Lecture 1 introduction of machine shop
- 2. • INTRODUCTION OF M/C SHOP • LATHE MACHINE • MILLING MACHINE • SHAPER MACHINE • PLANER MACHINE • DRILLING MACHINE
- 3. • A machine shop is a room, building, or company where machining, a form of subtractive manufacturing, is done. • In a machine shop, machinists use machine tools and cutting tools to make parts, usually of metal or plastic (but sometimes of other materials such as glass or wood). • A machine shop can be a small business (such as a job shop) or a portion of a factory, whether a toolroom or a production area for manufacturing. • The production can consist of cutting, shaping, drilling, finishing, and other processes, frequently those related to metalworking. • The machine tools typically include metal lathes, milling machines, machining centers, multitasking machines, drill presses, or grinding machines, many controlled with computer numerical control (CNC). • Other processes, such as heat treating, electroplating, or painting of the parts before or after machining, are often done in a separate facility.
- 4. A lathe is a machine tool that rotates a workpiece about an axis of rotation to perform various operations such as cutting, sanding, knurling, drilling, deformation, facing, and turning, with tools that are applied to the workpiece to create an object with symmetry about that axis Uses of Lathe Lathes are used in woodturning, metalworking, metal spinning, thermal spraying, parts reclamation, and glass-working. Lathes can be used to shape pottery, the best-known design being the Potter's wheel. Most suitably equipped metalworking lathes can also be used to produce most solids of revolution, plane surfaces and screw threads or helices. Ornamental lathes can produce three-dimensional solids of incredible complexity.
- 5. Parts of Lathe Machine: The lathe consist following parts. 1. Bed:- It is the main body of the machine. All main components are bolted on it. It is usually made by cast iron due to its high compressive strength and high lubrication quality. It is made by casting process and bolted on floor space. 2. Tool post It is bolted on the carriage. It is used to hold the tool at correct position. Tool holder mounted on it. 3. Chuck Chuck is used to hold the workspace. It is bolted on the spindle which rotates the chuck and work piece. It is four jaw and three jaw according to the requirement of machine.
- 6. 4. Head stock Head stock is the main body parts which are placed at left side of bed. It is serve as holding device for the gear chain, spindle, driving pulley etc. It is also made by cast iron. 5. Tell stock Tell stock situated on bed. It is placed at right hand side of the bed. The main function of tell stock to support the job when required. It is also used to perform drilling operation. 6. Lead screw Lead screw is situated at the bottom side of bed which is used to move the carriage automatically during thread cutting.
- 7. 7. Legs Legs are used to carry all the loads of the machine. They are bolted on the floor which prevents vibration. 8. Carriage It is situated between the head stock and tell stock. It is used to hold and move the tool post on the bed vertically and horizontally. It slides on the guide ways. Carriage is made by cast iron. 9. Apron It is situated on the carriage. It consist all controlling and moving mechanism of carriage.
- 8. 10. Chips pan Chips pan is placed lower side of bed. The main function of it to carries all chips removed by the work piece. 11. Guide ways Guide ways take care of movement of tell stock and carriage on bed. 12. Speed controller Speed controller switch is situated on head stock which controls the speed of spindle. 13. Spindle It is the main part of lathe which holds and rotates the chuck.
- 9. Definition of Milling Milling is a process performed with a machine in which the cutters rotate to remove the material from the work piece present in the direction of the angle with the tool axis. With the help of the milling machines one can perform many operations and functions starting from small objects to large ones. Milling Machine The milling machines are also known as the multi-tasking machines (MTMs) which are multi-purpose machines capable of milling and turning the materials as well. The milling machine has got the cutter installed up on it which helps in removing the material from the surface of the work piece. When the material gets cooled down then it is removed from the milling machine.
- 10. The two main configurations of the milling machining operations are the types of milling machines. These are the vertical mill and the horizontal mill. They are further discussed below: Horizontal Milling Machines The horizontal mill is also the similar cutter but their cutters are placed on a horizontal arbor. A lot of horizontal mills have got rotary tables that help in milling in various angles. These tables are called the universal tables. Apart from this all the tools that are used in a vertical mill can also be used in the horizontal mill. Vertical Milling Machines The vertical mill has a vertically arranged spindle axis and rotate by staying at the same axis. The spindle can also be extended and performing functions such as drilling and cutting. Vertical mill has got two further categories as well: turret mill and bed mill. The turret mill has got a table that moves perpendicularly and parallel to the spindle axis in order to cut the material. The spindle is, however, stationary. Two cutting methods can be performed with this by moving the knee and by lowering or raising the quill.
