Database applications تطبيقات قواعد البيانات

‫اﻟﺗﻘﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺳودان‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬-‫ﻛ‬‫ﺷرق‬ ‫اﻟﺟرﯾف‬ ‫ﻠﯾﺔ‬‫اﻟﺗﻘﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬-‫وﺗﻘ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺎﺳوب‬ ‫اﺳﺎت‬‫ر‬‫د‬‫اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺎﻧﺔ‬–‫ﺗ‬ ‫ات‬‫ر‬‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿ‬‫اﻛل‬‫ر‬‫أو‬ ‫ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫طﺑﯾﻘﺎت‬
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Website www.fatahosoft.com Email: fatahosoft@fatahosoft.com
‫ﺗ‬‫ﻄ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ت‬‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ‬
Database Applications
‫اﻷﺳﺗﺎذ‬ ‫إﻋداد‬:‫اﻟﻌﻠﯾم‬ ‫ﻋوض‬ ‫اﻟرﺣﻣن‬ ‫ﻓﺗﺢ‬
2017‫م‬

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‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬
DATABASE
‫اﻟﻣﺗﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺿم‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺗﻌرف‬‫وﻧﻌﻧﻲ‬ ،‫اﻟﺑﻌض‬ ‫ﺑﺑﻌﺿﻬﺎ‬
‫وﻋﻧﺎوﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻠﻔوﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻣﻬﺎ‬‫ر‬‫أ‬‫و‬ ‫أﺳﻣﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﺛل‬ ‫ﺑﺳﻬوﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺳﺟﯾﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌروﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻘﺎﺋق‬ ‫ﻫﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺣﺎﺳوب‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻔظﻬﺎ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻋﻧﺎوﯾن‬ ‫دﻓﺗر‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺳﺟﯾﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬ ‫ﺑﺣﯾث‬ ‫ﻓﻬم‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻌ‬ ‫اﻟذﯾن‬ ‫اﻷﺷﺧﺎص‬.
‫ﺗﻣﺛل‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻲ‬ ‫وﻟذا‬ ‫اﻟﺑﻌض‬ ‫ﺑﺑﻌﺿﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺗﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫وﻫذﻩ‬‫ﻧﺣدد‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬ ‫وﻫﻧﺎ‬ ،‫ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬
‫إن‬ ‫ﻧﻘول‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻓﯾﻣﻛﻧﻧﺎ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﻟﺿﺑط‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺣدﯾد‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺗﻣﻛﻧﻧﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻌض‬
‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺎت‬:
1-‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾؤﺛر‬ ‫ﺳوف‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺎﻧب‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﯾر‬ ‫أي‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻘﯾﻘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟم‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺟﺎﻧﺑ‬ ‫ﺗﻣﺛل‬ ‫أﻧﻬﺎ‬.
2-‫ﻣﻧطﻘﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ‬ ‫أﻧﻬﺎ‬‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﺋﻲ‬‫و‬‫ﻋﺷ‬ ‫ﺷﻛل‬ ‫أي‬ ‫أن‬ ‫أي‬ ،‫ﻣﺣدد‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻣن‬
‫ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫أن‬.
3-‫وﺑﻌض‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﯾن‬ ‫ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫داﺋﻣ‬ ‫ﯾوﺟد‬ ‫وﻟذا‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﯾن‬ ‫ﻟﻐرض‬ ‫وﺗﺟﻣﯾﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫وﺑﻧﺎؤﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺻﻣﯾم‬ ‫ﯾﺗم‬ ‫اﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ‬ ‫اض‬‫ر‬‫أﻏ‬ ‫ﻟﺗﺣﻘﯾق‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﺑﻘ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﺗم‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎت‬.
‫أﺧر‬ ‫ﺗﻌرﯾف‬:
‫ﻋﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ِ‫ﺻر‬‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬‫وﺗﺗﻛون‬ ،‫ﯾﺎﺿﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﻌض‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺿﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺑطﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻣ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﯾﺔ‬
‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫ﺟدول‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬‫أﻛﺛر‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺣد‬.‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺟدول‬ ‫وﯾﺗﻛون‬‫ﺟل‬)‫ﺻف‬(‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺟل‬ ‫وﯾﺗﻛون‬ ‫أﻛﺛر‬ ‫أو‬
‫ﺣﻘل‬‫أﻛﺛر‬ ‫أو‬.‫اﻟﻣوظف‬ ‫ﻗم‬‫ر‬ ‫ﻣﺛل‬ ‫ﺣﻘول‬ ‫ﻋدة‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﯾﺗﻛون‬ ‫ﻣﻌﯾن‬ ‫ﺑﻣوظف‬ ‫اﻟﺧﺎص‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺟل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯾﻪ‬ ‫وﻣﺛﺎل‬-
‫اﻟﻣوظف‬ ‫اﺳم‬-‫اﻟﻣوظف‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬-‫اﻟﺗﻌﯾﯾن‬ ‫ﯾﺦ‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﺎ‬-‫اﺗب‬‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬-‫ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ذﻟك‬ ‫وﻏﯾر‬ ،‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺳم‬‫و‬
‫ﺟﻬﺎز‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺧزن‬ ‫اﻟﻣوظﻔﯾن‬‫اﻟﺣﺎﺳوب‬‫ﯾﻘوم‬ ‫ﺣﯾث‬ ،‫م‬ّ‫ظ‬‫ﻣﻧ‬ ‫ﻧﺣو‬ ‫ﻠﻰ‬َ‫ﻋ‬‫ﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬‫ر‬‫ﺑ‬)‫ﺣﺎﺳوب‬)‫ﯾﺳﻣﻰ‬‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﻣﺣرك‬
‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬(database engine)‫وﺗﻣﻛ‬ ،‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ﺿﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺑﺣث‬‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣل‬ ‫ﺑﺗﺳﻬﯾل‬‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدم‬ ‫ﯾن‬
‫ﻋﻠﯾﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻌدﯾل‬‫و‬ ‫اﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬.
‫اﻟذي‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﯾن‬ ‫ﯾﺣددﻫﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اض‬‫ر‬‫اﻷﻏ‬ ‫ﺣﺳب‬ ‫وﺗﺧﺗﻠف‬ ،‫ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫أﺷﻛﺎل‬‫و‬ ‫أﺣﺟﺎم‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬
‫ﺗﻧظﯾم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺛﻠﻰ‬ ‫طرق‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫اﻟﺑﺣث‬ ً‫ا‬‫ﺟد‬ ‫ﻓﻣﻬم‬ ‫وﻟذا‬ ،‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫وﺗﻌدﯾل‬ ‫اﺳﺗرﺟﺎﻋﻬﺎ‬‫و‬ ‫ﯾﻧﻬﺎ‬‫ز‬‫وﺗﺧ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﯾﻘوﻣون‬
‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻠك‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫دا‬ٕ‫ا‬‫و‬.‫و‬ ‫ﺗوﻟﯾد‬ ‫وﯾﻣﻛﻧﻧﺎ‬،‫اﻟﺣﺎﺳوب‬ ‫اﺳطﺔ‬‫و‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﯾدوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﺑﺻو‬ ‫وﺗﺣدﯾﺛﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺗﺣدﯾث‬
‫ﻧظم‬ ‫اﺳطﺔ‬‫و‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫أو‬ ،‫ﺗطﺑﯾﻘﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺳوب‬ ‫اﻣﺞ‬‫ر‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫اﺳطﺔ‬‫و‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫إﻧﺷﺎؤﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺗم‬ ‫ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺣوﺳﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫وﻗ‬
‫ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫إدا‬.
‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫إدا‬ ‫ﻧظم‬ ‫وﺗﻌرف‬Database Management Systems DBMS‫ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫اﻣ‬‫ر‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺷﺗﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﯾن‬ ‫ﺗﻣﻛن‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺎﺳوب‬ ‫ﺞ‬.

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‫ﺗﻌرﯾف‬(Defining)‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬:‫اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾود‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻬﯾﺎﻛل‬‫و‬ ‫اع‬‫و‬‫اﻷﻧ‬ ‫ﺗﺣدﯾد‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﻧﻬﺎ‬‫ز‬‫ﺗﺧ‬ ‫ﻟﯾﺗم‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬.
‫إﻧﺷﺎء‬(Constructing)‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬:‫ﻫ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﯾﻧﯾﺔ‬‫ز‬‫ﺗﺧ‬ ‫وﺳﺎﺋط‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﯾن‬‫ز‬‫ﺗﺧ‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫إدا‬ ‫ﻧظم‬ ‫اﺳطﺔ‬‫و‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻓﯾﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺣﻛم‬ ‫ﯾﺗم‬.
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ‬(Manipulating)‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬:‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺗﻔﺳﺎر‬ ‫ﺗﻬﺗم‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﻫو‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺣدث‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ات‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺗﻐﯾ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻛس‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺑﺗﺣدﯾث‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻣﺣددة‬ ‫ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺟﺎع‬‫ﻻﺳﺗر‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟم‬‫اﻗﻌﻲ‬‫و‬.
‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻧظم‬ ‫وﺗﻌرف‬(Database Systems)‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺗﺗﻛون‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻧظم‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ‬
ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﺳﺑﻘ‬ ‫ﺷرﺣﻪ‬ ‫ﺗم‬ ‫اﻟذي‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺷﻛل‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺣﻛم‬ ‫ﺗﻘوم‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫إدا‬ ‫وﻧظم‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬.
‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬)1(:‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺗﺗﻛون‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬‫و‬ ‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺟ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟوﺻف‬ ‫ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﻧﺄﺧذ‬ ‫ﺳوف‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻔﺎﻫﯾم‬ ‫ح‬‫ﻟﺷر‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺛﺎل‬
‫اﻟطﻼب‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬(Students)‫ات‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻣﻘر‬‫و‬(Courses)‫اﻟﺷﻌب‬‫و‬(Sections)‫درﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﯾر‬‫ر‬‫وﺗﻘ‬
‫اﻟطﺎﻟب‬(Grade Report).‫اﻟﺷﻛل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣوﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺟداول‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺔ‬‫ر‬‫أ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺗﻧظﯾم‬ ‫ﺗم‬ ‫وﻗد‬)1-
1(‫ﺑﺣ‬ ،‫ﺟدول‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫وﻋﯾﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻫﯾﻛل‬ ‫ﺗوﺿﯾﺢ‬ ‫ﺗم‬ ‫ﯾث‬.
‫اﻟﺟرﯾف‬ ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬
STUDENT
Name Student No Class Major
Ali CS2002 17 1 CS
Fatimah CS2002 8 2 CS
COURSE
Course Name Course No Credits Department
Data Structures CS232 4 CS
Discrete Math MA114 3 MATH
Database CS331 4 CS
SECTION
InstructorYearSemesterCourse NoSection No
Mohamed20021MA11485
Ahmed20021CS23295
Khalid20032MA114110
Ahmed20031CS331120

