ht e borp l .me
  • 12. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 21 ehT f ni al re trop vorp ides a veh ci el fo certif ci ati .no 12. I lpm em ne tat ion uS cc e ss depe sdn no ht e rp ev suoi ts e sp . If ht e m do le su er h sa been t hguoroh ly in ov lved a dn dnu e tsr a sdn the rutan e of ht e m do el a dn sti stuptuo , like doohil fo a vi uorog s lpmi eme tn ita no is e hn an ec .d tS e sp in lumis ita no st ydu
  • 13. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 31 tinU 2 3102enuJ .1 nialpxE :elpmaxenahtiwnoitalumistneveetercsidnidesumreteht yaleD)viLEF)iiiecitontnevE)iitnevE)i etatsmetsyS)iVkcolC)v 01 skraM :los )i S tsy me etatS A c ello cti no fo va ir a lb es that c no t nia lla eht inf ro am ti no nec se sa yr ot de ebircs eht metsys at a yn time )ii event nA insta tn ane suo co c nerru ce ht at cha gn es t eh ts a et fo a tsys em as an a virr al fo a new c motsu e .)r vi ) Delay nA insta tn ane suo co c nerru ce ht at cha gn es t eh ts a et fo a tsys em as an a virr al fo a new c motsu e .)r )i ys ets m A c llo ecti no of ent eiti s (e. .g , pe lpo e a dn am c nih e )s t tah ii got te her vo er t emi to a cc omp il hs no e ro m ero og a .sl .2 Co sn id re ht e groce yr ots er w hti no e ch ce k tuo cou tn re . rP e ap er ht e umis la noit lbat e for e hgi t c tsu omers dna f ni d out va re ga e w tia i gn time of custom re ni queue, di el mit e of s re ev r na d va re ega s re eciv time . hT e i retn ra ri lav time AI( T) dna es r iv ce time S( T) are vig en ni nim ute .s AI T : 3,2,6,4,4,5,8 TS ( im n) 3: ,5,5,8,4,6,2,3 ssA ume f ri ts customer a irr ves ta time 0=t skraM01 :loS
  • 14. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 41 2102naJ/ceD - 31 .3 Sup op es ht e xam imum vni e otn ry el vel si M 11 nu i st and the er weiv p re doi si 5 syad e ts ima et yb talumis i no the eva r ega e gnidn nu i st in i vn e otn ry dna un bm er fo yad s when a s oh r egat c noitidno o cc urs . aitinI l umis l noita is ats rted iw ht el v le fo 3 tinu s dna na ord re of 8 nu i st cs he lud ed ot arri ev in two syad time. umiS l ta e of r ht ree cyc el s 51( )syad The pr ibabo il yt for ad li y demand dna el da ti em is vig en be wol . 02 skraM D me and 0 1 2 3 4 P 0.1 0.25 0.35 0.2 0.1 L ae d emit 1 2 3 porP abi til y 0.5 0.3 0.2 RD f ro dema :dn 42 , 53 , 56 , 52 ,8, 58 , 77 , 86 , 82 ,5, 55,29 , 94 , 96 , 07 RD f ro el ad time 5: ,0,3 nuJ e 2102 .4 eD f eni eht et rm su ed in discre et eve tn is lum a :noit skraM6 )i Sy ets m as fe tsil)ii i )ii ve ent i F)v EL )v delay ys)iv ets m :nloS )i S tsy me as fe A c ello cti no fo va ir a lb es that c no t nia lla eht inf ro am ti no nec se sa yr ot de ebircs eht metsys at a yn time )ii tsil
  • 15. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 51 A c ello c noit of p( er am yltnen ro et ropm ar li )y a oss ic ta ed e titn ei s dro ered in os em l go ic la fa hs i no (s hcu as lla c motsu e sr c rru e yltn in a wa gniti il ,en dro ered yb fi tsr c ,emo f tsri se vr e ,d ro yb rp i .)ytiro )iii event nA insta tn ane suo co c nerru ce ht at cha gn es t eh ts a et fo a tsys em as an a virr al fo a new c motsu e .)r vi ) Delay nA insta tn ane suo co c nerru ce ht at cha gn es t eh ts a et fo a tsys em as an a virr al fo a new c motsu e .)r )i ys ets m A c llo ecti no of ent eiti s (e. .g , pe lpo e a dn am c nih e )s t tah ii got te her vo er t emi to a cc omp il hs no e ro m ero og a .sl .5 Six ud pm trucks a er u es d ot ha lu c ao l fr mo the e tn r na ec of a lams l mine to r daollia . Each truck si daol ed yb one of two l edao rs. Aft re l gnidao tru kc vom es ot sc ela , ot be w hgie ed. retfA w gnihgie a truck be ig ns ot tr va el time and eht n er ut r sn ot daol re uq eue. tI ah s b ee n ssa umed taht five of truc sk rA e ta daol re dna no e ta lacs e ta time 0.By gnisu ve e tn sche gnilud ogla rithm fi dn tuo ysub time fo l dao er dna sc ela dna ppots i gn mit e E si 46 snim . skram41 oL a gnid t mi e 10 5 5 10 15 10 01 eW gnihgi ti em 12 21 12 16 12 16 -- rT avel emit 60 01 0 40 40 80 -- -- :loS
  • 16. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 61 vA re ega daoL er tU i tazil i no = 44 / 2 = 0. 29 vA re ega Scale oitazilitU n 42/42= = 1. 00 1102naJ/ceD - 21 6. doirepweiverehtdnastinu11MsilevelyrotnevnimumixamehtesoppuS dnayrotnevninistinugnidneegarevaehtnoitalumisybetamitsesyad5si nocegatrohsanehwsyadforebmun sinoitalumislaitinI.srucconoitid nievirraotdeludehcsstinu8foredronadnastinu3folevelhtiwdetrats yliadrofytilibaborpehT)syad51(selcyceerhtrofetalumiS.emitsyadowt .wolebnevigsiemitdaeldnadnamed 02 skraM D me and 0 1 2 3 4 P 0.1 0.25 0.35 0.2 0.1 L ae d emit 1 2 3 porP abi til y 0.5 0.3 0. 07,96,94,55,29,5,82,86,77,58,8,52,56,53,42:dnamedrofDR 3,0,5:emitdaelrofDR :loS nuJ e 1102 7) a gr co ery ots re sah no e ch ce tuok c nuo t re . motsuC sre a rr vi e ta siht ch ce tuok c tnuo re ta r dna om fr mo 1 ot M8 in tu es apa rt and each tni re av l time sah ht e mas e pr ibabo il ty fo o cc ru re cn e. T eh es r eciv mit es av ry fr mo 1 ot M6 inutes w hti pr ibabo il yt given b le ow:
  • 17. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 71 Ser civ e m(s ni ute )s 1 2 3 4 5 6 Pr babo li ti y 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.25 0.10 0. 50 Si um l ta e ht e ra r lavi fo 6 c tsu om re s dna c la c talu e: vA re ega w gnitia mit e f ro a c motsu re Pr libabo i yt taht a c motsu re ah s ot wait Pr babo li i yt fo a es r rev be gni di le vA re ega es r iv ce ti em sU e emit be wt ee n ra ir lav sU e eht fo ll o iw gn se neuq ce fo r dna om nu bm re :s aR modn di tig f ro a virr al 19 3 727 10 5 849 903 229 aR modn gid it f ro se ivr ce 48 10 47 53 17 97 emit mussA e ht at ht e if tsr motsuc er a virr es at t mi e 0.De ip tc ht e lumis ita no in a ta ub al r f mro . skram02 :loS 1. ehT avera eg wa ti i gn t emi f ro a c motsu er is 2. M8 i tun e .s t sih si ted e nimr ed ni t eh f wollo i gn ma nn e :r oT at l emit c su t mo e sr wa ti in uq e eu )nim( vA erage Wai gnit emiT = oT at l .on fo c su to em sr = 56 = 2. M8 uni t se 20 2. ehT borp a ib lity taht a c motsu er has ot w ia t ni t eh uq e eu si 0. .56 hT is si
  • 18. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 81 de ret m ni ed ni eht f lo l gniwo ma nn e :r borP a lib ti y w( ia )t = un mber fo c su t mo e sr ohw aw it oT at l un mber fo c sremotsu 31 = = 0. 56 02 3. ehT fr ca noit fo eldi emit fo eht es vr er si 0. .12 sihT is dete nimr ed ni t eh f wollo i gn ma nn e :r toT al eldi emit fo se vr er ( im un et )s borP abi ytil fo idle se vr er = toT al nur emit fo lumis ati no m( i tun e )s 81 = = 0. 12 68 ehT borp a ytilib fo t eh se vr er b ie gn ysub si t eh c pmo el me tn fo 0. ,12 ro 0. .97 4. ehT avera eg se ivr ec t emi si 3.4 unim et ,s de et mr ined as fo ll :swo toT al se vr ci e it em vA erage se ivr ce emit (m tuni e )s = toT al bmun er fo c su t sremo 86 = = 3.4 im tun es 02 hT si re tlus ac n eb c rapmo ed wi ht t eh e epx cted se ivr ce emit yb f gnidni ht e m ae n of eht se vr eci - it em d tsi noitubir gnisu t eh e auq t noi )s(E = Σ sp )s( iylppA ng ht e e px ec et d-v la ue e noitauq to ht e rtsid i ub t noi ni at lb e 2.7 gives an e epx c det se vr ci e ti em of: = 0(1 . )01 + 0(2 . )02 + 0(3 . )03 + 0(4 . )52 + 0(5 . )01 + 0(6 . )05 = 3.2 im tun es hT e e epx cted se vr eci time is ls hgi lt y wol er than the average emit ni ht e lumis at noi . ehT gnol er lumis ta ,noi t eh lc o es r eht average lliw eb ot E .)S( 5. hT e average t mi e be wt ee n a rr iva sl si 4.3 mi tun es. hT is si d ete mr ined in eht
  • 19. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 91 fo ll gniwo C OL CK == t has b ee n dpu ate ,d t eh OLC CK is a vd an ec d ot noitalumis ti em C OL CK =_ 1t a dn eht mi m ni e tn eve tn on tice si er m vo ed f mor t eh LEF a dn t eh eve tn e ex c tu e ..d hT si orp ec ss re ep ta s tnu il t eh s mi lu a noit si vo e .r � hT e se uq ence of a snoitc ihw ch a lumis at ro tsum perf ro m to a vd a cn e the c ol ck tsys me snaps toh is ca ll ed eht event-sche ud il gn mit/ e-a vd a ecn a irogl t mh Old ys ets m ns a tohsp at emit t Eve tn - cs he lud i gn /time- navda ec al og r mhti tS ep .1 Re evom t eh eve tn ton i ec f ro t eh nimmi e tn event (eve tn ,3 t mi e t) f mor LEP tS ep .2 vdA a ecn C OL CK to i mm ine tn eve tn ti em (i ,.e. a vd a ecn C OL CK f or m r to .)1t tS ep .3 xE ec etu mi m ni e tn event: etadpu tsys em ts ta ,e cha egn en it yt at rt i tub e ,s a dn tes em mbe hsr ip as n ee de .d tS ep .4 Gene ar te f erutu ve e stn fi( en sec sa )yr a dn p al ec the ri eve tn citon es no LEP ra kn ed yb eve tn it m .e xE( a pm el : vE e tn 4 ot rucco ta emit ,*t hw e er 2t < *t < t3.) tS ep .5 etadpU cum lu a vit e ts ita its cs a dn c nuo et .sr
  • 20. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 02 nU ti -3 uJ 3102en .1 Six ud pm trucks a er su ed ot haul c lao rf mo the e tn r na ec of a llams mine to ra li r dao . Each truck si l dao ed yb one of two edaol rs. Af et r daol i gn truck vom es ot scale, ot be we hgi ed as s noo sa lbissop e. htoB ht e daol re dna ht e cs ela vah e fi tsr c mo e fir ts res ved w gnitia il ne rof trucks. Tr va el time fr mo a l dao re ot scale si disnoc ered ne elbigilg . After w ie gnihg a truck snigeb ot tr va el mit e dna ht en er ut rns ot daol re uq e eu . The ac tivit ei s of l dao i gn , w hgie i gn dna tr va el mit e are given ni eht f lo lowi gn bat el . L gnidao mit e 10 5 5 01 51 10 01 We gnihgi time 12 12 12 61 21 16 -- rT va el time 60 001 40 04 08 -- -- dnE of umis l ita on is c lpmo eti no of two we gnihgi fr mo ht e sc ela . Dep ci t ht e talumis i no tab el na d es tamit e the daol re na d sca el itu il taz i no s. mussA e t ah t if ve of ht e tr skcu a er ta ht e load re s na d no e si ta eht scale ta emit .0 15M skra :los vA re ega daoL er tU i tazil i no = 44 / 2 = 0. 29 vA re ega Scale oitazilitU n 42/42= = 1. 00
  • 21. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 12 .2 nialpxE eht f lo low .gni M5 skra tsyS em :A co ll ect oi n fo enti it es taht interacttogethe or vertim te oaccomplishone ro more g lao s. Eve tn Lis :t list of ve ent notices for future events, o dr ered by it em of co curr cne e; kno nw as the futu er eventlist(FEL). � wlA ays r na ek d by ht e eve tn it me ytitnE : An obje tc in the sy ts em th ta requires explicit re rp esentation in ht e mo ,led e.g., p oe lp e, ma hc ines, no ed s, ekcap ts, server, customer Eve tn : Aninstantaneouso rucc re ecn thatchangesthestateofasy ts em. 21ceD - 31 .3 A large lim il gn machine ah s th eer fid fer tne bear sgni ht at fail in s re eciv . The c talumu i ev tsid ir tub ion f nu c noit of ht e il ef of each be gnira is di e tn ical given in lbat e 1. hW en a be nira g fai sl , ht e im ll spots , a iaper r p sre no si c lla ed dna a new bear gni is ni s at ll ed. ht e ed l ya time fo ht e re riap pe s’nosr arrivi gn ta ht e llim i gn am chi en si osla a r odna m av r bai el , wi ht ht e tsid r ubi it no given in ta lb e 2. oD w mitn e for ht e lim l si est mi ated at 5$ / im n tu e. The id rect no is te cost of ht e er ap ir p re nos si 51$ / uoh r. tI kat es 02 tunim es ot c gnah e 1 bea ir gn , 03 tunim se ot c gnah e 2 bea ir sgn na d 04 min tu es ot cha gn e 3 beari sgn .The bear gni c tso si 61$ each. A pr asopo l sah been made ot er pl ca e all 3 aeb ir sgn whenever a be ra i gn fai .sl M gana eme tn een sd na e av l tau i no of siht pr asopo l. Si talum e ht e tsys em for 01 , 000 uoh rs of epo rat noi nu ed r pr sopo ed me ht od dna det re nim e ht e latot c tso fo ht e pr sopo ed tsys e .m 2 skraM0 Table 1 Beari gn il fe id ts noitubir Bea nir g 001 0 0011 0021 031 0 041 0 051 0 061 0 1 081007 0 0091 iL fe srH( ) borP ab ili ty 0.10 0.13 0.25 0.13 0.09 0.12 0.02 0.06 0.05 0. 50 Table 2 Delay emit ubirtsid it no D ale (y im un et s) 5 10 51 borP ab ili ty 0.6 0.3 1.0 redisnoC eht gniwollof s ecneuqe fo modnar tigid s rof gniraeb efil t mi se iraeB ng 1 67 8 49 84 44 30 10 51 iraeB ng 2 70 43 86 93 81 44 19 15 iraeB ng 3 76 65 61 96 65 56 11 68 redisnoC eht gniwollof s ecneuqe fo modnar tigid s rof led ay t mi e yaleD 3 7 5 1 4 3 7 8
  • 22. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 22 :loS ehtO r selpmaxE fo noitalumiS )2( • elpmaxE ).tnoC(5.2 � The d le ya time fo the re iap rper as'nos rr gnivi ta the lim l gni ma hc ni e si al os a r odna m av r bai le, w ti h the tsid r bi u noit vig en ni baT le � The c umu l vita e sid tribut noi funct noi fo the fil e fo ea hc bear gni si di e itn ca ,l sa shown ni baT le 2. 22 .