- 11. A shaper is a machine tool that produces flat, horizontal, and vertical surfaces on the workpiece. It applies a reciprocating motion for various operations. It has a ram that holds the cutting tool. The workpiece is held on a table available in the machine. The tool used to perform various operations in Shaper is generally a single-point cutting tool. A Shaper can also remove material from the surface on an angular plane. In this machine, the drive used to supply the power produces a rotary motion. The machine converts that motion into a reciprocating motion. The reciprocating motion further performs all cutting operations on the workpiece. Definition: A Shaper is a machine that uses the reciprocating motion of a single-point cutting tool to perform the various machining operations.
- 12. Working Principle of A Shaper Machine If in one line I have to describe, I will say that a Shaper Machine works on the principle of a Quick Return Mechanism. Now let’s discuss the working in a little bit more detail… In a Shaper, the workpiece is held in the vice attached to the table. The tool head which holds the cutting tools is mounted on the ram. When you switch on the machine, the ram starts reciprocating. It performs cutting operations during the forward stroke and there is no removal of metal during the return stroke in a Standard Shaper Machine. You can move the single point cutting tool upward or downward in order to adjust the depth of cut. Parts of Shaper Machine:- Base It is the bottom part of the machine. All of the other parts are mounted on the Base. It is a hollow body made up of CI (cast iron) casting. The Base is a very strong part of the machine which can bear the weight of the whole machine. It also has the strength to tolerate the vibrations produced during the various cutting operations on the machine. Column The cover in which the drive mechanism is boxed or hidden is called the Column of the machine. It is mounted on the base. And, two guideways over which the ram reciprocates are there mounted on the column’s top. The column is generally made up of cast iron.
- 13. Table You can move the table of the machine horizontally, vertically or swivel at any angle as well, as per the requirement. The table is attached to the saddle by using a fastener. Cross-Rail It facilitates the vertical movement of the table. You can move the table vertically by lowering or raising the cross- rail. The front surface of the column of the machine is the place where the Cross-Rail is mounted. And, if you want to move the table horizontally, a saddle mounted on the cross-rail is there to facilitate this movement. Ram Ram is a very important part of this machine. It carries the tool post or tool head which holds the cutting tool. The ram makes reciprocation to perform the machining operations. The tool head mounted on the ram has a facility to be swiveled at an angle so as to perform cutting operations on an inclined surface. In order to avoid the cutting action during the return stroke, the tool head is held in a clapper box. What this clapper box actually does is that it makes the tool perform a sliding action during the return stroke. Application of Shaper Machine Some of the most important applications of a Shaper Machine are listed below: You can use a Shaper Machine for producing flat surfaces. You can also use the machine for creating keyways in gears or pulleys. Smooth surfaces can also be produced. It is also used to produce internal splines. You can also produce gear teeth on a shaper machine. With some modern types of Shapers, you can also produce contoured surfaces.
- 14. What is a Planer Machine? A planer machine is a type of metal working machine that uses linear relative motion (reciprocation) between the workpiece and a single-point cutting tool to cut the work piece. A planer is very much similar to a shaper but there are some basic differences. A Planer Machine is larger and has moving workpiece, whereas in a shaper Machine cutting tool moves. Working principle of Planer Machine In a Planer Machine the job is fixed rigidly on the machine table. A single point cutting tool held properly in the tool post is mounted on the reciprocating ram. The reciprocating motion of the ram is obtained by a quick return motion mechanism.
- 15. A drilling machine, called a drill press, is used to cut holes into or through metal, wood, or other materials (Figure ). Drilling machines use a drilling tool that has cutting edges at its point.Drilling machines may be used to perform other operations. Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut a hole of circular cross-section in solid materials. The drill bit is usually a rotary cutting tool, often multi-point. ... Instead, the hole is usually made by hammering a drill bit into the hole with quickly repeated short movements. DRILL MACHINE