4
GRADE-REPORT
GradeSection NoStudent NO
A85CS2002 17
B95CS2002 17
C95CS2003 8
‫ﻋدد‬ ‫ﺑﺗﺣدﯾد‬ ‫وذﻟك‬ ‫ﺟدول‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫داﺧل‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺟﻼت‬ ‫ﻫﯾﻛل‬ ‫ﺗﻌﯾﯾن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯾﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫وﻟﺗﻌ‬
‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻر‬ ‫ﻣن‬(Data Elements).‫اﻟطﺎﻟب‬ ‫ﺟدول‬ ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﻣﺛ‬(Student)‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺣﺗوي‬
‫اﻟطﺎﻟب‬ ‫اﺳم‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻣﻛون‬ ‫ﺳﺟل‬(Name)‫اﻟطﺎﻟب‬ ‫ﻗم‬‫ر‬‫و‬(Students No.)‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗوى‬‫و‬(Class)
‫اﻟﺗﺧﺻص‬‫و‬(Major).‫اﻟﺳﺟل‬ ‫داﺧل‬ ‫ﺑﯾﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻧﺻر‬ ‫ﻟﻛل‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ع‬‫اﻟﻧو‬ ‫ﺗﺣدﯾد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯾﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫أﯾﺿ‬.
‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ز‬‫رﻣ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻫو‬ ‫طﺎﻟب‬ ‫اﺳم‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﺑﺄن‬ ‫ﻧﺣدد‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛﻧﻧﺎ‬ ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﻣﺛ‬(String)‫ﻗم‬‫ر‬ ‫أن‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺣروف‬ ‫ﻣن‬
‫ﺻﺣﯾﺢ‬ ‫ﻋدد‬ ‫ﻫو‬ ‫اﻟطﺎﻟب‬(Integer)‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻋدد‬ ‫ﻫو‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗوى‬ ‫أن‬‫و‬1‫وﺣﺗﻰ‬5‫ﻫو‬ ‫ﻗم‬‫ر‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫ﺑﺣﯾث‬
‫ا‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺗوى‬ ‫رﻣز‬‫اﻟدرﺟﺔ‬ ‫أن‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟطﺎﻟب‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﺗﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻟذي‬(Grade)‫اﻟدرﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﯾر‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻘ‬ ‫ﺳﺟل‬ ‫داﺧل‬(Grade
Report)‫اﻟﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﺣد‬‫و‬ ‫ﺣرف‬ ‫ﻫو‬)(A, B, C, D, F.
‫أي‬‫و‬ ‫ﺷﻌﺑﺔ‬ ‫أي‬‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻘرر‬ ‫أي‬‫و‬ ‫طﺎﻟب‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﻟﻬﯾﻛل‬ ‫ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﯾن‬‫ز‬‫ﺗﺧ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯾﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﻹﻧﺷﺎء‬‫و‬
‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳب‬ ‫اﻟﺟدول‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺳﺟل‬ ‫درﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﯾر‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻘ‬.‫اﻟطﺎﻟب‬ ‫ﺳﺟل‬ ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﻣﺛ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﺳﻣﻪ‬ ‫اﻟذي‬(Ali)‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﯾوﺿﺣﺎن‬ ‫اﻟذﯾن‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟدرﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﯾر‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻘ‬ ‫ﺟدول‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺳﺟﻠﯾن‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﻣﺑﺎﺷ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ذو‬ ‫ﺳﺟل‬ ‫ﻫو‬ ‫اﻟطﺎﻟب‬ ‫ﺟدول‬
‫ﺟدول‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﯾن‬ ‫ﺑﻣﻘرر‬ ‫ﺗﺗﻌﻠق‬ ‫ﺷﻌﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫أﯾﺿ‬‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺗﯾن‬ ‫ﺷﻌﺑﺗﯾن‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺳﻪ‬ ‫اﻟطﺎﻟب‬ ‫درﺟﺎت‬
‫ات‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻣﻘر‬.
‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﯾن‬ ‫ﺗﺣدﯾث‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﺳﺗﻔﺳﺎر‬ ‫ﺗﺣدﯾد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯾﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫وﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ‬.
‫ﺑﺎﻵﺗﻲ‬ ‫ات‬‫ر‬‫اﺳﺗﻔﺳﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻘدم‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛﻧﻧﺎ‬ ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﻣﺛ‬:
"‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟطﺎﻟب‬ ‫درﺳﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬‫و‬ ‫ودرﺟﺎﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ات‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻣﻘر‬ ‫أﺳﻣﺎء‬ ‫اﺳﺗرﺟﺎع‬"
"‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻣﻘرر‬ ‫ﺷﻌﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺗﺑﻌون‬ ‫اﻟذﯾن‬ ‫اﻟطﻼب‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺳﻣﺎء‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻣﺔ‬ ‫ج‬‫أﺳﺗﺧر‬(Database)‫ﻟﺳﻧﺔ‬
2002"
‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺗﺣدﯾث‬ ً‫ﻼ‬‫وﻣﺛ‬:
"‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗوى‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟطﺎﻟب‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗوى‬ ‫ﻋدل‬)1(‫اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗوى‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬)2" (
"‫اﻟﺳﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻟﻣﻘرر‬ ‫ﺟدﯾدة‬ ‫ﺷﻌﺑﺔ‬ ‫أﺿف‬"
"‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫أﺿف‬(A)‫اﻟﺳﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﺧﯾر‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﺻل‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻣﻘرر‬ ‫ﺷﻌﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠطﺎﻟب‬
‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬."

5
2.‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫اﺋد‬‫و‬‫وﻓ‬ ‫ﺧﺻﺎﺋص‬Characteristics and Advantages of Databases
‫ﻣن‬ ً‫ا‬‫ﻋدد‬ ‫ﯾﻣﺗﻠك‬ ‫ﻓﻬو‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬ ،‫ﻟﻠﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺟﯾدة‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫دا‬ٕ‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻛم‬ ‫ﯾﺗطﻠب‬ ‫ﻣﻧﻬﺞ‬ ‫ﻫو‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻣﻧﻬﺞ‬
‫اﻟﺧﺻﺎﺋص‬‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻠﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫وﺗﻧﻔﯾذﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺳوب‬ ‫اﻣﺞ‬‫ر‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺑﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻘﻠﯾدي‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻠوب‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫ﻩ‬‫ز‬‫ﺗﻣﯾ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬‫و‬.
‫اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﻬﻣ‬ ‫ﺗﺟﻌﻠﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﺋد‬‫و‬‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ً‫ا‬‫ﻋدد‬ ‫ﯾﻌطﯾﻧﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﻬﺞ‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺣﺎﺳوب‬.‫ﺣدﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫اﺋد‬‫و‬‫اﻟﻔ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺧﺻﺎﺋص‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎدﻣﺔ‬ ‫ات‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻔﻘ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻧﺎﻗش‬ ‫وﺳوف‬.
‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺧﺻﺎﺋص‬‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬
1.‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻧظم‬ ‫ﻟطﺑﯾﻌﺔ‬ ‫ذاﺗﻲ‬ ‫وﺻف‬
‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﺗوي‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻧظم‬ ‫أن‬ ‫وﻫﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻟﻘ‬ ‫وﻫﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻧﺎﻟك‬ ‫إن‬
‫اﻟﻬﯾﻛل‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺣﻔﺎظ‬ ‫اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾود‬‫و‬ ‫ﻫﯾﻛﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺻف‬ ‫اﻟذي‬‫و‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺧﺎص‬ ‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺗﻌ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬.‫وﻫذا‬
‫ﻋن‬ ‫ﻣﻧﻔﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﺑﺻو‬ ‫ﻣوﺟود‬ ‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺗﻌ‬‫ﻧظﺎم‬ ‫ﻷي‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗﺧدم‬ ‫ﻷي‬ ‫وﯾﻣﻛن‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬
‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻫﯾﻛل‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﻓﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﻟﻣﻌ‬ ‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﻟﻬذا‬ ‫ع‬‫ﺟو‬‫اﻟر‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫إدا‬.‫ﺑﯾﻧﻣﺎ‬
‫اﻣﺞ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫أﺻﯾل‬ ‫ء‬‫ﺟز‬ ‫ﻫو‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ،‫اﻟﺣﺎﺳوب‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻘﻠﯾدي‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻠوب‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺳﻬﺎ‬.‫ﺗﻠك‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ‫وﻟذا‬‫وﺻﻔﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗم‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻣﺣدد‬ ‫ع‬‫ﻧو‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣل‬ ‫ﻣﻔﯾدة‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫اﻣﺞ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑ‬
‫اﻟﺗطﺑﯾﻘﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻣﺞ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑ‬ ‫داﺧل‬.
2.‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﻘﻼل‬ ‫دﻋم‬:
،‫اﻟﺗطﺑﯾﻘﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻣﺞ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑ‬ ‫داﺧل‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻠﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﻫﯾﻛل‬ ‫ﯾدﻣﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻘﻠﯾدﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻠﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺗﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻫو‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﺗﻌدﯾ‬ ‫ﯾﺗطﻠب‬ ‫اﻟﻬﯾﻛل‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌدﯾل‬ ‫ﻓﺄي‬ ‫ﻟذا‬‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدﻣﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻣﺞ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑ‬ ‫ﻛل‬.‫ة‬‫ر‬‫إدا‬ ‫ﻧظﺎم‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﺑﯾﻧﻣﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻷن‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻌدﯾل‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫ﻟﻣﺛل‬ ‫ﯾﺣﺗﺎج‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺗطﺑﯾﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬‫ر‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻟﺗﻧﺎول‬ ‫ﯾﺣﺗﺎج‬ ‫وﻋﻧدﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺗﻘﻼل‬ ‫اﻟﺧﺎﺻﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫وﯾطﻠق‬ ،‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗطﺑﯾﻘﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻣﺞ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑ‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗﻘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﺑﺻو‬ ‫ﻣوﺟودة‬
‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﻲ‬Data Independence
3.‫ﻟﻠﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺗﻌددة‬ ‫اﺟﻬﺎت‬‫و‬ ‫دﻋم‬:
‫اﺟﻬﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻏرض‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻧﻬم‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫ﺑﺣﯾث‬ ،‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﯾن‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻋدد‬ ‫اﺳطﺔ‬‫و‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫إن‬
(View)‫ﻟﻼﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫ﻣﻧﻔﺻﻠﺔ‬.‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﺗوي‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ء‬‫ﺟز‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫اﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫اﺟﻬﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫أي‬
‫ﻣﺧز‬ ‫ﺗﻛون‬ ‫ﻻ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﺟﻬﺎ‬‫ر‬‫اﺳﺗد‬ ‫ﯾﺗم‬ ‫اﺿﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻓﺗ‬ ‫ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬‫ﻓﻌﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺷﻛل‬ ‫ﻧﺔ‬.‫ﻣﺳﺗﺧدم‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ‫وﻟذا‬
‫اﻫﺗﻣﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻘدر‬ ‫ﻧﺔ‬‫ز‬‫ﻣﺧ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗدرﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺗﻌﻠق‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫اﺟﻬﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫ﺗﻛون‬ ‫ﺑﺄن‬ ‫ﯾﻬﺗم‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻟﻘ‬
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﻘوم‬ ‫اﻟذي‬ ‫اﻟﺗطﺑﯾق‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺗﺧدام‬.‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬ ‫ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻔﺎت‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫إدا‬ ‫ﻧظﺎم‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ‫وﻟذا‬
‫ا‬ ‫اﺟﻬﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫ﯾﻌرف‬ ‫ﺑﺄن‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗﺧدم‬ ‫ﻷي‬ ‫ﯾﺳﻣﺢ‬‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻟﻘ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳب‬ ‫اﻟﺗطﺑﯾق‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﯾود‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻻﺳﺗﺧدام‬
‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬.‫ﺑ‬ ‫اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﻣﺛ‬‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺟ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ‬‫اﻟﺷﻛل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬)1-1(‫ﯾﻬﺗم‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗﺧدم‬ ‫ﻧﺟد‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻓﯾﻣﻛن‬
‫اﺳﻲ‬‫ر‬‫د‬ ‫ﻓﺻل‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫طرﺣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗم‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ات‬‫ر‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻘر‬ ‫ﯾﻬﺗم‬ ‫آﺧر‬ ‫ﺑﯾﻧﻣﺎ‬ ،‫اﻟطﻼب‬ ‫ﺑﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫ﻓﻘط‬.

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4.‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﻣﺗﻌددة‬ ‫ﺑﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺳﻣﺎح‬‫ﺎت‬:
‫ﺗﻧﺎول‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﯾن‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻟﻌدد‬ ‫اﻣن‬‫ز‬‫ﻣﺗ‬ ‫وﻗت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﺳﻣﺢ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬ ‫ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫إدا‬ ‫ﻧظﺎم‬ ‫أي‬
‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬.‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫وﺗﻌﺎﻟﺞ‬ ‫ﺗﺗﻛﺎﻣل‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺗﻌددة‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﺗﺳﻣﺢ‬ ً‫ا‬‫ﺟد‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫وﻫذﻩ‬
‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬.‫اﻣن‬‫ز‬‫اﻟﺗ‬ ‫ﻟﺿﺑط‬ ‫ﻧظﺎم‬ ‫ﯾﺗﺿﻣن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬ ‫ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫إدا‬ ‫ﻧظﺎم‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ‫وﻟذا‬(Concurrency
Control).‫اﻣﻧﺔ‬‫ز‬‫ﻣﺗ‬ ‫أوﻗﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺣدﯾث‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻟﻘ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﯾن‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻟﻌدد‬ ‫ﻟﯾﺿﻣن‬ ‫وذﻟك‬
‫ﺻﺣﯾﺣﺔ‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﺑﺻو‬ ‫ﯾﺗم‬ ‫ﺑﯾﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺣدﯾث‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫وﻟﻠﺗﺄﻛد‬.‫إذا‬ ‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺟ‬ ‫ﺑﻛﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﻣﺛ‬
‫ﻓﯾ‬ ‫اﻟوﻗت‬ ‫ﻧﻔس‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟطﻼب‬ ‫أﺣد‬ ‫ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫ﺗﻌدﯾل‬ ‫ﯾودان‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﺎن‬ ‫وﺟد‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻌدﯾل‬ ‫ﺑﺄن‬ ‫اﻟﻧظﺎم‬ ‫ﯾﺿﻣن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺟب‬
‫اﻵﺧر‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻌدﯾل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾؤﺛر‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺻﺣﯾﺢ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻛل‬.
‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫اﺋد‬‫و‬‫ﻓ‬:
1.‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ار‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻛ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺣﻛم‬:
‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﯾن‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺗﻌددة‬ ‫اﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫اﺟﻬﺎت‬‫و‬ ‫ﺧﻠق‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛﻧﻧﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫اﺳطﺔ‬‫و‬‫ﺑ‬
‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺗﺻﻣﯾم‬ ‫ﻋﻧد‬ ‫ﺗﺗﻛﺎﻣل‬.‫وﻟﻠﺣﻔﺎظ‬‫اﺳم‬ ‫ﻣﺛل‬ ‫ﺑﯾﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻧﺻر‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﯾن‬‫ز‬‫ﺗﺧ‬ ‫ﯾﺗم‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻓق‬‫و‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻘط‬ ‫اﺣد‬‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟطﺎﻟب‬.‫ﯾﺣﻔظ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺿﺎرب‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻧﻊ‬ ‫ﺳوف‬ ‫وﻫذا‬
‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﯾﻧﯾﺔ‬‫ز‬‫اﻟﺗﺧ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ‬.‫ﺟدول‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻛرر‬ ‫ﺑﺷﻛل‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻘرر‬ ‫ﻗم‬‫ر‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟطﺎﻟب‬ ‫اﺳم‬ ‫ﯾن‬‫ز‬‫ﺗﺧ‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛﻧﻧﺎ‬ ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﻣﺛ‬
‫ﻋﻧدﻣ‬ ‫ﻷﻧﻪ‬ ‫اﻟدرﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﯾر‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻘ‬‫ﻗم‬‫ر‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟطﺎﻟب‬ ‫اﺳم‬ ‫ﺟﺎع‬‫اﺳﺗر‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻻﺑد‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻟطﺎﻟب‬ ‫درﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﯾر‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻘ‬ ‫اﺳﺗرﺟﺎع‬ ‫ﻧود‬ ‫ﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺷﻌﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻗم‬‫ر‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟطﺎﻟب‬ ‫ﻗم‬‫ر‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟدرﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻘرر‬.‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﺣث‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﻠل‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻛﺎﻣل‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫وﻟذا‬
‫اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻠك‬ ‫ﺑﺟﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺗﻌددة‬ ‫ﺟداول‬.
2.‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﻣوح‬ ‫ﻏﯾر‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻧﺎول‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﯾل‬:
‫أﻛﺛر‬ ‫ﻫﻧﺎﻟك‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ‬‫ﻏﯾر‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻧﺎول‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺳﻬل‬ ،‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫اﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﺷﺗرﻛ‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗﺧدم‬ ‫ﻣن‬
‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ح‬‫اﻟﻣﺳﻣو‬.‫ح‬‫ﻣﺳﻣو‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﯾن‬ ‫ﻓﻘط‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫وﯾﻘوم‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺗﻛون‬ ‫أن‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫داﺋﻣ‬ ‫ﯾﺗطﻠب‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ‬ ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﻣﺛ‬
‫ﺑذﻟك‬ ‫ﻟﻬم‬.‫ﺑﯾﻧﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﺳﺗرﺟﺎﻋﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻘط‬ ‫ﻟﻬم‬ ‫ح‬‫ﻣﺳﻣو‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﯾن‬ ‫ﯾوﺟد‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻر‬ ‫وﻟﺑﻌض‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫أﯾﺿ‬
ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﻌ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗرﺟﺎع‬‫و‬ ‫ﯾن‬‫ز‬‫اﻟﺗﺧ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺣق‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫اﻟﺑﻌض‬.‫ﻧظﺎم‬ ‫ﯾوﺟد‬ ‫ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫إدا‬ ‫ﻧظﺎم‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫وﻟذا‬
‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ح‬‫اﻟﻣﺳﻣو‬ ‫ﻏﯾر‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻧﺎول‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﯾل‬ ‫ﯾﺗم‬ ‫اﺳطﺗﻪ‬‫و‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫أﻣن‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺗﺣﻛم‬ ‫ﺋﻲ‬‫ز‬‫ﺟ‬.
3.‫اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻣﺛﯾل‬:
‫وﺳﯾﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺗوﺟد‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬ ‫ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫إدا‬ ‫ﻧظﺎم‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﻣﺛ‬ ‫اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﺗﻣﺛﯾل‬
‫اﻟﺷﻛل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺟ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬1-1‫اﻟطﺎﻟب‬ ‫ﺳﺟل‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻧﺟد‬"‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬"(Ali)‫اﻟطﺎﻟب‬ ‫ﺟدول‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣوﺟود‬‫و‬
(Student)‫اﻟدرﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﯾر‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻘ‬ ‫ﺟدول‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺳﺟﻠﯾن‬ ‫ﺗﺑط‬‫ر‬‫ﯾ‬.‫اﻟﺷﻌب‬ ‫ﺑﺟدول‬ ‫ﻣوﺟود‬ ‫ﺳﺟل‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﺗﺑط‬‫ر‬‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺎ‬
(Sections)‫ﺑﺟدول‬ ‫ﻣوﺟود‬ ‫ﻣﻌﯾن‬ ‫ﻣﻘرر‬ ‫ﺳﺟل‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬‫ات‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻣﻘر‬(Courses)‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻋدد‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ‬ ‫وﺑﻧﻔس‬