  • 23. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 32 2102enuJ .4 tahW od uoy me na yb oW r dl eiV w? siD c ssu ht e ffid ere tn pyt es fo oW r dl eiV w? skraM01 nloS : oW lr d eiV ws � reledoM skniht ni smret fo sessecorp A• ssecorp si eht efil elcyc fo eno ,ytitne hcihw stsisnoc fo suoirav stneve dna seitivitca noitalumiS• ledom si idenifed n smret fo seititne ro stcejbo dna rieht efil elcyc sa yeht wolf hguorht eht ,metsys nidnamed g secruoser dna gnieueuq ot tiaw rof secruoser detimileraseiticapacesohwsecruosereromroenofoesuehteriuqerthgimseitivitcaemoS• sessecorP• ,tcaretni ,.g.e eno ssecorp sah ot tiaw ni a eueuq esuaceb eht ecruoser ti sdeen si ysub htiw na rehto ssecorp A• ssecorp si a emit - ecneuqes d tsil fo ,stneve seitivitca dna ,syaled gnidulcni sdnamed ,ecruoserrof taht enifed eht efil elcyc fo eno ytitne sa ti sevom hguorht a metsys elbairaV• emit ecnavda � � ytivitcA - gninnacs reledoM• wollatahtsnoitidnocesohtdnaledomafoseitivitcanosetartnecnoc na ytivitcA nigebot rofsnoitidnoceht,ecnavdakcolchcaetA• ,dekcehceraytivitcahcae ,dna ehtfi ,eurterasnoitidnoc neht eht cagnidnopserroc ytivit snigeb xiF• emit ecnavda narehtehwrevocsidotgninnacsdetaeperehT:egatnavdasiD• ytivitca nac eb ig ev n stluser ni emitnurwols eerhT:tnemevorpmI - hcaorppaesahp - noitanibmoC fo tneve htiwgniludehcs ytivitca gninnacs sweiVdlroW
  • 24. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 42 stnevE• oreznoitarudfoseitivitcaera emit stinu seitivitcafosepytowT• - B :seitivitca dnastneveyramirpllaruccootdnuobseitivitca seitivitcalanoitidnocnu - C :seitivitca niatrecnopulanoitidnoceratahtstneveroseitivitca eurtgniebsnoitidnoc BehT• - tsuj,emitfodaehadeludehcsebnacseitivitcaepyt sa tneveehtni - gniludehcs hcaorppa - elbairaV emit ecnavda - LEF sniatnoc ylno B- epyt stneve rehtehwnraelotgninnacS• Cyna - ronigebnacseitivitcaepyt C- ruccostneveepyt taylnoneppah Bllaretfa,ecnavdaemithcaefodneeht - detelpmocevahstneveepyt .5 T eh xam i mum vni e yrotn level , ,M si 11 stinu dna eht weiver doirep , N, si 5 syad . ehT melborp si ot tamitse e, yb noitalumis , eht gareva e gnidne stinu ni yrotnevni dna ht e rebmun fo syad w neh a egatrohs noitidnoc oc uc rs. ehT noitubirtsid fo eht rebmun fo stinu med a dedn rep yad si nwohs in ta lb e 9. nI siht elpmaxe , dael - emit si a r dna om av ir ba el , as nwohs ni lbat e 01 . emussA ht at sredro era decalp ta eht esolc fo ssenisub dna era ofdeviecer r yrotnevni ta eht gninnigeb sa denimreted yb eht le da -ti em . :loS Si italum on fo na ,M( )N yrotnevnI metsyS skram01
  • 25. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 52 11ceD - 21 .6 tahW yttnereffidehtssucsiD?weiVdlroWybnaemuoyod ?weiVdlroWfosep skraM01 :loS sweiVdlroW � ssecorP - noitcaretni reledoM• skniht ni smret fo sessecorp A• ssecorp si eht efil c elcy fo eno ,ytitne hcihw stsisnoc fo suoirav stneve dna seitivitca noitalumiS• ledom si idenifed n smret fo seititne ro stcejbo dna rieht efil elcyc sa yeht wolf hguorht eht ,metsys gnidnamed secruoser dna gnieueuq ot tiaw rof secruoser mseitivitcaemoS• detimileraseiticapacesohwsecruosereromroenofoesuehteriuqerthgi sessecorP• ,tcaretni ,.g.e eno ssecorp sah ot tiaw ni a eueuq esuaceb eht ecruoser ti sdeen si ysub htiw na rehto ssecorp A• ssecorp si a emit - ecneuqes d tsil fo ,stneve seitivitca dna aled ,sy gnidulcni sdnamed ,ecruoserrof taht enifed eht efil elcyc fo eno ytitne sa ti sevom hguorht a metsys elbairaV• emit ecnavda
  • 26. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 62 � ytivitcA - gninnacs reledoM• wollatahtsnoitidnocesohtdnaledomafoseitivitcanosetartnecnoc na A ytivitc nigebot rofsnoitidnoceht,ecnavdakcolchcaetA• ,dekcehceraytivitcahcae ,dna ehtfi ,eurterasnoitidnoc neht eht ytivitcagnidnopserroc snigeb xiF• emit ecnavda narehtehwrevocsidotgninnacsdetaeperehT:egatnavdasiD• ytivitca c na eb ig ev n stluser ni emitnurwols eerhT:tnemevorpmI - hcaorppaesahp - noitanibmoC fo tneve htiwgniludehcs ytivitca gninnacs sweiVdlroW oreznoitarudfoseitivitcaerastnevE• emit stinu seitivitcafosepytowT• - B :seitivitca tdnuobseitivitca dnastneveyramirpllaruccoo seitivitcalanoitidnocnu - C :seitivitca niatrecnopulanoitidnoceratahtstneveroseitivitca eurtgniebsnoitidnoc BehT• - epyt seitivitca tsuj,emitfodaehadeludehcsebnac sa tneveehtni - gniludehcs hcaorppa - lbairaV e emit ecnavda - LEF sniatnoc ylno B- epyt stneve rehtehwnraelotgninnacS• Cyna - ronigebnacseitivitcaepyt C- ruccostneveepyt Bllaretfa,ecnavdaemithcaefodneehttaylnoneppah - detelpmocevahstneveepyt .7 gnisU tlum i evitacilp laitneurgnoc em ht od, etareneg modnar srebmun ot co lpm ete nialpxE.elcyc mumixam ytisned dna xam i mum doirep , 11=A , X,61=M 0 7= skraM01
  • 27. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 72 ehT:loS ecneuqes fo iX dna tneuqesbus iR seulav si detupmoc sa swollof : 0X = 72 1X = 71( . 72 + dom)34 001 = 205 dom 001 = 2 2=1R =001⁄ 0. 02 2X = 71( • 2 + )34 dom 001 = 77 dom 001 = 77 77=2R 0=001⁄ . 77 ]tp3[* 3X = +77•71( dom)34 001 = 2531 dom 001 = 25 25=3R 0=001⁄ . 52 tsriF , eciton taht eht srebmun detareneg f mor noitauqE 7( . )2 can no l emussay va seul morf ht e tes I = 0{ ,1 m/ , ,m/2 ... , m( — )m/)l , ecnis e ca h iX si an suounitnoc no eht lavretni [0, ]1 , sihT mixorppa at noi a pp ea sr to be of lit lt e ,ecneuqesnoc dedivorp taht eht suludom m si a yrev egral in et ger. seulaV( hcus as m = 132 — 1 a dn m = 842 era ni nommoc esu ni eg srotaren eppa a gnir ni am yn noitalumis segaugnal .) yB mumixam ytisned si tnaem taht eht seulav ussa em d yb iR = ,1 ...,2 , evael on egral spag ]1,0[no dnoceS , ot pleh eveihca mumixam ,ytisned dna ot diova gnilcyc i( . ,.e ecnerrucer of t eh as m ecneuqese of g detarene )srebmun ni lacitcarp snoitacilppa , eht rotareneg dluohs evah ht e la gr est elbissop doirep . lamixaM doirep nac eb deveihca yb eht reporp eciohc fo ,a ,c ,m dna 0X . • roF m a wop er of 2, say m b2= a dn c ≠ 0, eht gnol est ssop i lb e pe doir is P = m = ,b2 hcihw si deveihca divorp ed that c si ylevitaler emirp ot m taht( si , eht erg ate ts c nommo rotcaf fo dnac m i s l dna,) a= = ,k4+l erehw k si na getni er. • roF m a rewop fo 2, yas m b2= a dn c = 0, eht tsegnol elbissop pe doir si P = m⁄4 = b2 -2, hcihw si deveihca vorp i ded taht eht dees 0X is ddo a dn ht e um lt ilpi er a, , is given yb K8+3=a , rof 1,0=Kemos , .. • roF m a emirp rebmun dna 0=c , ht e l gno e ts lbissop e peri do is =P m-1, ihw ch is ac ih e dedivorpdev taht eht reilpitlum , ,a sah eht ytreporp taht ht e tsellams regetni k hcus taht a k - si1 elbisivid yb m si =k m-1. enuJ 02 11 .8 A loot birc sah laitnenopxe raretni r lavi dna ecivres semit , dna ti sevres a very egral puorg fo scinahcem . ehT naem ti em teb w nee slavirra si 4 setunim . tI sekat 3 setunim no t eh egareva of r a loot birc dnetta a tn ot ecivres a cinahcem . The tta e adn nt si iap d 01$ p re uoh r dna t eh cinahcem si diap 51$ rep ruoh .
  • 28. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 82 dluoW ti eb vda isa lb e ot have a sec dno loot irc b ?tnadnetta skraM01 :loS � teL Ti etoned eht latot emit gnirud [ ,0 T] ni hcihw eht metsys deniatnoc yltcaxe i ,sremotsuc eht emit - dethgiew - egareva rebmun ni a metsys si denifed 1 T T � ehT emit - dethgiew - egareva rebmun ni eueuq :si T = LQ (t) td → LQ sa T → ∞ ˆ L = 0[ (3) +1( )21 + )4(2 +3(1 /]) 02 = 23/ 02 = 1.1 5 mosuc ters .9 etelpmocotsrebmunmodnaretareneg,dohtemlaitneurgnocevitacilpitlumgnisU nialpxE.elcyc mumixam ytisned dna xam i mum doirep , 11=A , =M X,61 0 7= skraM01 :loS ehT ecneuqes fo iX dna tneuqesbus iR seulav si detupmoc sa :swollof 0X = 72 1X = 71( . 72 + dom)34 001 = 205 dom 001 = 2 2=1R =001⁄ 0. 02 2X = 71( • 2 + )34 dom 001 = 77 dom 001 = 77 77=2R 0=001⁄ . 77 ]tp3[* 3X = +77•71( dom)34 001 = 2531 dom 001 = 25 25=3R 0=001⁄ . 52 tsriF , eciton taht eht srebmun detareneg f mor noitauqE 7( . )2 can no l emussay va seul morf ht e tes I = 0{ ,1 m/ , ,m/2 ... , m( — )m/)l , ecnis e ca h iX si an suounitnoc no eht lavretni [0, ]1 , sihT mixorppa at noi a pp ea sr to be of lit lt e ,ecneuqesnoc dedivorp taht eht suludom m si a yrev egral in et ger. seulaV( hcus as m = 132 — 1 a dn m = 842 era ni nommoc esu ni eg srotaren eppa a gnir ni am yn noitalumis segaugnal .) yB mumixam ytisned si tnaem taht eht seulav ussa em d yb iR = ,1 ...,2 , evael on egral spag ]1,0[no dnoceS , ot pleh eveihca mumixam ,ytisned dna ot diova gnilcyc i( . ,.e ecnerrucer of t eh as m ecneuqese of detareneg )srebmun ni lacitcarp snoitacilppa , eht rotareneg dluohs evah ht e la gr est elbissop doirep . lamixaM doirep nac eb deveihca yb : ˆL = = i=0 i=0 � � � � ∞ ∞ ∑iT i ∑i� Ti � ∞ ∑iT i i=0 Q1 1 T T ˆLQ = 0∫
  • 29. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 92 yb eht reporp eciohc fo ,a ,c ,m dna 0X . • roF m a wop er of 2, say m b2= a dn c ≠ 0, eht gnol est ssop i lb e pe doir is P = m = ,b2 hcihw si deveihca divorp ed that c si ylevitaler emirp ot m taht( si , eht erg ate ts c nommo rotcaf fo dnac m i s l dna,) a= = ,k4+l erehw k si na getni er. • roF m a rewop fo 2, yas m b2= a dn c = 0, eht tsegnol elbissop pe doir si P = m⁄4 = b2 -2, cihw h si deveihca vorp i ded taht eht dees 0X is ddo a dn ht e um lt ilpi er a, , is given yb K8+3=a , rof 1,0=Kemos , .. • roF m a emirp rebmun dna 0=c , ht e l gno e ts lbissop e peri do is =P m-1, ihw ch is ac ih e dedivorpdev taht eht reilpitlum , ,a sah eht ytreporp taht t eh tsellams regetni k hcus taht a k - si1 elbisivid yb m si =k m-1.
  • 30. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 03 nU ti -4 3102enuJ .1 K/N/C/B/Ametsysgniueuqrevreslellaraprofnoitatons’lladneKnialpxE gninaemdeterpretniosladna /2/M/Mfo .∞/∞ .skraM01 :loS :seueuqrevreslellaraprofmetsysnoitatonA K/N/c/B/A •A lavirraretniehtstneserper - noitubirtsidemit •B ecivresehtstneserper - noitubirtsidemit •c srevreslellarapforebmunehtstneserper •N ysehtstneserper yticapacmets •K noitalupopgnillacehtfoezisehtstneserper • K,N ytinifnierayehtfi,deppordyllausuera rofslobmysnommoC A dna B •M noitubirtsidlaitnenopxe,vokraM •D citsinimreted,tnatsnoC • Ek redrofonoitubirtsidgnalrE k •H pxerepyH noitubirtsidlaitneno •G yrartibra,lareneG selpmaxE • /M/M 1/8/ saemas8 /M/M elgniS:1 - llacdnayticapacdetimilnuhtiwrevres detubirtsidyllaitnenopxeerasemitecivresdnalavirraretnI.noitalupop • /G/G 1/5/ elgniS:5 - llacdna5yticapachtiwrevres - op .5noitalup •M/M llac,02yticapachtiwrevreslellarapeviF:OFIF/0051/02/5/ - 0051noitalupop OFIFenilpicsidecivresdna .2 .eueuq1/G/MfosretemarapetatsydaetsnialpxE skraM01 . :loS ydaetS - etiniFforoivaheBetatS - noitalupoP sledoM •� rplacitcarpnI etinifsinoitalupopgnillacsmelbo •� sremotsuceromroenofoecneserpeht,llamssinoitalupopgnillacehtnehW .slavirraerutuffonoitubirtsidehtnotceffegnortsasahmetsysehtni •� etinifaredisnoC - htiwledomnoitalupopgnillac K (sremotsuc M K/K/c/M/ ) •� siecivresrofllactxenehtdnatisivecivresenofodneehtneewtebemitehT .λ/1=naemhtiwdetubirtsidyllaitnenopxe •� /1naemhtiwdetubirtsidyllaitnenopxeoslaerasemitecivreS µ. •� c iyticapacmetsysdnasrevreslellarap s K.
  • 31. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 13 naJ/ceD 21 - 31 .3 K/N/C/B/Ametsysgniueuqrevreslellaraprofnoitatons’lladneKnialpxE /2/M/Mfogninaemdeterpretniosladna .∞/∞ .skraM01 :loS :seueuqrevreslellaraprofmetsysnoitatonA K/N/c/B/A •A per lavirraretniehtstneser - noitubirtsidemit •B ecivresehtstneserper - noitubirtsidemit •c srevreslellarapforebmunehtstneserper •N yticapacmetsysehtstneserper •K noitalupopgnillacehtfoezisehtstneserper • K,N yehtfi,deppordyllausuera ytinifniera rofslobmysnommoC A dna B •M noitubirtsidlaitnenopxe,vokraM •D citsinimreted,tnatsnoC • Ek redrofonoitubirtsidgnalrE k •H noitubirtsidlaitnenopxerepyH •G yrartibra,lareneG selpmaxE • /M/M 1/8/ saemas8 /M/M elgniS:1 - iwrevres llacdnayticapacdetimilnuht detubirtsidyllaitnenopxeerasemitecivresdnalavirraretnI.noitalupop • /G/G 1/5/ elgniS:5 - llacdna5yticapachtiwrevres - .5noitalupop •M/M llac,02yticapachtiwrevreslellarapeviF:OFIF/0051/02/5/ - 0051noitalupop esdna OFIFenilpicsidecivr
  • 32. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 23 .4 K/N/C/B/AmrofehtfosnoitatongniueuqnidesusmretehtnialpxE 6 skraM :loS /c/B/A:seueuqrevreslellaraprofmetsysnoitatonA K/N lavirraretniehtstneserperA - ,noitubirtsidemit ecivresehtstneserperB - ,noitubirtsidemit ,srevreslellarapforebmunehtstneserperc ,yticapacmetsysehtstneserperN noitalupopgnillacehtfoezisehtstneserperK .5 modnaretercsidaenifeD elbairav skram4 :loS selbairaVmodnaRetercsiD elbissopforebmunehtfielbairavmodnaretercsidasiX� .etinifnielbatnuocro,etinifsiXfoseulav .pohsbojatagnivirrasbojredisnoC:elpmaxE� .pohsbojatakeewhcaegnivirrasbojforebmunehtebXteL� segnar(Xfoseulavelbissop=xR� }…,2,1,0{=)Xfoecap )ix=X(P=ixsielbairavmodnarehtytilibaborp=)ix(p� :yfsitastsum…,2,1=i,)ix(p• )ix(p.1 illarof,0≥ 1=)ix(p.2 enuJ 102 2 .6 ehT rebmun fo ruH r senaci nittih g ht e tsaoc of idnI an follows nossiop tsid ir b tu ion with em na 8.0=α rep raey :enimreteD i) ehT ytilibaborp fo erom naht owt nisenacirruh a raey ii ) ehT ytilibaborp fo erom naht eno enacirruh ani raey skraM6 :los ioPs nos iDs rt i tubi no maxE p :el A retupmoc er pa ri ep sr on si “ eeb ep d” ea emithc ereht si a ca ll for se civr e. The bmun er fo be pe s ep r ho ru ~ Po ssi (no α = 2 per uoh .)r � T eh ilibaborp ty of eerht b ee ps ni the en xt hour: 3(p ) = e-2 23 !3/ = 81.0 ,osla )3(p = )3(F – )2(F = 758.0 -0. 76 7 81.0= � T eh ilibaborp ty of owt ro more eb eps ni a 1-hour ep rio :d
  • 33. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 33 2(p or om re) = 1 – p(0) – p(1) = 1 – (F 1) = 495.0  .7 nialpxE eht smret desu ni gniueuq snoitaton fo eht mrof K/N/C/B/A skraM6 :loS A noitaton metsys rof lellarap revres :seueuq K/N/c/B/A A stneserper eht lavirraretni - emit d ,noitubirtsi B stneserper eht ecivres - emit ,noitubirtsid c stneserper eht rebmun fo lellarap ,srevres N stneserper eht metsys ,yticapac K stneserper eht ezis fo gnillaceht noitalupop .8 tsiL eht ydaets etats sretemarap 1/G/Mfo skraM8 :loS  elgniS -s revre seueuq htiw nossioP slavirra & detimilnu yticapac . � esoppuS ecivres semit evah naem m/1 dna ecnairav s2 dna r = /l m < ,1 eht ydaets - etats sretemarap fo /G/M 1 :eueuq ρ λ= / µ, P0 = 1- ρ ρ (1+σ µ ) ρ (1+σ µ ) (2 1- ρ) (2 1- ρ) 2 2 2 + , wQ = naJ/ceD 02 11 - 21 .9 dnaK/N/C/B/Ametsysgniueuqrevreslellaraprofnoitatons’lladneKnialpxE /2/M/Mfogninaemdeterpretniosla .∞/∞ .skraM01 :loS K/N/c/B/A:seueuqrevreslellaraprofmetsysnoitatonA serperA• lavirraretniehtstne - noitubirtsidemit ecivresehtstneserperB• - noitubirtsidemit srevreslellarapforebmunehtstneserperc• yticapacmetsysehtstneserperN• noitalupopgnillacehtfoezisehtstneserperK• rayehtfi,deppordyllausueraK,N• ytinifnie BdnaArofslobmysnommoC noitubirtsidlaitnenopxe,vokraMM• citsinimreted,tnatsnoCD• w = 1 λ( /1 µ +σ ) λ( /1 µ 2 +σ ) µ (2 1- ρ) (2 1- ρ) 2 2 2 2 2 2 L = ρ + , LQ =
  • 34. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 43 kredrofonoitubirtsidgnalrEkE• noitubirtsidlaitnenopxerepyHH• yrartibra,lareneGG• selpmaxE elgniS:1/M/Msaemas8/8/1/M/M• - htiwrevres llacdnayticapacdetimilnu detubirtsidyllaitnenopxeerasemitecivresdnalavirraretnI.noitalupop elgniS:5/5/1/G/G• - llacdna5yticapachtiwrevres - .5noitalupop llac,02yticapachtiwrevreslellarapeviF:OFIF/0051/02/5/M/M• - 0051noitalupop ivresdna OFIFenilpicsidec .01 .eueuq1/G/MfosretemarapetatsydaetsnialpxE 1 .skraM0 :loS ydaetS - etiniFforoivaheBetatS - noitalupoP sledoM •� etinifsinoitalupopgnillacsmelborplacitcarpnI •� sremotsuceromroenofoecneserpeht,llamssinoitalupopgnillacehtnehW .slavirraerutuffonoitubirtsidehtnotceffegnortsasahmetsysehtni •� etinifaredisnoC - iwledomnoitalupopgnillac )K/K/c/M/M(sremotsucKht •� siecivresrofllactxenehtdnatisivecivresenofodneehtneewtebemitehT λ/1=naemhtiwdetubirtsidyllaitnenopxe . •� .µ/1naemhtiwdetubirtsidyllaitnenopxeoslaerasemitecivreS •� dnasrevreslellarapc .Ksiyticapacmetsys enuJ 1102 .11 enifeD a etercsid modnar elbairav . nialpxe eht laimonib noitubirtsid . M5 skra :los etercsiD modnaR selbairaV P[ r abo b ili ty R ve ie ]w �X si a d rcsi ete random va ir ba le if ht e num eb r of po iss ble val eu s fo X si finit ,e or c tnuo ab el infinit .e
  • 35. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 53 �Ex ma ple: C no is ed r jo sb a ivirr ng ta a j bo s oh .p �Let X be the n mu ber of jobs a rr iv ni g ae ch ew ke at a j bo hs .po � Rx = op ssi lb e av ul es of X r( an eg sp ca e of X) = {0,1,2 }…, � (p xi) = p bor ba i il yt ht e dnar mo rav iab el is xi = X(P = xi) � p x( i), i = 1, ,2 … must s sita f :y 1. p(xi ) ≥ ,0 rof lla i 2. p(xi ) =1 T eh c ello c it on of iap rs [xi, x(p i) ,] i = ,…,2,1 is ca ll de eht pr abo b li ity id strib tu i no of X, a dn (p xi) is c la l de the orp bability mass f nu c noit 12. nialpxE eht scitsiretcarahc fo a gniueuq .metsys tsiL tnereffid gniueuq snoitaton . 15 skraM :loS .1 1 scitsiretcarahC fo gniueuQ metsyS s yeK stnemele fo gniueuq :smetsys remotsuC : srefer ot gnihtyna ht ta sevirra ta a ytilicaf dna seriuqer e,ecivres . ,.g ,senihcam,elpoep ,skcurt iame ls. revreS : srefer ot yna ecruoser taht sedivorp eht detseuqer ,ecivres e. ,.g ,snosrepriaper laveirter ,senihcam syawnur ta tropria . � gnillaC noitalupop : eht noitalupop fo laitnetop ,sremotsuc yam eb demussa ot eb f roetini etinifni . � etiniF noitalupop ledom : fi lavirra etar sdneped no eht rebmun sremotsucfo gnieb devres dna ,gnitiaw ,.g.e ledom fo eno etaroproc ,tej fi ti si gnieb eht,deriaper riaper lavirra etar semoceb orez . � etinifnI noitalupop ledom : fi lavirra etar si ton detceffa yb eht rebmun fo
  • 36. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 63 sremotsuc gnieb devres dna ,gnitiaw e. ,.g htiwsmetsys egral noitalupop laitnetopfo sremotsuc . � metsyS yticapaC : a timil no ht e rebmun sremotsucfo taht yam eb ni gnitiaweht enil etsysro m. � detimiL yticapac , ,.g.e citamotuana rac hsaw ylno sah moor rof 01 srac ot tiaw ni enil retneot msinahcemeht . � detimilnU yticapac , ,.g.e trecnoc tekcit selas htiw on timil no eht ebmun r fo elpoep dewolla ot tiaw ot esahcrup stekcit . � roF etinifni - noitalupop :sledom � nI smret fo lavirraretni semit fo evisseccus sremotsuc . � modnaR :slavirra lavirraretni semit yllausu deziretcarahc yb a ytilibaborp tubirtsid ion. � tsoM tnatropmi om :led nossioP lavirra ssecorp htiw( etar l ,) erehw An stneserper eht lavirraretni emit neewteb remotsuc n-1 dna remotsuc n, dna si yllaitnenopxe detubirtsid htiw( naem 1/l). � deludehcS :slavirra lavirraretni semit nac eb tnatsnoc ro tnatsnoc sulp ro sunim a llams modnar tnuoma ot tneserper ylrae lro a slavirraet . � ,.g.e stneitap ot a naicisyhp ro deludehcs a thgilfenilri otslavirra na ai ropr t. � tA tsael eno remotsuc si demussa ot syawla eb ,tneserp os eht revres si reven ,.g.e,eldi tneiciffus war am lairet rof a enihcam . � roF etinif - noitalupop :sledom � remotsuC si gnidnep nehw eht remotsuc si edistuo eht gnieueuq ,metsys ,.g.e enihcam - riaper :melborp a enihcam si ”gnidnep“ nehw ti si ,gnitarepo ti semoceb ton“ ”gnidnep eht tnatsni ti sdnamed ivres ec mrof eht mriaper an. � emitnuR fo a remotsuc si eht htgnel fo emit f morferutrapedmor eht gnieueuq metsys litnu taht s’remotsuc txen lavirra ot eht ,eueuq ,.g.e enihcam - riaper ,melborp senihcam era sremotsuc dna a emitnur si emit ot eruliaf . � teL A1 (i) , A2 (i) , … eb evisseccuseht semitnur fo remotsuc dna,i S1 (i) , S2 (i) eb eht gnidnopserroc evisseccus metsys :semit � eueuQ :roivaheb eht snoitca fo sremotsuc elihw ni a eueuq rofgnitiaw otecivres ,nigeb f :elpmaxero � :klaB evael nehw yeht ees taht enileht si oot ,gnol
  • 37. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 73 � :egeneR evael retfa gnieb ni eht enil nehw sti gnivom oot ,ylwols � :yekcoJ evom morf eno enil ot a retrohs enil . � eueuQ :enilpicsid eht lacigol gniredro fo sremotsuc ni a eueuq taht senimreted hcihw remotsuc si nesohc rof ecivres nehw a revres semoceb ,eerf rof :elpmaxe � tsriF - ni - tsrif - tuo )OFIF( � tsaL - ni - tsrif - tuo OFIL( ) � ecivreS ni modnar redro )ORIS( � tsetrohS gnissecorp femit i tsr TPS( ) � ecivreS gnidrocca ot ytiroirp )RP( . � ecivreS semit fo evisseccus ra slavir era detoned yb S1, S2, S3. � yaM eb tnatsnoc ro modnar . � {S1, S2, S3, }… si yllausu deziretcarahc sa a ecneuqes fo dnatnednepedni yllacitnedi detubirtsid modnar ,selbairav ,.g.e ,laitnenopxe ,llubieW ,ammag ,lamrongol dna detacnurt lamron irtsid noitub . � hcaE ecivres retnec stsisnoc fo emos rebmun fo ,srevres c, gnikrow ni ,lellarap nopu gnitteg ot eht daeh fo eht ,enil remotsuca sekat eht 1st elbaliava revres .