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‫اﻟدرﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﯾر‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻘ‬ ‫ﺟدول‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫درﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﯾر‬‫ر‬‫ﺑﺗﻘﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺟﻼت‬(Grade Report)‫ﺑﻌض‬ ‫ﺗﺧص‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬‫و‬
‫اﻟﺷﻌﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻠك‬ ‫ﺑﺈﻛﻣﺎل‬ ‫ا‬‫و‬‫ﻗﺎﻣ‬ ‫اﻟذﯾن‬ ‫اﻟطﻼب‬.
4.‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺻﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﯾود‬ ‫ﺗﻣﻛﯾن‬:
‫اﻟﺻﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺷروط‬ ‫ﺑﻌض‬ ‫ﺗﺗﺿﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎت‬ ‫أي‬(Integrity Constraints)‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻧﺎول‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺗﺣﻛم‬.‫وﺗﻣﻛﯾن‬ ‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫ﻟﺗﻌ‬ ‫وﺳﯾﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺗﯾﺢ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫إدا‬ ‫ﻧظﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ‫وﻟذا‬
‫اﻟﺷروط‬ ‫ﺗﻠك‬.‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﯾﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻧﺻر‬ ‫ﻟﻛل‬ ‫ﺑﯾﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ع‬‫ﻧو‬ ‫ﺗﻌﯾﯾن‬ ‫ﺗﺗطﻠب‬ ‫اﻟﺑﺳﯾطﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺻﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺷروط‬ ‫وﺑﻌض‬
‫ﻣﺳ‬ ‫ﻗﯾم‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻧﺟد‬ ‫ﻓﻔﯾﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺟ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﻟذﻟك‬ ‫وﻣﺛﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬‫اﻟطﻼب‬ ‫ﺗوى‬(Class)‫ﺟدول‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟطﻼب‬(Student)‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺻﺣﯾﺣﺔ‬ ً‫ا‬‫أﻋداد‬ ‫ﺗﻛون‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬1‫وﺣﺗﻰ‬5.‫اﻟﻣﻌﻘدة‬ ‫اﻟﺻﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺷروط‬ ‫وﺑﻌض‬
‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟذﻟك‬ ‫وﻣﺛﺎل‬ ،‫آﺧر‬ ‫ﺟدول‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣوﺟود‬ ‫آﺧر‬ ‫ﺑﺳﺟل‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺟدول‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺟل‬ ‫ﻟﻛل‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺗﺗطﻠب‬
‫ﺟدول‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣوﺟودة‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺟﻼت‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺷﻌﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺟل‬ ‫أي‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻧﺟد‬ ‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺟ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻛون‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬ ‫اﻟﺷﻌب‬
‫ات‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻣﻘر‬ ‫ﺟدول‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻘرر‬ ‫ﺑﺳﺟل‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺔ‬.‫اﻟﺳﺟﻼت‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫ﺗﻛون‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﺗطﻠب‬ ‫اﻟﺻﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﯾود‬ ‫اع‬‫و‬‫أﻧ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫آﺧر‬ ‫ع‬‫وﻧو‬
‫ﻗﯾﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻘرر‬ ‫ﺳﺟل‬ ‫أي‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻧﺟد‬ ‫ﻟذﻟك‬ ‫وﻣﺛﺎل‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﯾن‬ ‫ﺑﯾﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻧﺻر‬ ‫ﺣﺳب‬ ‫ﯾدة‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺟدول‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣوﺟودة‬
‫اﻟﻣﻘرر‬ ‫ﻗم‬‫ر‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﯾدة‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬.‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﻣﺻﻣم‬ ‫ﻣﺳؤوﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ‫وﻟﻬذا‬‫ﻣرﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺷروط‬ ‫ﺗﻠك‬ ‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺎت‬
‫ﻟذﻟك‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺿرو‬ ‫دﻋت‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫وﻓﺣﺻﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺷروط‬ ‫ﺗﻠك‬ ‫ﺗﻣﻛﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫إدا‬ ‫ﻟﻧظﺎم‬ ‫ﯾﺗﯾﺢ‬ ‫وﻫذا‬ ، ‫اﻟﺗﺻﻣﯾم‬
‫اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﯾن‬‫ز‬‫اﻟﺗﺧ‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻧد‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬.
5.‫اﻟﺣﻔظ‬‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺗرداد‬ ‫اﻟﺳﻣﺎح‬:
‫وﺣﻔظ‬ ‫ﻻﺳﺗرداد‬ ‫وﺳﯾﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺗﺿﻣن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬ ‫ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫إدا‬ ‫ﻧظﺎم‬ ‫أي‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﺣدث‬ ‫ﻓﺷل‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻌﺗﺎد‬ ‫او‬ ‫اﻟﺑرﻣﺟﯾﺎت‬.‫اﻻﺳﺗرداد‬ ‫ﻧظﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ، ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺣدﯾث‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻧﻔﯾذ‬ ‫أﺛﻧﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺎﺳوب‬ ‫ﻧظﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﺷل‬ ‫إذا‬ ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﻓﻣﺛ‬
‫وذﻟك‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺷل‬ ‫ﻓﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﺣدث‬ ‫اﻟذي‬ ‫اﻟوﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻗﺑل‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫وﺿﻊ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫إﻋﺎدﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻣت‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﺑﺄن‬ ‫ﯾﺿﻣن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬
‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺟﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺻﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺗﺣﻘﯾق‬‫ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬.
‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻧﻣﺎذج‬Data Models:
‫ﺑﻬﯾﻛل‬ ‫وﻧﻌﻧﻲ‬ ،‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﻫﯾﻛل‬ ‫ﺗﺻف‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻔﺎﻫﯾم‬ ‫ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻧﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻧﻣوذج‬ ‫ﯾﻌرف‬
‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬(Database Structure)‫ﻫﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻧﺎﺻر‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬:‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اع‬‫و‬‫اﻷﻧ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬(Data،Types)،
‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت‬‫و‬(Relationships)‫اﻟﻘﯾود‬‫و‬ ،(Constraints)‫ﺑﺎﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬.ً‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ﻋﻧﺻ‬ ‫ﻫﻧﺎﻟك‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫أﯾﺿ‬‫و‬
‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻫو‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻫﺎﻣ‬(Basic Operations)‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺣدﯾث‬‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺗرﺟﺎع‬ ‫ﺗﺧﺗص‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬.
1.‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻧﻣﺎذج‬ ‫أﺻﻧﺎف‬:
‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﻫﯾﻛل‬ ‫ﻟوﺻف‬ ‫اﻟﻣطﻠوﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻔﺎﻫﯾم‬ ‫ع‬‫ﻧو‬ ‫ﺣﺳب‬ ‫أﻗﺳﺎم‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻧﻣﺎذج‬ ‫ﺗﻧﻘﺳم‬
‫اﻟﻣﻔﻬوﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻧﻣﺎذج‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯾﻬﺎ‬ ‫وﯾطﻠق‬ ،‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫ﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺑوﺻف‬ ‫ﯾﺧﺗص‬ ‫اﻷول‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﻘﺳم‬ ،‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬

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‫اﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗوى‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫أو‬(High-level or Conceptual Data Models)‫اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺳم‬ ‫أﻣﺎ‬ ،‫ﻓﯾﺧﺗص‬
‫اﻷدﻧﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗوى‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫أو‬ ،‫اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻧﻣﺎذج‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯾﻬﺎ‬ ‫وﯾطﻠق‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﯾن‬‫ز‬‫ﺗﺧ‬ ‫ﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺑوﺻف‬(Low-
level or Physical Data Models)‫ﯾﺧﺗص‬ ‫ﺣﯾث‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺳﻣﯾن‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬ ‫ﻫو‬ ‫اﻟﺛﺎﻟث‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺳم‬ ‫ﺑﯾﻧﻣﺎ‬ ،
‫اﻟﺗﻧﻔﯾذﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻧﻣﺎذج‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯾﻬﺎ‬ ‫وﯾطﻠق‬ ،‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻣﺛﯾل‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺗﻧﻔﯾذ‬ ‫ﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺑوﺻف‬‫اﻟﺗﻣﺛﯾﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫أو‬
(Representation or Implementation Data Models).‫اﻟﻣﻔﻬوﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻧﻣﺎذج‬ ‫أن‬ ‫وﻧﺟد‬
‫اﻟﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺛل‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯾم‬ ‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم‬(Entities)‫اﻟﺧﺻﺎﺋص‬‫و‬ ،(Attributes)‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت‬‫و‬(Relationships)،
‫أو‬ ‫اﻟطﺎﻟب‬ ‫ﻣﺛل‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻘﯾﻘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣوﺟود‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬوم‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ع‬‫ﻣوﺿو‬ ‫أي‬ ‫اﻟﻛﺎﺋن‬ ‫وﯾﻣﺛل‬‫ع‬‫اﻟﻣﺷرو‬.‫اﻟﺧﺎﺻﯾﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﻣﺛل‬
‫ﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫أﻛﺛر‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺋﻧﯾن‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﻣﺛل‬ ،‫ع‬‫اﻟﻣﺷرو‬ ‫ﻗم‬‫ر‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟطﺎﻟب‬ ‫اﺳم‬ ‫ﻣﺛل‬ ‫اﻟﻛﺎﺋن‬ ‫ﺑوﺻف‬ ‫ﺗﻬﺗم‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺔ‬ ‫أي‬
‫اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬ ‫اﺑطﺔ‬‫ر‬ ‫أو‬.
2.‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫وﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫وﺻف‬
‫ﻗﺎﻋ‬ ‫وﺻف‬ ‫ﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬ ‫ﻧﻣﯾز‬ ‫أن‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫داﺋﻣ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯾﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬ ‫ﺑﯾﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻣوذج‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫إن‬‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫وﺑﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫دة‬
‫ﻋﻠﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﯾطﻠق‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎﻋدة‬ ‫اﻟﻬﯾﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟوﺻف‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ‫وﻟذا‬ ،‫ﻧﻔﺳﻬﺎ‬)‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫وﺻف‬(Database
Schema).(‫اﻟﺷﻛل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﺗوﺿﯾﺣﻲ‬ ‫وﺻف‬ ‫أي‬‫و‬)1-2(‫وﺻﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻛل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﯾطﻠق‬
(Schema Diagram)‫ﻣﺣددة‬ ‫ﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻌرض‬ ‫دون‬ ‫اﻟﻬﯾﻛل‬ ‫ﯾﺻف‬ ‫اﻟذي‬‫و‬‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎﻋدة‬.‫ع‬‫ﻣوﺿو‬ ‫أي‬
‫ﻋﻠﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﯾطﻠق‬ ‫اﻟوﺻﻔﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺷﻛل‬ ‫ﺿﻣن‬)‫وﺻﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺷﺄ‬((Schema Construct)‫اﻟطﺎﻟب‬ ‫ﻣﺛل‬(Student)
‫اﻟﺷﻛل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬)2-1.(
‫اﻟﺷﻛل‬)1-2:(‫ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎﻋدة‬ ‫وﺻﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻛل‬‫اﻟﻛﻠﯾﺔ‬
STUDENT
MajorClassStudent No.Name
COURSE
DepartmentCreditCourse No.Course Name
SECTION
InstructionYearSemesterCourse No.Section No.
GRADE-REPORT
GradeSection No.Student No.