  • 38. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 83 tinU -5 3102enuJ .1 lumgnisusrebmunmodnarevifetareneG htiwdohtemlaitneurgnocevitacilpit X0 .46=m,01=a,5= .skraM6 nloS : 0X = 63 1X = 6()91( 3) dom 001 = 7911 dom 001 = 79 2X )91(= 001dom)79( = 3481 m do 001 = 43 3X )91(= 001dom)34( = 718 m do 001 = 17 nehW m si a ewop r of 1 ,0 say m = b01 , eht om d olu noitarepo is dehsilpmocca by s gniva eht b tsomthgir )lamiced( igid ts. .2 gnisU.detarenegera29.0,50.0,61.0,28.0,66.0,44.0srebmunxisehT vorogomlok - htiwtsetvonrims ehttahtsisehtopyhehtkcehcdna50.0=α .detcejerebnac]1,0[lavretniehtnodetubirtsidylmrofinuerasrebmun .skraM8 :loS ,tsriF eht srebmun tsum eb deknar morf ellams st to .tsegral uclacehT l snoita nac detatilicafeb yb esu fo Tab el .2.7 ehT pot wor stsil eht srebmun morf )1(tsellams ) ot )n(R(tsegral ) T. he itatupmoc o sn rof ,+D n ema ly i N/ - }i(R dna rof D-, eman ly i(R ) - ( i - l ) / ,N are isae ly dehsilpmocca gnisu elbaT 2.7 . ehT scitsitats era c detupm sa +D = 62.0 dna D- = 0 12. . ferehT o ,er D = am x ,62.0{ }12.0 = 62.0 . ehT tirc i lac eulav fo ,D eniatbo d morf elbaT 8.A rof a 50.0= dna N = ,5 si 565.0 . ecniS eht detupmoc ,eulav ,62.0 si ssel naht eht detalubat acitirc l eulav , ,565.0 eht h sisehtopy fo on ereffid n ec neewteb the di noitubirts fo eht detareneg srebmun dna ht e mrofinu noitubirtsid si on t er j detce .
  • 39. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 93 ehT snoitaluclac ni aT b el 2.7 era etartsulli d in Fi rug e ,2.7 where ht e ripme i lac cd ,)X(NS,f si derapmoc ot t eh rofinu m cd ,f F(x .) tI nac eb s nee th ta D+ si eht tsegral d taive i no of (NS x) evoba (F x ,) dna taht D- si eht tsegral aived t noi fo )X(NS eb l wo (F x). roF ex ,elpma ta R eht)3( eulav fo D+ si ig v ne by 5/3 - )3(R = 06.0 - .0 44 61.0= dna of D- is vig en by R(3) = 5/2 = 4.0 4 - 04.0 = .40.0 ohtlA u hg eht tset tats citsi D is denifed by noitauqE ( )3.7 sa the maxim noitaivedmu revo lla x, ti nac be nees morf Fi erug 2.7 taht the am xim mu ved ia it no liw l la ways rucco ta one of eht uj mp op in st R )1( , R 2( ) . . . , dna suht eht d noitaive ta rehto eulav s of x een d ton eb noc deredis . .3 gnisU tlum i evitacilp laitneurgnoc htem od, etareneg modnar srebmun ot co lpm ete .elcyc nialpxE mumixam ytisned dna xam i mum X,61=M,11=A,doirep 0 7= 6 skraM :loS ehT ecneuqes fo iX dna tneuqesbus iR seulav si detupmoc sa :swollof 0X = 72 X1 = 71( . 72 + dom)34 001 = 205 dom 001 = 2 2=1R =001⁄ 0. 02 2X = 71( • 2 + )34 dom 001 = 77 dom 001 = 77 77=2R 0=001⁄ . 77 ]tp3[* 3X = +77•71( dom)34 001 = 2531 dom 001 = 25 25=3R 0=001⁄ . 52 ceD naJ/ 2102 - 31 .4 gnisU s elbatiu ycneuqerf tset dnif tuo w eh reht eht dnar om n bmu ers gener ta ed era ylmrofinu detubirtsid on eht lavretni 0[ , ]1 nac eb detcejer . mussA e 0=α . 50 dna Dα 0= . 565 . ht e modnar srebmun era 0,11.0,89.0,37.0,45.0 . 86 4 skraM los : tsriF , eht srebmun tsum be ra kn ed f or m ms la le ts ot la gr e ts . ehT snoitaluclac nac afeb c detatili yb esu fo elbaT 7.2. ehT pot wor stsil eht srebmun morf tsellams )1(R( ) ot )n(R(tsegral ) . ehT snoitatupmoc f ro +D , yleman i N/ - }i(R dna f ro D-, name yl R(i ) - ( i - l ) / N, a ylisaeer dehsilpmocca gnisu elbaT 7.2. ehT scitsitats era detupmoc sa +D = 0. 62 a dn D- = 0. .12 eroferehT , D = 0{xam . 62 , 0. }12 = 0. 62 . ehT citirc la v la ue of D, deniatbo morf elbaT A.8 f ro a 0= . 50 dna N = 5, si 0. 565 . ecniS eht tupmoc ed eulav , 0. 62 , si ssel naht eht lubat ated c citir al va ,eul 0. 565 , eht sisehtopyh fo on fid f ecnere neewteb eht noitubirtsid fo eht reneg ated bmun e sr a dn eht mrofinu noitubirtsid si ton detcejer . .5 gnisU elbatius ycneuqerf tset dnif tuo rehtehw eht modnar srebmun
  • 40. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 04 detareneg era ylmrofinu detubirtsid no eht lavretni ]1,0[ c na eb .detcejer emussA 50.0=α dna Dα 0= . 565 . eht modnar srebmun era 0,11.0,89.0,37.0,45.0 . 86 skraM01 :loS tsriF , eht srebmun tsum be ra kn ed f or m ms la le ts ot la gr e ts . ehT snoitaluclac nac afeb c detatili yb esu fo elbaT 7.2. ehT pot wor stsil eht srebmun morf tsellams )1(R( ) ot )n(R(tsegral ) . ehT snoitatupmoc f ro +D , yleman i N/ - }i(R dna f ro D-, name yl R(i ) - ( i - l ) / N, a ylisaeer dehsilpmocca gnisu elbaT 7.2. ehT scitsitats era detupmoc sa +D = 0. 62 a dn D- = 0. .12 eroferehT , D = 0{xam . 62 , 0. }12 = 0. 62 . ehT citirc la v la ue of D, deniatbo morf elbaT A.8 f ro a 0= . 50 dna N = 5, si 0. 565 . ecniS eht tupmoc ed eulav , 0. 62 , si ssel naht eht lubat ated c citir al va ,eul 0. 565 , eht sisehtopyh fo on fid f ecnere neewteb eht noitubirtsid fo eht reneg ated bmun e sr a dn eht mrofinu irtsid noitub si ton detcejer . ehT snoitaluclac ni lbaT e 7.2 era detartsulli ni erugiF 7.2, rehw e the ripme ci al c fd , )X(NS , is derapmoc ot eht inu f mro c fd , )x(F . tI nac eb es en taht D+ si eht la gr tse de iv ati no of )x(NS above )x(F , dna taht D- si eht ral tseg noitaived fo )X(NS b le wo )x(F . roF elpmaxe , ta )3(R eht av lue fo D+ si gi nev by 5/3 - (R 3) = 0. 06 - 0. 44 0= . 61 a dn of D- si given by R(3) = 2/5 = 0. 44 - 0. 04 = 0.0 4. hguohtlA eht tset citsitats D si denifed yb Eq noitau 7( . )3 sa ht e ma umix m dev ai noit over la l x, ti nac eb nees morf erugiF 7.2 taht eht mumixam dev ai noit wi ll always occ ru at no e of eht j pmu stniop ,)1(R )2(R . . . , dna suht eht noitaived ta rehto seulav fo x deen ton eb deredisnoc . .6 tsegguS a pets yb pets erudecorp ot etareneg modnar v setaira gnisu inve sr e tra sn f mro euqinhcet rof laitnenopxe noitubirtsid . skraM6 :loS esrevnI mrofsnarT nhceT i euq : ehT esrevni snart f mro euqinhcet nac eb desu ot elpmas morf laitnenopxe , ht e inu f mro , llubieWeht , dna eht ralugnairt rtsid i tub i sno a dn empi cir al di rts i snoitub . noitiddA ally, it is t gniylrednueh elpicnirp f ro gnilpmas morf a diw e rav ei yt of d csi rete d si t .snoitubir ehT euqinhcet lliw eb denialpxe ni liated rof eht laitnenopxe noitubirtsid dna ht en deilppa ot hto er di rts i ub t snoi . tI si eht m tso ,drawrofthgiarts tub syawla eht tsom ,.tneiciffe euqinhcet yllanoitatupmoc .
  • 41. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 14 LAITNENOPXE NOITUBIRTSID : ehT laitnenopxe ,noitubirtsid sah ytilibaborp ytisned noitcnuf )fdp( nevig yb =)X(f eλ - xλ , x ≥ 0 ,0 x < 0 dna evitalumuc noitubirtsid noitcnuf )fdc( nevig yb )X(f = ∫ -∞ x )t(f td = 1 – e –λ ,x x ≥ 0 ,0 <x 0 ehT retemarap nac eb deterpretni sa eht naem rebmun fo secnerrucco rep emit tinu . roF elpmaxe , fi lavirraretni semit iX , 2X , 3X , . . . dah na laitnenopxe noitubirtsid htiw ar et , then dluoc eb deterpretni sa eht naem rebmun of a rr iv la s per mit e inu t, ro the a rr ival r eta | toN eci that ynarof j =)iX(E λ/1 os taht si eht naem lavirraretni .emit ehT laog ereh si ot poleved a p erudecor rof neg erati gn seulav ,3X,2X,1X … .. hcihw evah na laitnenopxe noitubirtsid . ehT esrevni snart f mro euqinhcet nac eb ,dezilitu ta tsael ni ,elpicnirp rof yna tubirtsid i no . tuB siti tsom esu f lu hw en eht c fd . )x(F , si of hcus elpmis mrof ht at its i vn e esr , F , can be ea ylis etupmoc d. A pets - yb -st pe erudecorp rof eht esrevni snart f mro euqinhcet rtsulli ated yb me laitnenopxe ,noitubirtsid si sa fo ll :swo tS ep .1 tupmoC e eht fdc fo eht de deris modnar lbairav e X. roF eht laitnenopxe noitubirtsid , eht dc f si )x(F = 1 — e , x > 0. tS ep 2. teS )X(F = R no eht gnar e of X. roF eht laitnenopxe noitubirtsid , ti b ce mo es 1 – e- Xλ = R no eht egnar x 0=> . ecniS X si a modnar va elbair htiw( eht laitnenopxe noitubirtsid in siht ac ,)es ti f swollo taht 1 - si osla a modnar elbairav , reh e ca ll ed .R sA lliw eb nwohs late ,r R has a mrofinu noitubirtsid revo eht lavretni ,.)1,0( tS ep 3. evloS eht noitauqe )X(F = R rof X ni terms of R. roF eht laitnenopxe tubirtsid i no , eht noitulos sdeecorp sa :swollof 1 – e-λ x = R e-λ =x 1 – R - =Xλ 1(nl - )R =x - λ/1 1(nl – )R ( 1.5 )
  • 42. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 24 noitauqE 5( . )1 si dellac a modnar - etairav rotareneg f ro eht laitnenopxe id st ubir it no . nI ,lareneg noitauqE 5( . )1 si nettirw sa F=X - (1 R ). gnitareneG a ecneuqes fo seulav si pmocca sil hed guorht h spets 4. tS ep 4. etareneG sa( )dedeen mrofinu modnar bmun e sr R1, R2, R ..,3 . dna etupmoc eht derised modnar setairav yb iX = F-1 )iR( roF eht laitnenopxe ,esac F )R( = (- 1(nl)λ/1 - )R yb noitauqE ,)1.5( tahtos iX = - λ/1 nl ( 1 – )iR ( 2.5 ) rof i = 1,2, ,3 ... . enO noitacifilpmis taht si yllausu e deyolpm ni uqE ita no )2.5( si to ecalper 1 – iR yb otiR dleiy iX = - λ/1 nl iR ( 3.5 ) hcihw si j deifitsu ecnis htob iR dna 1- iR era ylmrofinu detubirtsid no )1,0( . uJ ne 102 2 .7 nialpxE eht owt tnereffid seuqinhcet rof neg gnitare modnar srebmun htiw ?selpmaxe skraM01 :loS 1 raeniL rgnoC u ne t lai eM ht do ) ehT raenil laitneurgnoc dohtem , yllaitini desoporp yb remheL ,]1591[ udorp ec s a ecneuqes getnifo e ,sr X, ,2X ... neewteb orez dna m — 1 gnidrocca ot eht gniwollof er visruc e :pihsnoitaler Xi+1 = (aXi + c) om d m, i = 0,1,2, ... ehT laitini eulav 0X si dellac eht ,dees fI c ≠ 0 ni uqE a noit 7( . )1 , eht mrof si c la led ht e m dexi aitneurgnoc l m te h do . nehW c = ,0 eht mrof si nwonk sa the m evitacilpitlu aitneurgnoc l me ht do . ehT noitceles fo eht v la u se f ro a, ,c m dna X0 yllacitsard stceffa eht itats stic la porp erties a dn ht e cycle el ngth. . ehT modnar sregetni era gnieb detareneg [ m,0 -1 ,] dna ot trevnoc eht sregetni ot modnar :srebmun 2 oC m denib raeniL tneurgnoC i la eG n are t sro sA gnitupmoc rewop sah desaercni , eht ytixelpmoc fo eht sys smet ht at we are a lb e to si lum a et sah osla saercni de . enO luftiurf hcaorppa si ot enibmoc owt ro erom evitacilpitlum neurgnoc -t ai l genera srot ni hcus a yaw taht eht denibmoc ge rotaren sah doog citsitats al seitreporp dna a l gno er pe doir . ehT gniwollof tluser morf L' reyucE ]8891[ stseggus woh siht nac eb d :eno fI ,iW 1 , Wi , 2. . . , W ,i k era yna tnednepedni , etercsid - deulav modnar selbairav ton( ylirassecen yllacitnedi ,)detubirtsid tub eno fo meht , say iW , ,1 si inu f ylmro detubirtsid no eht sregetni 0 ot mi — 2, ht en si ylmrofinu detubirtsid no eht getni sre 0 imot — 2.
  • 43. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 34 .8 ehT ecneuqes fo srebmun 0,50.0,41.0,18.0,44.0 . 39 w ere tareneg e ,d esu eht vorogomloK - vonrimS htiwtset levela fo ecnacifingis a fo erapmoc.50.0 )X(F dna SN )X( skraM01 :loS ehT snoitaluclac ni elbaT 7.2 era ulli detarts ni giF u er 7. ,2 erehw eht laciripme )X(NS,fdc , derapmoc ot eht mrofinu fdc , )x(F . tI nac eb se ne taht +D si eht egral s noitaivedt of )x(NS evoba )x(F , dna taht D- si eht tsegral noitaived of (NS X) bel wo )x(F . roF elpmaxe , ta )3(R eht va eul of +D si nevig yb 5/3 - )3(R = 0. 06 - 0. 44 0= . dna61 fo D- si nevig by )3(R = 2/5 = 0. 44 - 0. 04 = 0. 40 . hguohtlA eht tset ats t si cit D denifedsi yb noitauqE )3.7( sa eht mumixam noitaived revo lla x, ti nac eb nees f giFmor u er 7.2 taht eht mumixam noitaived lliw a wl a sy occ ru at no e of ht e j pmu stniop )1(R , )2(R . . . , dna suht eht noitaived ta rehto seulav fo x deen ton deredisnoceb D naJ/ce 02 11 - 21 .9 nialpxE eht owt tnereffid seuqinhcet rof gnitareneg modnar srebmun htiw ?selpmaxe skraM01 :loS 1 raeniL rgnoC u ne t lai eM ht do )
  • 44. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 44 ehT raenil laitneurgnoc dohtem , yllaitini desoporp yb remheL ,]1591[ udorp ec s a ecneuqes getnifo e ,sr X, ,2X ... neewteb orez dna m — 1 gnidrocca ot eht gniwollof visrucer e :pihsnoitaler Xi+1 = (aXi + c) om d m, i = 0,1,2, ... ehT laitini eulav 0X si dellac eht ,dees fI c ≠ 0 ni uqE a noit 7( . )1 , eht mrof si c la led ht e m dexi aitneurgnoc l m te h do . nehW c = ,0 eht mrof si nwonk sa the m evitacilpitlu aitneurgnoc l me ht do . ehT noitceles fo eht v la u se f ro a, ,c m dna X0 yllacitsard stceffa eht itats stic la porp erties a dn ht e cycle el gn th. . ehT modnar sregetni era gnieb detareneg [ m,0 -1 ,] dna ot trevnoc eht sregetni ot modnar :srebmun 2 oC m denib raeniL tneurgnoC i la eG n are t sro sA gnitupmoc rewop sah desaercni , eht ytixelpmoc fo eht s sy smet ht at we are a lb e to si lum a et sah osla desaercni . enO luftiurf hcaorppa si ot enibmoc owt ro erom evitacilpitlum neurgnoc -t ai l genera srot ni hcus a yaw taht eht denibmoc ge rotaren sah doog citsitats al seitreporp dna a l gno er pe doir . ehT gniwollof er tlus morf L' reyucE ]8891[ stseggus woh siht nac eb :enod fI ,iW 1 , Wi , 2. . . , W ,i k era yna tnednepedni , etercsid - deulav modnar selbairav ton( ylirassecen yllacitnedi ,)detubirtsid tub eno fo meht , say iW , ,1 si inu f ylmro detubirtsid no eht sregetni 0 to mi — 2, ht en si ylmrofinu detubirtsid no eht sregetni 0 imot — 2. .01 gnisU.detarenegera29.0,50.0,61.0,28.0,66.0,44.0srebmunxisehT vorogomlok - htiwtsetvonrims ehttahtsisehtopyhehtkcehcdna50.0=α .detcejerebnac]1,0[lavretniehtnodetubirtsidylmrofinuerasrebmun .skraM01 :loS ,tsriF eht srebmun tsum eb deknar morf ellams st to .tsegral uclacehT l snoita nac detatilicafeb yb esu fo Tab el .2.7 ehT pot wor stsil eht srebmun morf )1(tsellams ) ot )n(R(tsegral ) T. he itatupmoc o sn rof ,+D n ema ly i N/ - }i(R dna rof D-, eman ly i(R ) - ( i - l ) / ,N are isae ly dehsilpmocca gnisu elbaT 2.7 . ehT scitsitats era c detupm sa +D = 62.0 dna D- = 12.0 . ferehT o ,er D = am x ,62.0{ }12.0 = 62.0 . ehT tirc i lac eulav fo ,D eniatbo d morf elbaT 8.A rof a 50.0= dna N = ,5 si 565.0 . ecniS eht detupmoc ,eulav ,62.0 si ssel naht eht detalubat acitirc l eulav , ,565.0 eht h sisehtopy fo on ereffid n ec neewteb the d noitubirtsi fo eht detareneg srebmun dna ht e mrofinu noitubirtsid si on t er j detce .
  • 45. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 54 ehT snoitaluclac ni aT b el 2.7 era etartsulli d in Fi rug e ,2.7 where ht e ripme i lac cd ,)X(NS,f si derapmoc ot t eh rofinu m cd ,f F(x .) tI nac eb s nee th ta D+ si aleht tsegr d taive i no of (NS x) evoba (F x ,) dna taht D- si eht tsegral aived t noi fo )X(NS eb l wo (F x). roF ex ,elpma ta R eht)3( eulav fo D+ si ig v ne by 5/3 - )3(R = 06.0 - .0 44 61.0= dna of D- is vig en by R(3) = 5/2 = 4.0 4 - 04.0 = .40.0 ohtlA u hg eht tset tsitats ci D is denifed by noitauqE ( )3.7 sa the maxim noitaivedmu revo lla x, ti nac be nees morf Fi erug 2.7 taht the am xim mu ved ia it no liw l la ways rucco ta one of eht uj mp op in st R )1( , R 2( ) . . . , dna suht eht d noitaive ta rehto eulav s of x een d ton eb edisnoc der . nuJ 02e 11 .11 ehtesu,detarenegerew39.0,50.0,41.0,18.0,44.0srebmunfoecneuqesehT vorogomloK - dna)X(Ferapmoc.50.0foaecnacifingisfolevelahtiwtsetvonrimS )X(NS skraM01 :loS
  • 46. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 64 .21 seuqinhcettnereffidowtehtnialpxE htiwsrebmunmodnargnitarenegrof ?selpmaxe skraM01 :loS )dohteMlaitneurgnoCraeniL1 asecudorp,]1591[remheLybdesoporpyllaitini,dohtemlaitneurgnocraenilehT X,sregetnifoecneuqes mdnaorezneewteb...,2X, — ollofehtotgnidrocca1 gniw :pihsnoitalerevisrucer ...,2,1,0=i,mdom)c+iXa(=1+iX ,deesehtdellacsi0XeulavlaitiniehT cfI =cnehW.dohtemlaitneurgnocdeximehtdellacsimrofeht,)1.7(noitauqEni0≠ ehtfonoitcelesehT.dohtemlaitneurgnocevitacilpitlumehtsanwonksimrofeht,0 lcycehtdnaseitreporplacitsitatsehtstceffayllacitsard0Xdnam,c,arofseulav e m,0[detareneggnieberasregetnimodnarehT..htgnel - sregetniehttrevnocotdna,]1 :srebmunmodnarot srotareneGlaitneurgnoCraeniLdenibmoC2 otelbaeraewtahtsmetsysehtfoytixelpmoceht,desaercnisahrewopgnitupmocsA nioslasahetalumis .desaerc neurgnocevitacilpitlumeromroowtenibmocotsihcaorppaluftiurfenO - srotareneglait regnoladnaseitreporplacitsitatsdoogsahrotarenegdenibmocehttahtyawahcusni nacsihtwohstseggus]8891[reyucE'LmorftlusergniwollofehT.doirep fI:enodeb etercsid,tnednepedniynaerak,iW,...2,iW,1,iW - ton(selbairavmodnardeulav detubirtsidylmrofinusi,1,iWyas,mehtfoenotub,)detubirtsidyllacitnediylirassecen imot0sregetniehtno — ehtnodetubirtsidylmrofinusineht,2 imot0sregetni — .2
  • 47. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 74 tinU -6 3102enuJ .1 esrevnignisusetairavmodnaretarenegoterudecorppetsybpetsatsegguS .noitubirtsidlaitnenopxerofeuqinhcetmrofsnart skraM01 :los �Ex tnenop ial siD t ir tub oi n: � laitnenopxE cdf: r = )x(F = 1 – e-λx for x ≥ 0 R= )X(F X=F-1 ( )R � To eneg r eta X1, X2, X3 … Xi = F-1 (R) = -(1/λ) ln(1-R) = - 1( /λ) R(nl i) niS ce ob th 1-Ri & Ri era lmrofinu y id s irt ub t de b te we ne 0& 1 :erugiF vnI esre - euqinhcetmrofsnart rof exp(λ = )1 .2 .atadtuohtiwsledomtupnignitcelesfosdohtemruofnialpxE skraM01 :loS erehT era ruof spets ni eht tnempoleved fo a lufesu ledom fo tupni :atad • tcelloC atad morf eht laer metsys fo etni r tse . sihT o netf seriuqer a tsbus antial emit dna cruoser e c mmo itme tn . ,yletanutrofnU ni emos snoitautis ti si ton
  • 48. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 84 elbissop tcellocot atad . • yfitnedI a ytilibaborp ubirtsid t noi ot tneserper eht upni t ssecorp . nehW atad are elbaliava , siht pets yllacipyt snigeb by gnipoleved a fre uq ency di rts i noitub , ro ,margotsih fo eht atad . • esoohC emarap t sre ht at enimreted a ps e cific ni s ecnat of the di ubirts it no f ylima . nehW atad era ,elbaliava eseht sretemarap yam eb detamitse ehtmorf atad . • E etaulav eht esohc n di irts noitub dna t eh sa s aico t de emarap t sre for og od-of-fit. ssendooG - fo - tif yam be detaulave ni f yllamro aiv rg a hp ical me sdoht , ro mrof a ll y aiv lacitsitats te sts . ehT erauqsihc dna ht e omloK - rog ov- nrimS ov te ts s a er dnats a dr ssendoog - fo - tif stset . If ton fsitas dei taht the c soh en di rts i ub t noi si a doog noitamixorppa fo eht atad , neht eht tsylana er t snru ot the es c dno ste ,p sesoohc a tnereffid ylimaf fo id ts ubir it no s, a dn re ep a st the corp e erud . fI ves eral snoitareti fo siht erudecorp liaf ot dleiy a tif eewteb n na sa mus ed rtsid i ub it lano mrof dna eht detcelloc atad . naJ/ceD 02 21 - 31 .3 ehT ollof w gni si tes of elgnis tigid nu bm e sr fr mo a r dna om n mu b re gnisU.rotareneg etairporppa tset kcehc, rehtehw eht srebmun era 50.0=α,05=N.ylmrofinu dna X2 9.61= 02 skraM 7,4,0,6,5,8,6,2,1,6,6,2,8,0,4,6,4,6,0,9,9,6,0,7,6 ,4,1,0,2,9,7,4,0,1,7,6,6,8,0,6,8,9,4,1,7,0,5,3,1 8 :loS esU eht ihc - qs u era tset wi ht a = 50.0 ot tset rehtehw eht atad nwohs woleb era mrofinu ly etubirtsid d. elbaT 3.7 co sniatn eht laitnesse moc p atu ti no s. ehT tset sesu n = foslavretni01 qe ual ,htgnel ,0[yleman ,)1.0 [ ,1.0 ,)2.0 . . . , ,9.0[ )0.1 . ehT eulav of X0 2 is 4.3 . sihT si derapmoc htiw eht lacitirc eulav X2 9,50.0 = ecniS.9.61 X0 2 si hcum rellams naht eht detalubat v eula of X2 , eht llun h sisehtopy fo a mrofinu noitubirtsid si ton cejer t de . .0 05.9 50.0 ,9
  • 49. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 94 htoB eht gomloK o vor -S vonrim dna eht ihc - erauqs tset era elbatpecca rof gnitset eht imrofinu ty fo a elpmas of ad t ,a rp o dediv taht the pmas le zis e is al r .eg Ho ,revew eht vorogomloK - onrimS v et ts si eht erom lufrewop fo eht owt dna si mocer m dedne . Fu rehtr m ,ero eht mloK o vorog - vonrimS tset nac eb ppa l dei ot llams elpmas is z ,se saerehw eht ihc - qs u era si av il d no ly rof lar eg ,selpmas yas 05=>N . igamI ne a tes fo 01 0 nu srebm hcihw era ieb ng detset of r edni p edne n ec erehw the fi tsr 01 val eu s era ni eht ar n eg 10.0 - .0 1 ,0 eht dnoces 01 seulav era ni eht ar n eg 11.0 - 02.0 , dna os no . sihT tes fo srebmun dluow ssap eht euqerf ncy stset htiw ,esae tub eht gniredro of eht srebmun decudorp by eht eg n rotare dluow n to eb modnar . ehT stset ni eht redniamer fo siht ahc p ret era oc n rec n de htiw eht ecnednepedni fo modnar srebmun hcihw era nuJ e 102 2 .4 poleveD a modnar etairav rotareneg rof X htiw fdp nevig woleb ,x=)x(F 1<x<0 = 2-x 2<x<1 = 0 iwrehto se skraM6 :loS .5 .margotsihgnisunoitubirtsidatadfoecnatropmi,elpmaxenahtiwnialpxE 41 skraM
  • 50. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 05 A ycneuqerf noitubirtsid ro margotsih si lufesu in gniyfitnedi eht epahs fo a noitubirtsid . A margotsih si c detcurtsno :swollofsa 1. ediviD eht egnar fo eht atad otni slavretni slavretni( ra e yllausu fo lauqe ;htdiw woh e rev , lauqenu shtdiw revewoh , lauqenu htdiw yam be desu if the he sthgi of ht e frequencies a er detsujda ). 2. lebaL eht latnoziroh sixa ot mrofnoc ot eht slavretni detceles . 3. enimreteD eht ycneuqerf fo secnerrucco nihtiw hcae lavretni . 4. lebaL eht lacitrev sixa os taht eht latot secnerrucco nac eb dettolp rof hcae lavretni . 5. tolP eht seicneuqerf no eht sixalacitrev . • fI eht slavretni era oot ,ediw eht margotsih eblliw ,esraoc ro ,ykcolb dna sti epahs dna sliatedrehto lliw ton wohs llew . fI eht slavretni era oot ,worran eht margotsih lliw eb dnadeggar lliw ton htooms eht atad . • ehT margotsih rof suounitnoc atad sdnopserroc ot eht ytilibaborp ytisned noitcnuf fo a laciteroeht noitubirtsid . D ce naJ/ 02 11 - 21 .6 esrevnignisusetairavmodnaretarenegoterudecorppetsybpetsatsegguS irtsidlaitnenopxerofeuqinhcetmrofsnart .noitub skraM01 :los �Ex tnenop ial siD t ir tub oi n: � laitnenopxE cdf: r = )x(F = 1 – e-λx for x ≥ 0 R= )X(F X=F-1 ( )R � To eneg r eta X1, X2, X3 … Xi = F-1 (R) = -(1/λ) ln(1-R) = - 1( /λ) R(nl i) niS ce ob th 1-Ri & Ri era lmrofinu y id s irt ub t de b te we ne 0& 1
  • 51. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 15 .7 poleveD a modnar etairav rotareneg rof X htiw fdp nevig woleb )x(F ,x= 1<x<0 2= - 2<x<1x esiwrehto0= 01 skraM :loS 1102enuJ .8 ehT ollof w gni si tes of elgnis tigid nu bm e sr fr mo a r dna om n mu b re .rotareneg gnisU etairporppa tset kcehc, rehtehw eht srebmun era 50.0=α,05=N.ylmrofinu dna X2 9.61= 02 skraM 7,4,0,6,5,8,6,2,1,6,6,2,8,0,4,6,4,6,0,9,9,6,0,7,6 ,4,1,0,2,9,7,4,0,1,7,6,6,8,0,6,8,9,4,1,7,0,5,3,1 8 :loS esU eht ihc - qs u era tset wi ht a = 50.0 ot tset rehtehw eht atad nwohs woleb era mrofinu ly ubirtsid et d. elbaT 3.7 co sniatn eht laitnesse moc p atu it no s. ehT tset sesu n = foslavretni01 qe ual ,htgnel ,0[yleman ,)1.0 [ ,1.0 ,)2.0 . . . , ,9.0[ )0.1 . ehT eulav of X0 2 is 4.3 . sihT si derapmoc htiw eht lacitirc eulav X2 9,50.0 = ecniS.9.61 X0 2 si hcum lams rel naht eht detalubat v eula of X2 , eht llun h sisehtopy fo a mrofinu noitubirtsid si ton cejer t de . .0 05.9 50.0 ,9
  • 52. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 25 htoB eht gomloK o vor -S vonrim dna eht ihc - erauqs tset era elbatpecca rof gnitset eht imrofinu ty fo a elpmas of ad t ,a rp o dediv taht the pmas le zis e is al r .eg Ho ,revew eht vorogomloK - onrimS v tset si eht erom lufrewop fo eht owt dna si mocer m dedne . Fu rehtr m ,ero eht mloK o vorog - vonrimS tset nac eb ppa l dei ot llams elpmas is z ,se saerehw eht ihc - qs u era si av il d no ly rof lar eg ,selpmas yas 05=>N . amI ig ne a tes fo 01 0 nu srebm hcihw era ieb ng detset rof edni p edne n ec erehw the fi tsr 01 val eu s era ni eht ar n eg 10.0 - .0 1 ,0 eht dnoces 01 seulav era ni eht ar n eg 11.0 - 02.0 , dna os no . sihT tes fo srebmun dluow ssap eht euqerf ncy stset htiw ,esae tub eht iredro gn of eht srebmun decudorp by eht eg n rotare dluow ton eb modnar . ehT stset ni eht redniamer fo siht ahc p ret era oc n rec n de htiw eht ecnednepedni fo modnar srebmun hcihw era .detareneg ehT pr noitatnese fo eht stset si ralimis ot taht by tdimhcS dna Ta ly or [1 079 ].