9
‫أو‬ ‫طﺎﻟب‬ ‫إﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﻓﻣﺛ‬ ،‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﻣﺳﺗﻣ‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﺑﺻو‬ ‫ﺗﺗﻐﯾر‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫داﺧل‬ ‫اﻟﻣوﺟودة‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻧﺟد‬ ‫اﻧﻧﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺷﻛل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻟطﺎﻟب‬ ‫درﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﯾر‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻘ‬ ‫إﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬)1-1(‫ﻟﻘﺎﻋدة‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾؤﺛر‬ ‫ﺳوف‬
‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬.‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫داﺧل‬ ‫اﻟﻣوﺟودة‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ‫ﻟذا‬‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫وﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯾﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﯾطﻠق‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺣظﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬(Database State)ً‫ﺎ‬‫اﯾﺿ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯾﻬﺎ‬ ‫وﯾطﻠق‬ ،:‫ﻟﻠﺣﺎﻻت‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ‬(Current set of
Instructions).‫اﻟطﺎﻟب‬ ‫ﻣﺛل‬ ‫وﺻﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺷﺄ‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫وﺿﻊ‬ ‫أي‬ ‫وﻓﻲ‬(Student)‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺷﻛل‬)1-1(‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫ﺑﺣﯾث‬ ،‫ﻟﻠﺣﺎﻻت‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫أﯾﺿ‬‫ﺑﻌﯾﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻫو‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻟطﺎﻟب‬ ‫ﺳﺟل‬ ‫أي‬.‫وﻛﻣﺛﺎل‬
‫اﻟﺷﻛل‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ‫ﻟذﻟك‬)1-1(‫ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎﻋدة‬ ‫وﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﻣﺛل‬‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺟ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ‬‫ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟطﻼب‬ ‫ﺟدول‬ ‫ﯾﻣﺛل‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺎ‬ ،
‫اﻟطﻼﺑﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺎﻻت‬ ‫ﻟﺑﻌض‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬.

10
‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺑرﻣﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺔ‬)‫اﻟﻬﯾﻛﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﺳﺗﻌﻼﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺔ‬(
Structure Query Language (SQL)
‫ذﻟك‬ ‫أﻛﺎن‬ ‫اء‬‫و‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫وﻣﻧﺎﻫﺞ‬ ‫ﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎت‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﺋﻘﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫اﻧﺗﺷرت‬ ‫ﻟﻘد‬
‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﻛﺑﯾ‬ ‫ﯾﻊ‬‫ر‬‫ﻣﺷﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻧﺎء‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﺻﻐﯾ‬ ‫ﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻧﺎء‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬.‫ﺑرﻣﺟﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺗم‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻟﻘ‬ ‫اﻟﺣدﯾﺛﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻧﻣﺎذج‬ ‫ﺣﺗﻰ‬
‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﻌﻼم‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺔ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻧﺟد‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺎ‬ ،‫اﻟﻌﻼﺋﻘﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺑرﻣﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام‬‫ﺑﻧﯾوي‬SQL‫اﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺎرت‬
‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎت‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬ ‫إﻧﺷﺎء‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺿل‬ ‫ﺟﻊ‬‫ﯾر‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ‬.‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺑرﻣﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺎت‬ ‫ﺣﺗﻰ‬
‫ﻟﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻠﯾﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺗدﻋم‬ ‫ﺻﺎرت‬SQL)‫ﻣﺛل‬C‫وﻟﻐﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻋﻬﺎ‬‫و‬‫ﺑﺄﻧ‬JAVA‫وﻟﻐﺎت‬Dot Net‫ﺑرﻣﺟﺔ‬ ‫وﻟﻐﺎت‬
‫ﻣﺛل‬ ‫ﻧت‬‫ر‬‫اﻻﻧﺗ‬ASP‫و‬PHP.(‫ا‬ ‫وﺗﻔﻬم‬ ‫ح‬‫ﻟﺷر‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺔ‬ ‫وﺳﯾﻠﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﻌﺗﺑر‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻣﺗطو‬ ‫اﻧب‬‫و‬‫اﻟﺟ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺑرﻣﺟﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻧب‬‫و‬‫ﻟﺟ‬
‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻟﻘ‬.
‫ﻟﻐﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﻧﻘﺳم‬SQL‫اﻵﺗﻲ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬:
1.‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺔ‬)Data Definition Language (DDL.
2.‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺔ‬Data Manipulation Language (DML).
3.‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻛم‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺔ‬Data Control Language (DCL).
1.‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻌرﯾف‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺔ‬Data Definition Language
‫ـذ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻫ‬ ‫ـﻲ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺿ‬‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎ‬ ‫ﻩ‬‫ـﺔ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻐ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ـﺎم‬‫ـ‬‫ﺳ‬‫أﻗ‬ ‫ـن‬‫ـ‬‫ﻣ‬ ً‫ا‬‫ـد‬‫ـ‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫ـم‬‫ـ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ـم‬‫ـ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ـﻰ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻋ‬ ‫ـرف‬‫ـ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻧﺗ‬ ‫ـوف‬‫ـ‬‫ﺳ‬SQL‫ـﺎت‬‫ـ‬‫ﻧ‬‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎ‬ ‫ـف‬‫ـ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻌ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻐ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ـو‬‫ـ‬‫ﻫ‬‫و‬
)Data Definition Language(‫ـ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﯾرﻣز‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺎدة‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬‫و‬)DDL(‫ـن‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ـﺎ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺗﻣﻛﻧ‬ ‫ـﻲ‬‫ﺗ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ـﻲ‬‫ﻫ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬‫ﻐ‬‫اﻟﻠ‬ ‫ـذﻩ‬‫ﻫ‬‫و‬ ،
‫ـروف‬‫ـ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ـو‬‫ـ‬‫ﻫ‬ ‫ـﺎ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻣ‬‫وﻛ‬ ،‫ـﺎت‬‫ـ‬‫ﻧ‬‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎ‬ ‫ـدة‬‫ـ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﻗﺎ‬ ‫ـل‬‫ـ‬‫ﺧ‬‫دا‬ ‫ـﺎﺋن‬‫ـ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ـﺎء‬‫ـ‬‫ﻐ‬‫ﻟ‬ٕ‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫ـدﯾل‬‫ـ‬‫ﻌ‬‫وﺗ‬ ‫ـﺎء‬‫ـ‬‫ﺷ‬‫إﻧ‬‫ـن‬‫ـ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ـون‬‫ـ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﺗﺗ‬ ‫ـﺎت‬‫ـ‬‫ﻧ‬‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎ‬ ‫ـدة‬‫ـ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﻗﺎ‬ ‫ـﺈن‬‫ـ‬‫ﻓ‬
‫ـداول‬‫ـ‬‫ﺟ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ـﻲ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻫ‬ ‫ـﺎت‬‫ـ‬‫ﻧ‬‫اﻟﻛﺎﺋ‬ ‫ـذﻩ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻫ‬ ‫ـم‬‫ـ‬‫ﻫ‬‫أ‬‫و‬ ‫ـﺔ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣﺧﺗﻠ‬ ‫ـﺎت‬‫ـ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﻛﺎﺋ‬)Tables(‫و‬‫ـدﯾل‬‫ـ‬‫ﻌ‬‫اﻟﺗ‬‫و‬ ‫ـﺎﺋﻬﺎ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺷ‬‫إﻧ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬‫ـ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﻛﯾﻔ‬ ‫ـﻰ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻋ‬ ‫ـز‬‫ـ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﻧر‬ ‫ـوف‬‫ـ‬‫ﺳ‬
‫ﻟﻐﺎﺋﻬﺎ‬ٕ‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫ﻓﯾﻬﺎ‬.‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﻣﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺗﻛون‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻌض‬ ‫ﻟﯾك‬ٕ‫ا‬‫و‬:
‫اﻟﻛﺎﺋن‬‫اﻟﻛﺎﺋن‬ ‫وﺻف‬
Table
‫ـﻲ‬‫ﺗ‬‫اﻟ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﻟﻣﻛوﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟوﺣدة‬ ‫ﻫو‬‫ـون‬‫ﻛ‬‫وﯾﺗ‬ ‫ـﺎت‬‫ﻧ‬‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎ‬ ‫ـظ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺣ‬ ‫ـﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ـﺗﺧدﻣﻬﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﻧ‬
‫أﻋﻣدة‬‫و‬ ‫ﺻﻔوف‬ ‫ﻋدة‬ ‫ﻣن‬.
View
‫ـﺎظﯾر‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻧ‬‫اﻟﻣ‬:‫ـدة‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻣ‬‫أﻋ‬‫و‬ ‫ـﻔوف‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺻ‬ ‫ـدة‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻋ‬ ‫ـن‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ـون‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﯾﺗ‬ ‫ـﯾن‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ـدول‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫ـن‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ـت‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻗ‬‫ﻣؤ‬ ‫ء‬‫ـز‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫ـن‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻋ‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ـﺎ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻋ‬
‫ﻣؤﻗت‬ ‫ﺑﺷﻛل‬ ‫ﻣﻌﯾن‬ ‫ﻟﻐرض‬ ‫وﯾﺳﺗﺧدم‬.
Sequence
‫ـﻠﺔ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺳﻠ‬:‫ـذﻟك‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ار‬‫ر‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫دون‬ ‫ـﯾن‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ـﻛل‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﻣﺗﺗﺎﻟ‬ ‫ـﺎم‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻗ‬‫ر‬‫أ‬ ‫ـد‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﻟﺗوﻟ‬ ‫ـﺗﺧدم‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ـﻠﺔ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺳﻠ‬ ‫ـن‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻋ‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ـﺎ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻋ‬
‫اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻔﺿل‬‫ﺟدول‬ ‫داﺧل‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻔﺗﺎح‬ ‫ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﺗﺳﺟﯾل‬.
Index
‫ـرس‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﻓ‬:‫ـن‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻋ‬ ‫ـﺎ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﻓﯾ‬ ‫ـث‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺣ‬‫اﻟﺑ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﻋﻣﻠ‬ ‫ـﻬﯾل‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﻟﺗ‬ ‫ـدة‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻣ‬‫اﻷﻋ‬ ‫ـض‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ـت‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﻓﻬر‬ ‫ـﺔ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﻋﻣﻠ‬ ‫ـﻲ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ـﺗﺧدم‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺳ‬‫وﯾ‬
‫اﻟﺟداول‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ات‬‫ر‬‫اﻻﺳﺗﻔﺳﺎ‬ ‫وﻗت‬ ‫ﻟﺗﻘﻠﯾل‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫أﯾﺿ‬‫و‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺔ‬.