  • 53. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 35 tinU -7 3102enuJ .1 .metsysnoitalumisfoecnamrofrepfoerusaemnialpxeylfeirB .skraM01 :loS � redisnoC eht noitamitse fo a amrofrep n ec ,retemarap q ro( f ,) of a talumis ed sy ts em. � etercsiD emit :atad [Y1, Y2, …, Yn yranidrohtiw,] :naem q � suounitnoC - emit atad : { ,)t(Y 0 ≤ t ≤ TE} htiw emit - hgiew t de naem : � tnioP noitamitse rof etercsid emit atad . � ehT tniop :rotamitse θˆ = sI aibnu s de fi sti ex detcep av l eu is θ, aht t si i :f sI aib s de :fi tnioP tsE i tam or � tnioP noitamitse rof suounitnoc - emit atad . � ehT tniop :rotamitse φˆ = � sI aib s nide neg e hwlar re :e . � nA desaibnu ro wol -bi sa rotamitse si derised . � lausU l ,y s metsy ecnamrofrep serusaem nac eb up t otni eht nommoc krowemarf fo q ro f: ,.g.e the noitroporp fo yad s no hcihw s sela are tsol hguorht na tuo - fo - kcots ,noitautis let: fi tuo fo kcots no yad i iwrehto se � ecnamrofreP saem u er taht seod ton :tif elitnauq ro :elitnecrep � gnitamitsE :selitnauq eht esrevni fo eht p melbor fo gnitamitse a porp o noitr ro ytilibaborp . � redisnoC a margotsih fo t eh devresbo v eula s Y: � dniF tahthcus p001 % fo eht margotsih si ot eht tfel fo ams( l rel aht n ecnedifnoC - lavretnI noitamitsE � oT dnatsrednu ecnedifnoc slavretni ,ylluf ti si tnatropmi ot hsiugnitsid neewteb serusaem fo rre o ,r dna serusaem fo ,ksir ,.g.e edifnoc n ec ni t lavre susrev ciderp t noi in avret l. n ∑Y i i=1 1 n E(θˆ ) =θ ∫ TE TE 0 1 Y (t) td Y (t) = � 1, �0, � rP {Y ≤ θ} = p
  • 54. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 45 � esoppuS eht ledom si t eh lamron rtsid i noitub w ti h m nae q ecnairav, s2 tob( h )nwonknu . � teL Yi eb eht egareva cyc el emit rof strap dorp u dec no eht ith noitacilper fo eht noitalumis sti( lacitamehtam noitatcepxe si q). � egarevA c elcy emit lliw av ry morf day ot da ,y tub olehtrevo ng- ehtnur av foegare eht segareva eblliw esolc ot q. � elpmaS ecnairav ssorca R :snoitacilper ecnedifnoC - lavretnI noitamitsE � ecnedifnoC lavretnI :)IC( � A erusaem rorrefo . � erehW Y .i era yllamron detubirtsid . Y ± tα / 2,R-1 .2 ydaetsdnanoitalumistneisnartrognitanimretneewtebnoitcnitsidehtnialpxE .elpmaxenaeviG.noitalumisetats skraM01 :loS D ce naJ/ 02 21 - 31 .3 ialpxE n eht ihc - erauqs tset w hti a = 50.0 ot tset w rehteh eht atad ohs wn woleb era ylmrofinu detubirtsid . elbaT 7.3 sniatnoc eht laitnesse c pmo u tat i sno . ehT tset su es n = 01 slavretni of lauqe htgnel , na ylem 0( , 0. ]1 , 0( .1, 0. ]2 , . . . , 0( .9, 1. ]0 . ehT eulav of χ0 2 sihT si derapmoc htiw eht cr iti cal av lue χ2 9.61= . ecniS χ0 2 si hcum s rellam naht ht e eulavdetalubat fo χ2 eht llun sisehtopyh fo a mrofinu noitubirtsid si detcejerton . .skraM01 1 R -1 -Y )2 R ∑(Y i. .. i=1S =2 S R si 3.4.0 50. , 90.05, 9
  • 55. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 55 iOlavretnI iE iO - iE iO( - 2)iE iO( - iE/2)iE 001 001 0 .3 4 .4 ottcepserhtiwnoitalumisetatsydaetsdnagnitanimretneewtebetaitnereffiD .elpmaxenahtiwsisylanatuptuo skraM01 :loS ecnedifnoC - noitamitsElavretnI � :)IP(lavretnInoitciderP .ksirfoerusaemA• titubrotamitseruosiyadralucitrapanoemitelcycegarevaehtrofsseugdoogA• .thgiryltcaxeebotylekilnusi ynanoemitelcycegarevalautcaehtniatnocothguoneediwebotdengisedsiIP• .ytilibaborphgihhtiwyadralucitrap lamroN• - :lavretninoitciderpyroeht R,2/αt±Y - 1S1 etalumisrevennacewesuacebsesaercniRsa0otogtonlliwIPfohtgnelehT• .ksiryawa :sitimils’IP• snoitalumiSgnitanimreTrofsisylanAtuptuO tA� .]ET,0[lavretniemitdetalumisarevosnur:noitalumisgnitanimre modnartnereffidagnisunurhcae,desuerasnoitacilpertnednepedni,larenegnI�
  • 56. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 65 .snoitidnoclaitininesohcyltnednepednidnamaertsrebmun enuJ - 2102 5) sdroceR gniniatrep ot eht tnom ylh rebmun fo boj detaler i ujn ries ta na u dn re gr uo nd laoc enim erew gnieb deiduts yb edef r la ycnega . eht seulav of tsap 001 mont sh a er as fo swoll : tnom/seirujnI h 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 cneuqerF y fo 35 40 13 6 4 1 1 ecnarucco ylppA eht ihc rauqs e tset ot eseht atad ot tset ht e opyh thesis that the dist noitubir is siop s no htiw naem 0.1 dna 0=α . dna50 X2 =7 8. 1. skraM01 :loS ehT tsrif wef srebmun detareneg era sa f :swollo X1 = 75 )754,321( dom 2( 13 - )1 = 997,149,470,2 dom 2( 13 - )1 X1 = 997,149,470,2 R1 = X1 ⁄2 13 X2 = 75 )997,149,470,2( 2(dom 13 - )1 = 278,955 , 061 R2 = X2 2⁄ 13 = 7062.0 X3 = 75 )061,278,955( 132(dom - )1 = 316,535,546,1 R3 = X3 2⁄ 13 = 2667.0 .5 etaitnereffiD neewteb gnitanimret dna ydaets etats italumis on w hti tcepser ot tuptuo sisylana htiw na pmaxe le. skraM01 :loS ecnedifnoC - lavretnI noitamitsE � noitciderP lavretnI ( :)IP � A erusaem fo ksir . � A doog sseug rof eht egareva elcyc emit no a ralucitrap yad si ruo rotamitse tub ti si ylekilnu ot yltcaxeeb thgir . � IP si dengised ot eb hguoneediw ot ehtniatnoc ac laut egareva elcyc emit ynano ralucitrap yad htiw ih hg ytilibaborp . � lamroN - yroeht noitciderp :lavretni Y ± tα / 2,R-1S 1+ .. 9.50.0 1 R
  • 57. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 75 � ehT htgnel fo IP lliw ton og ot 0 sa R sesaercni esuaceb ew nac reven etalumis yawa ksir . � s’IP timil i :s tuptuO sisylanA rof gnitanimreT Si italum ons �A nitanimret g :noitalumis snur revo a detalumis emit lavretni [ ,0 TE]. � nI ,lareneg tnednepedni snoitacilper era ,desu hcae nur gnisu a tnereffid modnar rebmun maerts dna yltnednepedni nesohc laitini tidnoc i sno . D naJ/ce 02 11 - 21 .6 ihcnialpxE - fossendoogfoerauqs - tif – ?noitubirtsidlaitnenopxeroftset :los skram01 margotsiherapmoC seziselpmasegralrofdilaV snoitavresbonehtegnarrA W hcih ihcehtswollofyletamixorppa - khtiwnoitubirtsiderauqs -s- ,modeerffoseerged1 fosretemarapfo#=serehw elpmasehtybdetamitsenoitubirtsiddezisehtopyheht sisehtopyhlluN.scitsitats – ebtonnacnoitubirtsiddeificepsamorfemocsnoitavresbo ehttceffas’iEllamshtiwsllecnisrorrEm:stnemmoC:fiαfoecnacifingisatadetcejer hteromscitsitatstset na :detabediEfoezismuminiMm.s’iEegralhtiwsllec rofdengisedtseTm.sllectnecajdaenibmoctonfi;eromro5foeulavasdnemmocer ihC,snoitubirtsidsuounitnocroF.ylnoseziselpmasegraldnasnoitubirtsidetercsid - ixorppanaylnositseterauqS nrofylnosdlohecnacifingisfolevel,.e.i(noitam -> .)∞ ;rotarenegrebmunmodnaragnisudetarenegsrebmunmodnar005:1elpmaxE foleveltA.1dna0neewteb,1.0foslavretnitasllecotnidezirogetacsnoitavresbo ebmunesehtera,1.0foecnacifingis ?)1,0(UDIIsr Inte vr al Oi Ei iO([ - )iE ^ ]2 / iE 1 05 05 0 2 84 05 0. 80 3 94 05 0. 20 4 24 05 1. 82 5 25 05 0. 80 6 54 05 0.5 7 36 05 3. 83 8 45 05 0. 23 9 05 05 0 01 74 05 0. 81 500 5. 48 χ0 = 8.5 5; orf m ht e t ba le χ[ 2 = 6.41 8; isehtopyH s etpecca d ta cnacifingis e evel l fo .01.0 θ ± zα / 2σ 2 .0 9,9]
  • 58. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 85 .7 nialpxeylfeirB .metsysnoitalumisfoecnamrofrepfoerusaem .skraM01 :loS � redisnoC eht noitamitse fo a amrofrep n ec ,retemarap q ro( f ,) of a talumis ed sy ts em. � etercsiD emit :atad [Y1, Y2, …, Yn yranidrohtiw,] :naem q � suounitnoC - emit atad : { ,)t(Y 0 ≤ t ≤ TE} tiw h emit - hgiew t de naem : � tnioP noitamitse rof etercsid emit atad . � ehT tniop :rotamitse θˆ = sI aibnu s de fi sti ex detcep av l eu is θ, aht t si i :f sI aib s de :fi tnioP tsE i tam or � tnioP noitamitse rof suounitnoc - emit atad . � ehT tniop :rotamitse φˆ = � sI aib s nide neg e hwlar re :e . � nA desaibnu ro wol -bi sa rotamitse si derised . � lausU l ,y s metsy ecnamrofrep serusaem nac eb up t otni eht nommoc krowemarf fo q ro f: ,.g.e the noitroporp fo yad s no hcihw s sela are tsol hguorht na tuo - fo - kcots ,noitautis let: fi tuo fo kcots no yad i iwrehto se � ecnamrofreP saem u er taht seod ton :tif elitnauq ro :elitnecrep � gnitamitsE :selitnauq eht esrevni fo eht p melbor fo gnitamitse a porp o noitr ro ytilibaborp . � redisnoC a margotsih fo t eh evresbo d v eula s Y: � dniF tahthcus p001 % fo eht margotsih si ot eht tfel fo ams( l rel aht n ecnedifnoC - lavretnI noitamitsE � oT dnatsrednu ecnedifnoc slavretni ,ylluf ti si tnatropmi ot hsiugnitsid neewteb serusaem fo rre o ,r dna serusaem fo ,ksir ,.g.e edifnoc nce ni t lavre susrev ciderp t noi in avret l. � esoppuS eht ledom si t eh lamron rtsid i noitub w ti h m nae q ecnairav, s2 tob( h )nwonknu . � teL Yi eb eht egareva cyc el emit rof strap dorp u dec no eht ith noitacilper fo eht noitalumis sti( lacitamehtam noitatcepxe is q). � egarevA c elcy emit lliw av ry morf day ot da ,y olehtrevotub ng- ehtnur av foegare eht n ∑Y i i=1 1 n E(θˆ ) =θ ∫ TE TE 0 1 Y (t) td Y (t) = � 1, �0, � rP {Y ≤ θ} = p
  • 59. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 95 segareva eblliw esolc ot q. � elpmaS ecnairav ssorca R :snoitacilper enuJ 1102 .8 ihcnialpxE - fossendoogfoerauqs - tif – itubirtsidlaitnenopxeroftset ?no :los skram01 erapmoC rgotsih ma dilaV f ro large elpmas sezis egnarrA eht n snoitavresbo W cih h letamixorppa y f swollo eht ihc - erauqs noitubirtsid htiw k-s-1 seerged fo ,modeerf erehw s = # fo sretemarap fo eht dezisehtopyh noitubirtsid mitse deta yb eht tatselpmas i ts i sc . lluN sisehtopyh – snoitavresbo emoc morf a deificeps noitubirtsid tonnac eb detcejer ta a ecnacifingis fo α :stnemmoC:fi m srorrE ni sllec htiw llams Ei’s tceffa eht tset scitsitats erom naht sllec htiw egral Ei .s’ m muminiM ezis fo Ei :detabed sdnemmocer a eulav fo 5 ro ;erom fi ton tnecajdaenibmoc sllec . m tseT dengised rof etercsid snoitubirtsid dna egral elpmas sezis ylno . roF suounitnoc ,snoitubirtsid ihC - erauqS tset si ylno na noitamixorppa i( . ,.e level fo ecnacifingis sdloh ylno rof n-> )∞ . elpmaxE :1 005 modnar srebmun detareneg gnisu a modnar rebmun ;rotareneg snoitavresbo dezirogetac otni sllec ta slavretni fo ,1.0 neewteb 0 dna 1. tA level fo ecnacifingis fo ,1.0 era eseht srebmun DII ?)1,0(U Inte vr al Oi Ei iO( - )iE ^ ]2 / iE 1 05 05 0 2 84 05 0. 80 3 94 05 0. 20 4 24 05 1. 82 5 25 05 0. 80 6 54 05 0.5 7 36 05 3. 83 8 45 05 0. 23 9 05 05 0 01 74 05 0. 81 500 5. 48 χ0 = 8.5 5; orf m ht e t ba le χ[ 2 = 6.41 8; isehtopyH s etpecca d ta cnacifingis e evel l fo .01.0 .9 tahW od uoy naem yb noitacifirev dna noitadilav fo talumis noi ?sledom nialpxE noitarbilac dna noitadilav fo sledom htiw taen ?margaid skraM01 2 .0 9,9] 1 R -1 -Y )2S =2
  • 60. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 06 :loS noitacifireV .:esopruP� nommocynaM� - :elpmaxerof,snoitseggusesnes .ledomehtkcehcesleenoemosevaH� issopyllacigolhcaesedulcnitahtmargaidwolfaekaM� noitcaelb ekatnacmetsysa .sruccotnevenanehw tupnifoyteiravarednussenelbanosaerroftuptuoledomehtenimaxeylesolC� sgnittesretemarap . )!dekoolrevonetfO( eebtonevahyehterusekam,noitalumisehtfodneehttasretemaraptupniehttnirP� n .yltnetrevdanidegnahc opruP se & O ev rvi we �The goal of t eh va il tad i no proce ss :si � To pr udo ce a m ledo taht er pres tne s tr eu eb ha iv or c ol sely one u hg for ed cisi no - mak gni up r op s se � To ni rc ae se eht m edo l’s rc ide bility ot na a cc pe tab el lev le � aV il ad it no is na inte rg al pa tr of om del ed vel empo tn � eV rification – bu li ding eht m do el co rr ectly c( o rr ectly im elp m detne htiw og od inp tu dna struc ut r )e � V la adi tion – build gni eht rroc ect m ledo ( na a cc ur eta r pe res atne t noi of eht r lae system) �Mo ts me ht do s are ni for am l s bu je vitc e com ap sir no s wh li e a few ar ofe r am l ts ta citsi al proc ude res