11
‫ـﺎت‬‫ـ‬‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧ‬ ‫اع‬‫و‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫أﻧ‬DATATYPES:‫ـﺎت‬‫ـ‬‫ﻧ‬‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎ‬ ‫ـذﻩ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻫ‬‫و‬ ‫ـدول‬‫ـ‬‫ﺟ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ـل‬‫ـ‬‫ﺧ‬‫دا‬ ‫ـزن‬‫ـ‬‫ﺧ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ـﻲ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺗ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ـﺎت‬‫ـ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﻟﻠﺑﯾﺎ‬ ‫اع‬‫و‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻧ‬‫أ‬ ‫ـد‬‫ـ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﯾو‬‫أن‬ ‫ـﺎ‬‫ـ‬ّ‫إﻣ‬
‫ى‬‫أﺧر‬ ‫ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﯾﺦ‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻋددﯾﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻓﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻛون‬.
‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ع‬‫ﻧو‬‫اﻟوﺻف‬
)‫اﻟﺣﺟم‬(VACHAR2‫اﻟطول‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻣﺗﻐﯾ‬ ‫ﻓﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺣ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم‬
)‫اﻟﺣﺟم‬(Char‫ﻓﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺣ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫طول‬ ‫ﺗﺣدﯾد‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺑد‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟطول‬ ‫اﻟﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺣ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم‬
Number (p,s)‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم‬‫ـرف‬‫ﺣ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ـل‬‫ﺛ‬‫وﯾﻣ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﻗﻣ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ـﺎت‬‫ﻧ‬‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎ‬ ‫ـﻊ‬‫ﻣ‬)p(،‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ـ‬‫ﺷ‬‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬‫ﻣ‬‫اﻟﻌﻼ‬ ‫ـل‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ـﺣﯾﺢ‬‫ﺻ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ء‬‫ـز‬‫ﺟ‬‫اﻟ‬
‫اﻟﺣرف‬‫و‬)s(‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻌﺷ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌد‬ ‫ي‬‫اﻟﻌﺷر‬ ‫ء‬‫اﻟﺟز‬ ‫ﯾﻣﺛل‬.
Long‫اﻟوﻗت‬‫و‬ ‫ﯾﺦ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم‬
CLOB-BLOB‫ـر‬‫ﺛ‬‫أﻛ‬ ‫ـﻰ‬‫ﻟ‬‫إ‬ ‫ـﺎ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﺣﺟﻣ‬ ‫ـل‬‫ﺻ‬‫ﯾ‬ ‫ـﻲ‬‫ﺗ‬‫اﻟ‬‫و‬ ‫ـوﻣﺎت‬‫ﺳ‬‫اﻟر‬‫و‬ ‫ـور‬‫ﺻ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ـل‬‫ﺛ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ـ‬‫ﯾ‬‫اﻟﻛﺑ‬ ‫ـﺎت‬‫ﻧ‬‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎ‬ ‫ـل‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﻟﺗﻣﺛ‬ ‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم‬
‫ﻣن‬)4(‫ﺟﯾﺟﺎﺑﺎﯾت‬
Bfile‫ـن‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ـر‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺛ‬‫أﻛ‬ ‫ـﻰ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻟ‬‫إ‬ ‫ـﺎ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﺣﺟﻣ‬ ‫ـل‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺻ‬‫ﯾ‬ ‫ـﻲ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺗ‬‫اﻟ‬‫و‬ ‫ـﺔ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﯾ‬‫اﻟﺧﺎرﺟ‬‫و‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﯾ‬‫اﻟﻛﺑ‬ ‫ـﺎت‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻔ‬‫اﻟﻣﻠ‬ ‫ﯾن‬‫ز‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺧ‬‫ﻟﺗ‬ ‫ـﺗﺧدم‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺗ‬)4(
‫ﺟﯾﺟﺎﺑﺎﯾت‬.
‫اﻟﺟدول‬ ‫إﻧﺷﺎء‬ ‫ﻋﻧد‬ ‫ﻋﻣود‬ ‫ﻟﻛل‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ع‬‫ﻧو‬ ‫ﺗﺣدﯾد‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫اع‬‫و‬‫اﻷﻧ‬ ‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم‬
‫اﻷﻋﻣدة‬ ‫أﺳﻣﺎء‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺟداول‬ ‫اﺳم‬ ‫اﺧﺗﯾﺎر‬ ‫ﻋﻧد‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫اﻓر‬‫و‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫اﺟب‬‫و‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﺷروط‬
1.‫اﻟﺟدول‬ ‫اﺳم‬ ‫ﯾﺑدأ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬‫ﺑﺣرف‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣود‬ ‫اﺳم‬ ‫أو‬.
2.‫ﻋن‬ ‫اﻻﺳم‬ ‫طول‬ ‫ﯾد‬‫ز‬‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬)30(ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ر‬‫ﺣ‬.
3.‫ﻣﺛل‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ورﻣوز‬ ‫ﻗﺎم‬‫ر‬‫أ‬‫و‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫وﺻﻐﯾ‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﻛﺑﯾ‬ ‫ﺣروف‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﯾﺗﻛون‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻣﻛن‬ ‫ﻣن‬)# ,$ ,_.(
4.‫اﺣدة‬‫و‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫داﺧل‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫أﻛﺛر‬ ‫اﻟﺟدول‬ ‫اﺳم‬ ‫ﯾﺗﻛرر‬ ّ‫ﻻ‬‫أ‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬.
5.‫اﺣد‬‫و‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﺟدول‬ ‫داﺧل‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫أﻛﺛر‬ ‫ﻋﻣود‬ ‫اﺳم‬ ‫ﯾﺗﻛرر‬ ّ‫ﻻ‬‫أ‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬.
6.‫ﻣﺛل‬ ‫اﻛل‬‫ر‬‫ﻷو‬ ‫ة‬‫ز‬‫اﻟﻣﺣﺟو‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻣﺎء‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬)FROM, SELECT, ...(
7.‫اﻟﺟدول‬ ‫ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ع‬‫ﻧو‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫ﻌﺑر‬ُ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺑﺣﯾث‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺟدول‬ ‫اﺳم‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﻔﺿل‬.
1.9.2‫اﻟﺟداول‬ ‫إﻧﺷﺎء‬CREATE TABLE:
‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺟدول‬ ‫ﻹﻧﺷﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺻﯾﻐﺔ‬:
SQL > CREATE table ‫اﻟﺟدول‬ ‫اﺳم‬ (
‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ع‬‫ﻧو‬(‫اﻟﻌﻣود‬1 ) ,
)‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ع‬‫ﻧو‬(‫اﻟﻌﻣود‬2 ,
‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ع‬‫ﻧو‬(‫اﻟﻌﻣود‬3 ) ,
……………..
‫اﻟﻌﻣود‬ (‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ع‬‫)ﻧو‬ );

12
‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬)1(
‫ﺟدول‬ ‫إﻧﺷﺎء‬‫ات‬‫ر‬‫اﻹدا‬)dept2(
SQL > CREATE TABLE dept2 ( ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ع‬‫ﻧو‬
2 deptno NUMBER (2)
3 dname VACHAR2(14),
4 loc VACHAR2(13) ) ;
Table created.
‫ﺗم‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺛﺎل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ات‬‫ر‬‫اﻹدا‬ ‫ﺟدول‬ ‫إﻧﺷﺎء‬)dept2(‫ـدة‬‫ﻣ‬‫أﻋ‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﯾﺗﻛون‬ ‫اﻟذي‬‫و‬:‫ـﻪ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﻧو‬ ‫اﻷول‬ ‫ـود‬‫ﻣ‬‫اﻟﻌ‬‫و‬
‫وطوﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﻣﻲ‬‫ر‬)‫ﻓﺎن‬‫ر‬‫ﺣ‬(‫وطوﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ر‬‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻧوﻋﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣود‬‫و‬ ،)14ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ر‬‫ﺣ‬(‫ـﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ر‬‫ﺣ‬ ‫ـﻪ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﻧو‬ ‫ـث‬‫ﻟ‬‫اﻟﺛﺎ‬ ‫ـود‬‫ﻣ‬‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ـذﻟك‬‫ﻛ‬‫و‬ ،
‫وطوﻟﻪ‬)13ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ر‬‫ﺣ‬.(‫اﻷﻣر‬ ‫ﺑﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘوم‬ ‫إﻧﺷﺎؤﻩ‬ ‫ﺗم‬ ‫اﻟذي‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺟدول‬ ‫اﻟداﺧﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﻧﺎء‬ ‫ﻋرض‬ ‫ﯾد‬‫ر‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫وﻋﻧدﻣﺎ‬‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬:
SQL > DECRIBE dept2;
Name NULL? Type
DEPTNO NUMBER (2)
DNAME VARCHAR2 (14)
LOC VARCHAR2 (13)
2.‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺔ‬) :DML(Data Manipulation Language:
‫وﺗﻌدﯾﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻻدﺧﺎل‬ ‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ادا‬ ‫ﻧظﺎم‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ء‬‫ﻛﺟز‬ ‫ﻣوﺟودة‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬
‫وذﻟك‬ ‫اﺣﺻﺎﺋﯾﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫ﯾﺎﺿﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬ ‫ﺣﺳﺎﺑﺎت‬ ‫اء‬‫ر‬‫اﺟ‬ ‫وﺗﺳﺗطﯾﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﺿﻣن‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اءﺗﻬﺎ‬‫ر‬‫وﻗ‬ ‫ﺳﺗرﺟﺎﻋﻬﺎ‬ٕ‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫وﺣذﻓﻬﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫ﯾر‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻻﻋطﺎء‬.
1.‫ﺳﺟﻼت‬ ‫اﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬)‫ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬(‫ﻟﻠﺟداول‬INSERT:
‫ﻗﯾم‬ ‫ﻧﻣﻸﻩ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛﻧﻧﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺟدول‬ ‫اﻧﺷﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﻌد‬.‫ﻟذا‬ ‫ﺳﺟﻼت‬ ‫ﺷﻛل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺧزن‬ ‫اﻟﺟداول‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺔ‬‫ز‬‫اﻟﻣﺧ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾم‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻣل‬ ‫ﺳﺟل‬ ‫ﻧﺿﯾف‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯾﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺗﻌﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﺟدول‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﯾﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻻﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬.‫ﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم‬ ‫ﺳﺟل‬ ‫ﻻﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬INSERT.
‫ﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﺷﻛل‬INSERT‫ﻫو‬:
INSERT INTO <table name> (<column names>) VALUSE (<values>);
‫اﻟﻣﺳﻣﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺟدول‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺳطر‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺿﯾف‬<table name>.‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺟدﯾد‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺟل‬ ‫ﯾﺣﺗوي‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬
‫اﻟﺳﺟل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻘول‬ ‫ﺑﻌض‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﻟﻛل‬ ‫ﻗﯾم‬.‫اﻟﺟدول‬ ‫اﺳم‬ ‫ﺑﻌد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯾﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﯾم‬ ‫اﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫اد‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻣ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻘول‬ ‫اﺳﻣﺎء‬ ‫ﺗﺣدﯾد‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬
‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﯾم‬ ‫اﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫اردﻧﺎ‬ ‫اذا‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻘول‬ ‫اﺳﻣﺎء‬ ‫ﺗﺣدﯾد‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﻐﻧﺎء‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬ ‫و‬‫اﻟﺣﻘول‬.‫ﻛﻠﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺛم‬
VALUES‫اﻟﺳﺟل‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺿﯾﻔﻬﺎ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﯾد‬‫ر‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﯾم‬ ‫ﻣﺗﺑوﻋﺔ‬.

13
‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬:‫ﻻﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬‫ﺟدول‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺟدﯾد‬ ‫طﺎﻟب‬ ‫ﺳﺟل‬students‫اﻋﻼﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌرف‬.
INSERT INTO students (sid, name, login,age, avg)
VALUES ( 303,‘Omran,‘sul303’,19,70.1 );
‫أ‬‫و‬
INSERT INTO students VALUES ( 303,‘Omran,‘sul303’,19,70.1 );
‫اﻟﺟدول‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺟل‬ ‫ﺗﺿﯾف‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺗﯾن‬ ‫ﻛﻼ‬.
‫اﻟﺣﻘول‬ ‫اع‬‫و‬‫اﻧ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻣدﺧﻠﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾم‬ ‫اع‬‫و‬‫اﻧ‬ ‫ﺗﺗﻼﺋم‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬.‫اﻟﻘﯾﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺿﻊ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺛﺎل‬ ‫ﺳﺑﯾل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬"‫ﻏﯾر‬
‫ﻣﻌرف‬"‫اﻟﻣﻌدل‬ ‫ﺣﻘل‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬id‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻻن‬CHAR‫ع‬‫ﻧو‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻌرف‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻘل‬ ‫و‬number.
‫ﻣﻌﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﻻ‬‫و‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫او‬ ‫اﻟﺟدول‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫ان‬ ‫اﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺟل‬ ‫ان‬ ‫اي‬ ‫اﻟﺟدول‬ ‫داﺧل‬ ‫ﺗﺑﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗﻛون‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺟﻼت‬
‫ﺗﯾﺑﻪ‬‫ر‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻫو‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫او‬ ‫اﻟﺟدول‬ ‫داﺧل‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺟل‬ ‫ﯾوﺟد‬ ‫اﯾن‬ ‫ال‬‫ؤ‬‫ﻟﻠﺳ‬.‫ﯾﺿﺎف‬ ‫اﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺟدول‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺟل‬ ‫اﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ا‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺟدﯾد‬ ‫ﻋﻧﺻر‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺟل‬ ‫ﯾﺻﺑﺢ‬ ‫ﻓﻘط‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﯾن‬ ‫ﺳﺟل‬ ‫ﺑﻌد‬ ‫او‬ ‫اﻟﺟدول‬ ‫اول‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫او‬ ‫اﻟﺟدول‬ ‫اﺧر‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬‫ﻟﺟدول‬.
‫ـدﻫﺎ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺗﺣد‬ ‫ـدم‬‫ﻋ‬ ‫او‬ ‫ـول‬‫ﻘ‬‫اﻟﺣ‬ ‫ـﻣﺎء‬‫ﺳ‬‫ا‬ ‫ـد‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺗﺣد‬ ‫ـن‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﯾﻣ‬ ‫ـﻪ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ا‬ ‫ـﺎل‬‫ﺛ‬‫اﻟﻣ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫أﯾﻧﺎ‬‫ر‬.‫ـب‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺣ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ر‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ـﯾم‬‫ﻘ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ـون‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ـب‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﯾ‬ ‫ـن‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ـدول‬‫ـ‬‫ﺟ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ـﺎء‬‫ـ‬‫ﺷ‬‫اﻧ‬ ‫ـت‬‫ـ‬‫ﻗ‬‫و‬ ‫ـول‬‫ـ‬‫ﻘ‬‫اﻟﺣ‬ ‫ـﻪ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ـت‬‫ـ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ر‬ ‫ـذي‬‫ـ‬‫ﻠ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ـب‬‫ـ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺗ‬.‫ـول‬‫ـ‬‫ﻘ‬‫اﻟﺣ‬ ‫ـب‬‫ـ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ر‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ـر‬‫ـ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﻏ‬ ‫ـب‬‫ـ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ر‬‫ﺑﺗ‬ ‫ـﯾم‬‫ـ‬‫ﻘ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ـﺎل‬‫ـ‬‫ﺧ‬‫اد‬ ‫ـﺎ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ارد‬ ‫اذا‬
‫اﻋطﺎ‬ ‫اد‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻣ‬ ‫ﺗﯾب‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺗ‬ ‫ﺣﺳب‬ ‫ﺗﺑﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺣﻘول‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻌطﻲ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯾﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺗب‬‫ر‬‫ﯾﺗ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾم‬ ‫ء‬.
‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬:
INSERT INTO students (name, sid, age, avg)
VALUES ( ‘Omran,‘sul303’, 19, 70.1 );
‫اﻟﺣﻘول‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫اﻧﺷﺄت‬ ‫اﻟﻠذي‬ ‫ﺗﯾب‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺗ‬ ‫ﻏﯾر‬ ‫ﺗﯾب‬‫ر‬‫ﺑﺗ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾم‬ ‫ﺑﺎدﺧﺎل‬ ‫ﻗﻣﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻧﺎ‬.‫اﻟﺳﺟﻼت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﺑﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻘول‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻻﺣظ‬
‫ﺗﺑﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻏﯾر‬.
‫اﻟﺣﻘول‬ ‫ﺑﻌض‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﯾم‬ ‫اﺿﻔﻧﺎ‬ ‫اذا‬ ‫ﯾﺣدث‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬ ‫ﺟدﯾد؟‬ ‫ﻟﺳﺟل‬:
INSERT INTO students (sid,name,address )VALUES ( 303,‘Omran,‘’ );
‫اﻟﺣ‬ ‫ﯾﺎﺧذﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺳوف‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬‫ﻘل‬, address‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎن‬ ‫ﻟذا‬ ‫ﻗﯾﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺎﺧذ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬ ‫ﺣﻘل‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫؟‬
‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﯾم‬ ‫ﺗﺣدﯾد‬ ‫ﯾﺗم‬ ‫ﻟم‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻘول‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺗﺧزن‬NULL.‫ان‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬ ‫ﺳﺟل‬ ‫ﻧﺿﯾف‬ ‫ان‬ ‫اردﻧﺎ‬ ‫اذا‬ ‫طﺑﻌﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻣﺣدد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯾﻬﺎ‬ ‫وﺿﻌﻧﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻘول‬ ‫ﻟﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﻗﯾﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻌطﻲ‬NOT NULL.
‫ﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬INSERT‫اﺳﺗﻔﺳﺎر‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫ﺣﻘول‬ ‫اﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬ ‫ﺣﯾث‬ ‫اﺧر‬ ‫ﺷﻛل‬SELECT.‫اﻟﺻﯾﻐﺔ‬
‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬:
INSERT INTO <table>(<column names>)
SELECT <column names> FROM <table> WHERE < PREDICATE>

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‫ﻛﻠﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻛﺎن‬VALUES‫او‬ ‫ﺑﺳﯾطﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﻔﺳﺎر‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻛون‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬ ،‫اﺳﺗﻔﺳﺎر‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺿﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾم‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻣﺔ‬ ‫و‬
‫ﻻﻓرق‬ ‫ﯾد‬‫ر‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫اﻟﻠذي‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺷﻛل‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻘدة‬.‫ادﺧﺎﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫اد‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻣ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾم‬ ‫ﺑﺗﺣدﯾد‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدم‬ ‫ﯾﻘوم‬ ‫ﻻ‬.‫ﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ‬ ‫اﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺗم‬
‫ﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺣدد‬ ‫اﻟﺟدول‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻛﺛر‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﺟدول‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﻔﺳﺎر‬INSERT.‫اﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﯾد‬‫ر‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫اﻧﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻔرض‬ ‫ﻣﺛﻼ‬
‫ﻣﻌدل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺎﺻﻠﯾن‬ ‫اﻟطﻼب‬90‫ﯾس‬‫ر‬‫ﺗد‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺳﺎﻋدي‬ ‫اﻟﻣدرﺳﯾن‬ ‫ﺟدول‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻓوق‬ ‫ﻓﻣﺎ‬.‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻘول‬ ‫طﺑﻌﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻣدرﺳﯾن‬ ‫ﺟدول‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻘول‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫ﯾﺧﺗﻠف‬ ‫اﻟطﻼب‬ ‫ﺟدول‬.‫اﻟﻣدرس‬ ‫اﺳم‬ ‫ﺣﻘل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟطﺎﻟب‬ ‫اﺳم‬ ‫ادﺧﺎل‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬
‫اﻟﻣدرس‬ ‫ﻗم‬‫ر‬ ‫ﺣﻘل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟطﺎﻟب‬ ‫ﻗم‬‫ر‬ ‫و‬.‫ﻓﺗ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻘول‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻗﻲ‬ ‫اﻣﺎ‬‫ﻏﺔ‬‫ﻓﺎر‬ ‫ﺑﻘﻰ‬.
INSERT INTO students (id, name)
SELECT sid, name FROM students WHERE avg >=90 ;
‫اﺗب‬‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺎﺗف‬ ‫ﻗم‬‫ر‬ ‫ﺟدﯾد‬ ‫ﺣﻘل‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣدرﺳﯾن‬ ‫ﺟدل‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﻘول‬ ‫ﻋدة‬ ‫اﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺗم‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻧﻔﯾذ‬ ‫ﻋﻧد‬
‫اﻟﺧﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻬم‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬NULL.
2.‫إﺳﺗرﺟﺎع‬)‫اج‬‫ر‬‫إﺳﺗﺧ‬(‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬SELECT:
‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﻋﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺑدأ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬ ‫اﺳﺗﻔﺳﺎر‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻛل‬SELECT‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﻋﻣدة‬ ‫او‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻘول‬ ‫أﺳﻣﺎء‬ ‫ﺗﺣدد‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬‫و‬
‫اﻟﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗظﻬر‬ ‫ﺳوف‬.‫ة‬‫ر‬‫وﻋﺑﺎ‬FROM‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺟداول‬ ‫اﺳﻣﺎء‬ ‫ﺗﺣدد‬ ‫ي‬‫ﺗﯾز‬‫ر‬‫ﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺿرب‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﻋﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻣﺛﺎﺑت‬ ‫وﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬ ‫اج‬‫ر‬‫اﺳﺗﺧ‬ ‫ﯾﺗم‬ ‫ﺳوف‬
‫أ‬.‫ﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺻﯾﻐﺔ‬SELECT:
Select columns from table_name;
‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬:‫اﻟطﻼب‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ج‬‫إﺳﺗﺧر‬:
Select * from students;
‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬:‫اﻟطﻼب‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫وﻋﻧﺎوﯾن‬ ‫إﺳﻣﺎء‬ ‫ج‬‫إﺳﺗﺧر‬:
Select name,address from students;
‫ب‬.‫ﺑﺎﻟﺷرط‬ ‫اﻹﺳﺗرﺟﺎع‬:WHERE
‫ﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣذﻛور‬ ‫اﻟﺟدول‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻻﺧﺗﯾﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﯾﯾر‬ ‫ﺑﺗﺣدﯾد‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اج‬‫ر‬‫اﺳﺗﺧ‬ ‫ﯾﺗم‬select‫اﻟﺷرط‬ ‫ﯾق‬‫ر‬‫ط‬ ‫ﻋن‬
whereً‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ﺻﻔ‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫اﻹﺳﺗﻌﻼم‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺗﺞ‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ّ‫ﻻ‬ٕ‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫ﻗﯾﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗرﺟﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺷرط‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻘق‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬‫و‬.
‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬:‫اﻟﺧرطوم‬ ‫ﯾﺳﻛﻧون‬ ‫اﻟذﯾن‬ ‫اﻟطﻼب‬ ‫ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ج‬‫اﺳﺗﺧر‬.
Select * from students where address=’khartoum’;
‫ﻻﺣظ‬khartoum‫ﻋن‬ ‫ﺗﺧﺗﻠف‬Khartoum‫ﻟﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﻷن‬SQL‫اﻷﺣرف‬ ‫ﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺳﺎﺳﺔ‬.
‫إﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫وﯾﻣﻛن‬‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟرﯾﺎﺿﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت‬WHERE)<,>,=,!=,>=,<=.(
‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت‬ ‫إﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬ ‫وﻛذﻟك‬WHERE)and, or , not in.(