  • 61. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 16 U tin -8 3102enuJ .1 htiW a taen margaid ledom ,gnidliub v noitacifire dna va il ad it no ssecorp skraM01 :los noitacifireV fo noitalumiS sledoM • ehT esoprup fo ledom noitacifirev si ot erussa taht eht lautpecnoc m do el is er flected yletarucca ni eht deziretupmoc noitatneserper . • ehT lautpecnoc ledom etiuq netfo sevlovni emos rged ee of a artsb cti no a uob t sys et m ,snoitarepo ro emos tnuoma fo noitacifilpmis fo utca la snoitarepo . ynaM snoitseggus nac eb nevig rof esu ni eht noitacifirev :ssecorp - :1 evaH eht deziretupmoc noitatneserper dekcehc yb enoemos rehto naht sti repoleved . :2 ekaM a wolf margaid hcihw sedulcni hcae yllacigol elbissop a itc no a tsys me can take nehw na tneve srucco , dna wollof eht ledom gol ic f ro each a f ro each a tc noi f ro ae ch tneve t py e. :3 ylesolC enimaxe eht ledom tuptuo f ro nosaer a lb eness dnu er a var ei yt of set gnit s fo tupnI sretemarap . 4. evaH eht deziretupmoc noitatneserper tnirp eht i tupn sretemarap ta eht dne fo eht noitalumiS ot eb erus taht eseht retemarap seulav evah ton neeb degnahc yltnetrevdani . 5. ekaM eht deziretupmoc noitatneserper fo fles - gnitnemucod sa elbissop . 6. fI ht e ziretupmoc ed noitatneserper si ,detamina irev fy ht at tahw is es en ni eht noitamina setatimi eht lautca tsys em. 7. ehT evitcaretni nur rellortnoc )CRI( ro reggubed si na laitnesse com nop ent lufsseccuSfo noitalumis dom el gnidliub . nevE eht tseb of noitalumis anal stsy ma sek sekatsim ro stimmoc lacigol orre sr hw en iub ldi gn a
  • 62. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 26 dom el. ehT stsissaCRI ni f dni i gn a gnitcerrocdn esoht srorre ni eht wollof :syaw )a( ehT noitalumis nac eb derotinom sa ti sessergorp . )b( noitnettA nac eb desucof no a ralucitrap enil fo l igo c ro lum ti lp e nil es of l go ci that utitsnoc et a erudecorp ro a ralucitrap ytitne . )c( seulaV fo detceles ledom nenopmoc ts ac n be sbo e vr ed. nehW eht is mulat noi h sa desuap , eht tnerruc va eul ro sutats fo selbairav , tubirtta es, seueuq , er s ruo ces, c nuo te ,sr ,.cte nac eb devresbo . .2 ebircseD htiw a aen t margaid evitareti secorp s fo arbilac t gni a mod .le 1 skraM0 :loS noitarbilaC dna noitadilaV fo sledoM • noitacifireV dna noitadilav hguohtla era yllautpecnoc tcnitsid , yllausu era c tcudno ed ylsuoenatlumis yb eht reledom . • noitadilaV si ht e llarevo ssecorp fo gnirapmoc eht ledom a dn its beha roiv to the r ae l metsys dna sti roivaheb . • noitarbilaC si eht evitareti ssecorp fo pmoc a gnir the m do el to ht e er la tsys em, stnemtsujdagnikam ot eht ,ledom gnirapmoc niaga dna os no . • ehT gniwollof erugif 7.2 swohs eht ler ati hsno ip of ht e ledom c rbila ati no ot the vo erall noitadilav ssecorp . • ehT nosirapmoc fo eht ledom ot ytilaer si deirrac tuo yb yteirav fo tset . • Te sts era evitcejbus dna jbo ec it ve. • buS j evitce tset yllausu ovni l ev elpoep , ohw era egdelwonk a lb e a uob t no e ro rom e a eps cts fo eht ,metsys gnikam j stnemgdu tuoba eht ledom dna sti tuptuo .
  • 63. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 36 • evitcejbO stset syawla eriuqer atad no eht s'metsys roivaheb ulp s ht e c dnopserro i gn da at decudorp yb eht ledom . sA na dia ni eht val di ta noi orp ec ,ss rolyaN dna egniF r ]7691[ f lumro ated a eerht pets hcaorppa hcihw sah neeb ylediw :dewollof - 1. dliuB a ledom taht sah hgih ecaf ytidilav . 2. etadilaV ledom snoitpmussa . 3. erapmoC eht ledom tupni - tuptuo snoitamrofsnart ot gnidnopserroc tupni - uo tupt snoitamrofsnart rof eht laer metsys . ceD 02 21 - 31 .3 nialpxE htiw a ne ta rgaid am noitacifirev fo italumis on mod le . skraM01 :loS noitacifireV fo noitalumiS sledoM • ehT esoprup fo ledom noitacifirev si ot erussa taht eht lautpecnoc m do el is er flected yletarucca ni eht deziretupmoc noitatneserper . • ehT lautpecnoc ledom etiuq netfo sevlovni emos rged ee of a artsb cti no a uob t sys et m ,snoitarepo ro emos tnuoma fo noitacifilpmis fo lautca snoitarepo . ynaM snoitseggus nac eb nevig rof esu ni eht itacifirev no :ssecorp - :1 evaH eht deziretupmoc noitatneserper dekcehc yb enoemos rehto naht sti repoleved . :2 ekaM a wolf margaid hcihw sedulcni hcae yllacigol elbissop a itc no a tsys me can ta ek nehw na tneve srucco , dna wollof eht ledom gol ic f ro each a f ro each a tc noi f ro ae ch tneve t py e. :3 ylesolC enimaxe eht ledom tuptuo f ro nosaer a lb eness dnu er a var ei yt of set gnit s fo tupnI sretemarap . 4. evaH eht deziretupmoc noitatneserper tnirp eht tupni sretemarap ta eht dne fo eht noitalumiS ot eb erus taht eseht arap retem seulav evah ton neeb degnahc yltnetrevdani . 5. ekaM eht deziretupmoc noitatneserper fo fles - gnitnemucod sa elbissop . 6. fI ht e ziretupmoc ed noitatneserper si ,detamina irev fy aht t tahw is es en ni eht noitamina setatimi eht lautca tsys em. 7. ehT ni evitcaret nur rellortnoc )CRI( ro reggubed si na laitnesse com nop ent lufsseccuSfo noitalumis dom el gnidliub . nevE eht tseb of noitalumis anal stsy ma sek sekatsim ro stimmoc lacigol srorre hw en iub ldi gn a dom el. ehT stsissaCRI ni f dni i gn a gnitcerrocdn oht es srorre ni eht wollof :syaw )a( ehT noitalumis nac eb derotinom sa ti sessergorp . )b( noitnettA nac eb desucof no a ralucitrap enil fo l igo c ro lum ti lp e nil es of l go ci that etutitsnoc a erudecorp ro a ralucitrap ytitne . )c( seulaV fo detceles ledom oc nenopm ts ac n be sbo e vr ed. nehW eht
  • 64. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 46 is mulat noi h sa desuap , eht tnerruc va eul ro sutats fo selbairav , tubirtta es, seueuq , er s ruo ces, c nuo te ,sr ,.cte nac eb devresbo . )d( ehT noitalumis nac eb yliraropmet ,dednepsus ro suap ed, ton ylno ot view inf mro a noit tub osla ot ngissaer seulav ro seititnetcerider . 8. lacihparG secafretni era dednemmocer rof gnihsilpmocca irev f noitaci & noitadilav . .4 ebircseD htiw a taen margaid evitareti secorp s fo arbilac t gni a mod .le 1 skraM0 :loS noitarbilaC dna laV noitadi fo sledoM • noitacifireV dna noitadilav hguohtla era yllautpecnoc tcnitsid , yllausu era c tcudno ed ylsuoenatlumis yb eht reledom . • noitadilaV si eht llarevo ssecorp fo gnirapmoc eht ledom a dn its beha roiv to the r ae l metsys dna sti roivaheb . • noitarbilaC si eht evitareti ssecorp fo pmoc a gnir the m do el to ht e er la tsys em, stnemtsujdagnikam ot eht ,ledom gnirapmoc niaga dna os no . • ehT gniwollof erugif 7.2 swohs eht ler ati hsno ip of ht e ledom c rbila ati no ot the vo erall noitadilav ssecorp . • ehT nosirapmoc fo eht ledom ot ytilaer si deirrac tuo yb yteirav fo tset . • Te sts era evitcejbus dna jbo ec it ve. • buS j evitce tset yllausu ovni l ev elpoep , ohw era egdelwonk a lb e a uob t no e ro
  • 65. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 56 rom e a eps cts fo eht ,metsys gnikam j stnemgdu tuoba eht ledom na d sti tuptuo . • evitcejbO stset syawla eriuqer atad no eht s'metsys roivaheb ulp s ht e c dnopserro i gn da at decudorp yb eht ledom . sA na dia ni eht val di ta noi orp ec ,ss rolyaN dna egniF r ]7691[ f lumro ated a eerht pets hcaorppa hcihw sah neeb ylediw dewollof :- 1. dliuB a ledom taht sah hgih ecaf ytidilav . 2. etadilaV ledom snoitpmussa . 3. erapmoC eht ledom tupni - tuptuo snoitamrofsnart ot gnidnopserroc tupni - tuptuo snoitamrofsnart rof eht laer metsys . 2102enuJ .5 nialpxE htiw a ne ta rgaid am noitacifirev fo italumis on mod le . skraM01 :loS noitacifireV fo noitalumiS sledoM • ehT esoprup fo ledom noitacifirev si ot erussa taht eht lautpecnoc m do el is er flected yletarucca ni eht deziretupmoc noitatneserper . • ehT lautpecnoc ledom etiuq netfo sevlovni emos rged ee of a artsb cti no a uob t sys et m ,snoitarepo ro emos tnuoma fo noitacifilpmis fo lautca snoitarepo . ynaM snoitseggus nac eb nevig rof esu ni eht noitacifirev :ssecorp - :1 evaH eht deziretupmoc noitatneserper dekcehc yb enoemos rehto naht sti repoleved . :2 ekaM a wolf margaid hcihw sedulcni hcae yllacigol elbissop a itc no a tsys me can ta ek nehw na tneve srucco , dna wollof eht ledom gol ic f ro each a f ro each a tc noi f ro ae ch tneve t py e. :3 ylesolC enimaxe eht ledom tuptuo f ro nosaer a lb eness dnu er a var ei ty of set gnit s fo tupnI sretemarap . 4. evaH eht deziretupmoc noitatneserper tnirp eht tupni sretemarap ta eht dne fo eht noitalumiS ot eb erus taht eseht retemarap seulav evah ton neeb degnahc yltnetrevdani . 5. ekaM eht deziretupmoc noitatneserper fo fles - gnitnemucod sa elbissop . 6. fI ht e ziretupmoc ed noitatneserper si ,detamina irev fy aht t tahw is es en ni eht noitamina setatimi eht lautca tsys em. 7. ehT evitcaretni nur rellortnoc )CRI( ro reggubed si na laitnesse com nop ent lufsseccuSfo noitalumis dom el gnidliub . nevE eht tseb of noitalumis anal stsy ma sek sekatsim ro stimmoc lacigol srorre hw en iub ldi gn a dom el. ehT stsissaCRI ni f dni i gn a gnitcerrocdn esoht srorre ni eht wollof :syaw )a( ehT noitalumis nac eb derotinom sa ti sessergorp . )b( oitnettA n nac eb desucof no a ralucitrap enil fo l igo c ro lum ti lp e nil es of
  • 66. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 66 l go ci that etutitsnoc a erudecorp ro a ralucitrap ytitne . )c( seulaV fo detceles ledom nenopmoc ts ac n be sbo e vr ed. nehW eht is mulat noi h sa desuap , eht tnerruc va eul ro sutats fo selbairav , tubirtta es, seueuq , er s ruo ces, c nuo te ,sr ,.cte nac eb devresbo . )d( ehT noitalumis nac eb yliraropmet ,dednepsus ro suap ed, ton ylno ot view inf mro a noit tub osla ot ngissaer seulav ro seititnetcerider . 8. lacihparG secafretni era dednemmocer rof occa gnihsilpm irev f noitaci & noitadilav . .6 ebircseD w hti a taen margaid evitareti ssecorp fo gnitarbilac a model. hcihW era spetseerht taht dia ni eht noitadilav ?ssecorp skraM01 :los noitarbilaC dna noitadilaV fo sledoM • noitacifireV a dn noitadilav hguohtla era yllautpecnoc tcnitsid , yllausu era c tcudno ed ylsuoenatlumis yb eht reledom . • noitadilaV si eht llarevo ssecorp fo gnirapmoc eht ledom a dn its beha roiv to the r ae l metsys dna sti roivaheb . • noitarbilaC si eht evitareti ecorp ss fo pmoc a gnir the m do el to ht e er la tsys em, stnemtsujdagnikam ot eht ,ledom gnirapmoc niaga dna os no . • ehT gniwollof erugif 7.2 swohs eht ler ati hsno ip of ht e ledom c rbila ati no ot the vo erall noitadilav ssecorp . • ehT nosirapmoc fo eht ledom ot aer ytil si deirrac tuo yb yteirav fo tset . • Te sts era evitcejbus dna jbo ec it ve. • buS j evitce tset yllausu ovni l ev elpoep , ohw era egdelwonk a lb e a uob t no e ro rom e a eps cts fo eht ,metsys gnikam j stnemgdu tuoba eht ledom dna sti tuptuo . • evitcejbO stset la syaw eriuqer atad no eht s'metsys roivaheb ulp s ht e c dnopserro i gn da at decudorp yb eht ledom . sA na dia ni eht val di ta noi orp ec ,ss rolyaN dna egniF r ]7691[ f lumro ated a eerht pets hcaorppa hcihw sah neeb ylediw :dewollof - 1. dliuB a ledom taht sah hgih ecaf ytidilav . 2. etadilaV ledom snoitpmussa . 3. erapmoC eht ledom tupni - tuptuo snoitamrofsnart ot gnidnopserroc tupni - tuptuo snoitamrofsnart rof eht laer metsys .
  • 67. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 76 naJ/ceD 02 11 - 21 .7 ebircseD htiw a taen margaid evitareti secorp s fo arbilac t gni a mod .le 1 skraM0 :loS noitarbilaC dna noitadilaV fo sledoM • noitacifireV dna noitadilav hguohtla era yllautpecnoc tcnitsid , yllausu era c tcudno ed ylsuoenatlumis yb eht reledom . • noitadilaV si eht llarevo ssecorp fo gnirapmoc eht ledom a dn its beha roiv to the r ae l metsys dna sti roivaheb . • noitarbilaC si eht evitareti ssecorp fo pmoc a gnir the m do el to ht e er la tsys em, stnemtsujdagnikam ot eht ,ledom gnirapmoc niaga dna os no . • ehT gniwollof erugif 7.2 swohs eht ler ati hsno ip of ht e ledom c ila rb ati no ot the vo erall noitadilav ssecorp . • ehT nosirapmoc fo eht ledom ot ytilaer si deirrac tuo yb yteirav fo tset . • Te sts era evitcejbus dna jbo ec it ve. • buS j evitce tset yllausu ovni l ev elpoep , ohw era egdelwonk a lb e a uob t no e ro rom e a eps cts fo t eh ,metsys gnikam j stnemgdu tuoba eht ledom dna sti tuptuo . • evitcejbO stset syawla eriuqer atad no eht s'metsys roivaheb ulp s ht e c dnopserro i gn da at decudorp yb eht ledom . sA na dia ni eht val di ta noi orp ec ,ss rolyaN dna egniF r ]7691[ f lumro ated a erht e pets hcaorppa hcihw sah neeb ylediw :dewollof - 1. dliuB a ledom taht sah hgih ecaf ytidilav .
  • 68. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 86 2. etadilaV ledom snoitpmussa . 3. erapmoC eht ledom tupni - tuptuo snoitamrofsnart ot gnidnopserroc tupni - tuptuo snoitamrofsnart rof eht laer metsys . .8 htiW a taen margaid ledom ,gnidliub v noitacifire dna va il ad it no ssecorp skraM01 :los noitacifireV fo noitalumiS sledoM • ehT esoprup fo ledom noitacifirev si ot erussa taht eht lautpecnoc m do el is er flected yletarucca ni eht deziretupmoc neserper noitat . • ehT lautpecnoc ledom etiuq netfo sevlovni emos rged ee of a artsb cti no a uob t sys et m ,snoitarepo ro emos tnuoma fo noitacifilpmis fo lautca snoitarepo . ynaM snoitseggus nac eb nevig rof esu ni eht noitacifirev :ssecorp - :1 evaH eht deziretupmoc r noitatneserpe dekcehc yb enoemos rehto naht sti repoleved . :2 ekaM a wolf margaid hcihw sedulcni hcae yllacigol elbissop a itc no a tsys me can ta ek nehw na tneve srucco , dna wollof eht ledom gol ic f ro each a f ro each a tc noi f ro ae ch tneve t py e. :3 ylesolC enimaxe eht ledom tuptuo f ro nosaer a lb eness dnu er a var ei yt of set gnit s fo tupnI sretemarap . 4. evaH eht deziretupmoc noitatneserper tnirp eht tupni sretemarap ta eht dne fo eht noitalumiS ot eb erus taht eseht retemarap seulav evah ton neeb degnahc vdani yltnetre . 5. ekaM eht deziretupmoc noitatneserper fo fles - gnitnemucod sa elbissop . 6. fI ht e ziretupmoc ed noitatneserper si ,detamina irev fy aht t tahw is es en ni eht noitamina setatimi eht lautca tsys em. 7. ehT evitcaretni nur rellortnoc )CRI( ro ggubed re si na laitnesse com nop ent lufsseccuSfo noitalumis dom el gnidliub . nevE eht tseb of
  • 69. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 96 noitalumis anal stsy ma sek sekatsim ro stimmoc lacigol srorre hw en iub ldi gn a dom el. ehT stsissaCRI ni f dni i gn a gnitcerrocdn esoht srorre ni eht wollof :syaw )a( ehT s noitalumi nac eb derotinom sa ti sessergorp . )b( noitnettA nac eb desucof no a ralucitrap enil fo l igo c ro lum ti lp e nil es of l go ci that etutitsnoc a erudecorp ro a ralucitrap ytitne . )c( seulaV fo detceles ledom nenopmoc ts ac n be sbo e vr ed. nehW eht is mulat noi h sa desuap , eht tnerruc va eul ro sutats fo selbairav , tubirtta es, seueuq , er s ruo ces, c nuo te ,sr ,.cte nac eb devresbo . enuJ 1102 .9 nialpxE yna owt tuptuo sisylana rof ydaets - etats ?noitalumis 5 skraM :loS ydaetS[saiBnoitazilaitinI - noitalumiSetatS ]s oteuqinhcetnevorpdnaevitcejbo,detpeccaylediwoN� otatadhcumwohediug .levelelbigilgenaotsaibnoitazilaitiniecuderoteteled .dednemmocerllitserayehttubgnidaelsimeb,semitta,nacstolP� omdnarehtoomsalaeversegarevaelbmesnE� ,snoitacilperfo#ehtsadnertesicerper .sesaercni,R .egarevagnivomagnittolpybrehtrufdehtoomsebnacsegarevaelbmesnE� .degarevaeraataderomsaelbairavsselsemocebegarevaevitalumuC� ofsekattiregnoleht,tneserpnoitalerroceromehT� .etatsydaetshcaorppar .setartnereffidtaetatsydaetshcaorppadluocserusaemecnamrofreptnereffiD� rrE or E its m oita n [St dae y-State Sim lu ation ]s a) Stati rano y time s re ies Yi ex ibih t gni op siti ev ua tocor er lati .no b) Stati rano y time s re ies Yi ex ibih t gni en gati ev ua tocor er lati .no c) Nonstati no a yr time s re ies with na upwa dr tre dn Y. j to � �n � erehw B =�E� � = VB (Y ), � S �2
  • 70. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 07 .01 etirW tontrohSa 51 M skra :loS )a scitsiretcarahC fo gniueuq ?metsys scitsiretcarahC fo gnieueuQ smetsyS �Key stnemele fo gnieueuq :smetsys � motsuC :re srefer ot gnihtyna taht sevirra ta a ytilicaf dna seriuqer ,ecivres g.e ., ,elpoep ,senihcam ,skcurt sliame . � :revreS srefer ot yna ecruoser taht sedivorp eht detseuqer ,ecivres ,.g.e ,snosrepriaper laveirter ,senihcam syawnur ta tropria . gnillaC P noitalupo scitsiretcarahC[ fo gnieueuQ ]metsyS � gnillaC :noitalupop eht noitalupop fo laitnetop ,sremotsuc yam eb demussa ot eb etinif ro fni i in te. � etiniF noitalupop :ledom fi lavirra etar sdneped no eht rebmun fo sremotsuc devresgnieb dna ,gnitiaw ,.g.e ledom fo ,tejetaroproceno fi ti si gnieb per a eht,deri riaper lavirra etar semoceb orez . � etinifnI noitalupop :ledom fi lavirra etar si ton detceffa yb eht bmun er fo sremotsuc gnieb devres dna ,gnitiaw e. ,.g htiwsmetsys egral noitalupop netopfo lait sremotsuc . metsyS apaC tic y scitsiretcarahC[ fo gnieueuQ ]metsyS � metsyS :yticapaC a timil no eht rebmun fo yamtahtsremotsuc eb ni eht gnitiaw enil etsysro m. � detimiL ,yticapac ,.g.e na citamotua rac hsaw ylno sah moor f ro 10 srac ot tiaw ni l eni ot retne eht em cha msin . � detimilnU ,yticapac ,.g.e trecnoc tekcit selas htiw on timil no eht rebmun fo elpoep dewolla ot tiaw ot esahcrup stekcit . )b lavirrA ssecorP scitsiretcarahC[ fo gnieueuQ ]metsyS � roF etinifni - noitalupop :sledom � nI smret fo lavirraretni semit fo evisseccus sremotsuc . � modnaR :slavirra lavirraretni semit yllausu deziretcarahc yb a ytilibaborp oitubirtsid n. � tsoM tnatropmi :ledom nossioP lavirra ssecorp htiw( etar l ,) erehw An stneserper eht lavirraretni emit neewteb uc remots n-1 dna suc t mo er n, dna si yllaitnenopxe detubirtsid htiw( naem l/1 ). � deludehcS :slavirra lavirraretni semit nac eb tnatsnoc ro tnatsnoc sulp ro sunim a llams modnar tnuoma ot tneserper ylrae ro etal slavirra . � ,.g.e stneitap ot a naicisyhp ro deludehcs enilria thgilf slavirra ot na ropria t. � tA tsael eno remotsuc si demussa ot syawla eb ,tneserp os eht sirevres reven ,eldi ,.g.e tneiciffus war lairetam rof a enihcam .
  • 71. noitalumiSdnagniledoMmetsyS 28SC01 fotpeD ESI TIBJS, egaP 17 )b srorrE elihw gnitareneg modnaroduesp srebmun oduesP snaem eslaf , os eslaf modnar srebmun era gnieb detareneg . ehT laog fo yna gener ta i no emehcs , si ot ecudorp a ecneuqes fo srebmun teb neew ze or a dn 1 ihw ch umis al tes, ro i aitin t se , eht di e la porp e seitr fo inu f mro noitubirtsid dna dnepedni e cn e as cl yleso as sop si elb . ehW n eg gnitaren oduesp - modnar srebmun , trec a ni smelborp ro e srorr can co c ru . esehT srorre , ro serutraped morf laedi ,ssenmodnar era lla detaler ot eht seitreporp detats ylsuoiverp . emoS selpmaxe edulcni eht gniwollof 1. ehT detareneg srebmun yam ton eb lmrofinu y detubirtsid . 2. ehT detareneg srebmun yam eb etercsid - deulav daetsni suounitnoc deulav 3. ehT naem fo eht detareneg srebmun yam ooteb hgih ro oot wol . 4. ehT ecnairav fo eht detareneg srebmun yam ooteb hgih ro wol 5. erehT yam eb ecnedneped . ehT f gniwollo era :selpmaxe )a( noitalerrocotuA neewteb srebmun . )b( srebmuN ylevisseccus rehgih ro rewol naht tnecajda srebmun . )c krowteN fo eueuQ � elgnisfoskrowtensadeledomyllarutanerasmetsysynaM sremotsuc:seueuq byameueuqenomorfgnitraped .rehtonaotdetuore dnanoitalupopgnillacetinifnihtiwmetsyselbatsaemussastlusergniwollofehT� :yticapacmetsysnotimilon ehtneht,eueuqehtnideyortsedrodetaercerasremotsucontahtdedivorP� saemasehtsieueuqafotuoetarerutraped ehtrevo(eueuqehtotnietarlavirraeht .)nurgnol etartaieueuqotevirrasremotsucfI� eramehtfo1≤jip≤0noitcarfadna,iλ etarlavirraehtneht,erutrapednopujeueuqotdetuor jipiλsijeueuqotieueuqmrof .)nurgnolehtrevo( eN tworks fo uQ e seu � T eh revo a ll lavirra r eta i otn euq ue :j λ = a + pij la l i muS fo lavirra setar morf rehto seueuq krowtenni � If eueuq j has cj < ∞ llarap el s ,srevre ae ch ow rk gni ta ar et µj, neht eht gnol -r nu noitazilitu of hcae ser ev r is ρj=λj/(cµj) w( here ρj < 1 .)eueuqelbatsrof � If slavirra f mor edistuo the en t row k f ro m a ioP ss no ecorp ss iw th etar aj f ro ae ch euq ue j, na d if ereht are cj id ne tic la es r rev s eviled r gni ex op n ne t yllai d si t tubir ed s re v iteci m htiwse m nae /1 µj, ,neht aetsni d euq,etatsy eu j beha sev il kes na M/ /M cj q eueu iw th virra al r eta .