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3.‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻌدﯾل‬UPDATE:
‫اﻟﺟداول‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺟﻼت‬ ‫ﺗﻌدﯾل‬:‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺣﺎﺟﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺣﯾﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﻌض‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻛون‬ ‫اﻟﺟداول‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺟﻼت‬ ‫اﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌد‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣوﺟودة‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾم‬ ‫ﺗﻌدﯾد‬‫اﻟﺳﺟﻼت‬.
‫ﻟﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻌدﯾل‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬SQL‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺻﯾﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬:
UPDATE <table> SET <column name> = <value>
WHERE <predicate>
‫ﻛﻠﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌد‬ ‫ﯾظﻬر‬ ‫ﺳﺟﻼﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌدﯾل‬ ‫اد‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻣ‬ ‫اﻟﺟدول‬ ‫اﺳم‬UPDATE‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﻣﺑﺎﺷ‬.‫ﻛﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌد‬ ‫و‬SET‫ﻧﺿﻊ‬
‫ﺻﯾﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻘول‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣوﺟودة‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾم‬ ‫ﻟﺗﻌدﯾل‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺧﺻﯾص‬ ‫ﺟﻣل‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ‬)‫اﻟﺣﻘل‬ ‫اﺳم‬=‫اﻟﻘﯾﻣﺔ‬.(
‫ة‬‫ر‬‫اﺷﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻌد‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻘل‬ ‫اﺳم‬ ‫ﻧﺿﻊ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬=‫ع‬‫ﻧو‬ ‫اي‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺑﯾر‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﯾﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺿﻊ‬.‫اﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻧﻬﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬
‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﻋﺑﺎ‬WHERE‫ﺣﻘوﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻌدﯾل‬ ‫اد‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻣ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺟﻼت‬ ‫ﻟﺗﺣدﯾد‬.‫ﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺗظﻬر‬ ‫ﻟم‬ ‫اذا‬WHERE‫ﯾ‬‫اﻟﺗﻌدﯾل‬ ‫ي‬‫ﺳر‬
‫اﻟﻣﺣدد‬ ‫اﻟﺟدول‬ ‫ﺳﺟﻼت‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬.
‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬:‫ﻣﻌﺎش‬ ‫ﺗﻌدﯾل‬ ‫ﯾد‬‫ر‬‫ﻧ‬)‫اﺗب‬‫ر‬(‫ﻗم‬‫ر‬ ‫اﻟﻣدرس‬121‫اﻟﻰ‬800.
UPDATE employee SET salary = 800 WHERE id = 121;
‫اﻟﺣﻘول‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾم‬ ‫ﻟﺗﻌدﯾل‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻌﺎﺑﯾر‬ ‫اﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬
‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬:‫اﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﯾد‬‫ر‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺑﻧﺳﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﯾﺷﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻼء‬5%‫اﻟﻣدرس‬ ‫اﺗب‬‫ر‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬‫ﻗم‬‫ر‬121
UPDATE employee SET salary = salary*1.05 WHERE id = 121;
‫ة‬‫ر‬‫اﺷﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻌد‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻘل‬ ‫اﺳم‬ ‫اﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫ﻻﺣظ‬=‫اﻟﺗﻌدﯾل‬ ‫ﻗﺑل‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻘل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣوﺟودة‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﯾث‬.
‫ذاﺗﻪ‬ ‫اﻻن‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻠﯾن‬ ‫ﺗﻌدﯾل‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬
‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬:
UPDATE students SET name = ‘Khalil’ , phone = ‘12348743’ WHERE id = ‘124’;
‫اﺧر‬‫و‬ ‫ﺣﻘل‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺻل‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻻﺣظ‬.
‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﻋﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺣذف‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬WHERE‫اﻟﺳﺟﻼت‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﺗﻌدﯾل‬.
‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬:‫ﺑﻧﺳﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣدرﺳﯾن‬ ‫ﻟﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌﯾﺷﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻼء‬ ‫ﻋﻼوة‬ ‫ﻻﻋطﺎء‬5%
UPDATE employee SET salary = salary*1.05;
‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﻋﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻛون‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬WHERE‫اﻟﻣدرﺳﯾن‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺷﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻊ‬‫ر‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫اردﻧﺎ‬ ‫اذا‬ ‫ﻓﻣﺛﻼ‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻘدة‬‫ﻣﻌﺎﺷﺎﺗﻬم‬ ‫ﺗﻘل‬ ‫اﻟﻠذﯾن‬
‫ﺑﻧﺳﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌدل‬ ‫ﻋن‬7.5%‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻧﻔذ‬:
UPDATE employee SET salary = salary*1.075
WHERE salary < (SELECT AVG(salary) FROM students);

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‫اﻻﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻧﻔﯾذ‬ ‫ﺛم‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌدل‬ ‫ﻟﺗﺣدﯾد‬ ‫ﻻ‬‫او‬ ‫ﻋﯾﺔ‬‫اﻟﻔر‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻧﻔﯾذ‬ ‫ﯾﺗم‬ ‫اﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻻﺣظ‬.‫ﯾﻐﯾر‬ ‫ﺗﯾب‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺗ‬ ‫ﻋﻛس‬‫ﻣن‬
‫اﻟﻣﻌدل‬ ‫ﻗﯾﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺗﻐﯾر‬ ‫اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻻن‬ ‫اﻟﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ‬.
‫اﻟﺳﺟﻼت‬ ‫ﺣذف‬DELETE:
‫اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم‬ ‫اﻟﺟدول‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﺣذف‬delete‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺣذف‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺣﺗﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻼزم‬ ‫اﻟﺷرط‬ ‫وﻣﻌﻬﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺟدول‬.
‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺟداول‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺟﻼت‬ ‫ﻻﻟﻐﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺻﯾﻐﺔ‬:
DELETE FROM <table>WHERE <predicate>
‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﻋﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺷرط‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯾﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻧطﺑق‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺟﻼت‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﺣذف‬ ‫ﯾﺗم‬WHERE‫ﻛﻠﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌد‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺣدد‬ ‫اﻟﺟدول‬ ‫ﻣن‬
FROM.‫ﺣذﻓﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺗم‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺟﻼت‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺗرﺟﺎع‬ ‫ﻧﻘوم‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺑدﻻ‬ ‫ﻟﻛن‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﻔﺳﺎر‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺣد‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺷﺑﻪ‬.
‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﻋﺑﺎ‬ ‫اﺳﺗﺑدال‬ ‫ﺛم‬ ‫ﺣذﻓﻬﺎ‬ ‫اد‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻣ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺟﻼت‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺗﺄﻛد‬ ‫اﻟﺣذف‬ ‫ﻗﺑل‬ ‫اﺳﺗﻔﺳﺎر‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻧﻔﯾذ‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛﻧك‬SELECT
‫ﺑ‬‫ﻛﻠﻣﺔ‬DELETE‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﻋﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺑﻘﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬WHERE.
‫ﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘوم‬DELETE‫ﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺣدد‬ ‫اﻟﺷرط‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻋﺗﻣﺎدا‬ ‫ا‬‫ر‬‫اﻛﺛ‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﺳﺟل‬ ‫ﺑﺣذف‬WHERE‫اذا‬ ‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬
‫رﻗم‬ ‫اﻟطﺎﻟب‬ ‫ﺳﺟل‬ ‫ﺣذف‬ ‫اردﻧﺎ‬234‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻧﻔذ‬:
DELETE FROM student WHERE id =234;
‫ﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻘﯾد‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﯾد‬‫ز‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬WHERE ‫اﻻﺳﺗﻔﺳﺎر‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫طﺑﻘﻧﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟطرق‬ ‫ﺑﻧﻔس‬ ‫ﻧﺷﺎء‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺎ‬.
‫ﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺣذﻓﻧﺎ‬ ‫اذا‬WHERE‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺑﻘﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺟدول‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣوﺟوة‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺟﻼت‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﺣذف‬ ‫ﯾﺗم‬
‫اﻟﺟدول‬ ‫وﺟود‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺎء‬ ‫دون‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺟﻼت‬ ‫ﺣذف‬ ‫ﯾﺗم‬ ‫اي‬ ‫اﻟﺟدول‬,‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺟﻼت‬ ‫اﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ذﻟك‬ ‫ﺑﻌد‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛﻧﻧﺎ‬ ‫و‬
‫اﻟﺟدول‬.‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬:
DELETE FROM student;
‫ﯾﺗم‬‫اﻟﺟدول‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺟﻼت‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﺣذف‬student
‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬:‫ﺟدول‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺟﻼت‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬ ‫اﺣذف‬enroll‫غ‬‫ﻓﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻘل‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫ﺑﺣﯾث‬
DELETE FROM enroll WHERE mark IS NULL;
‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬:‫ﺟدول‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺎطﺋﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﺗوي‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺟﻼت‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬ ‫اﺣذف‬ student
DELETE FROM student WHERE mark >100 OR mark <35;

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3.‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺣﻛم‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺔ‬ ‫اﻣر‬‫و‬‫أ‬Data Control Language)DCL:(
‫و‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﺻﻼﺣﯾﺎت‬ ‫أداﺋﻬﺎ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺣﻛم‬ ‫اﻣر‬‫و‬‫اﻷ‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺗﯾﺢ‬‫وﺣذف‬ ‫ﻧﺷﺎء‬ٕ‫ا‬‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﯾن‬
ً‫ﺎ‬‫وﻏﺎﻟﺑ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻘوق‬‫و‬‫ﻣﺎ‬‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﻣدﯾر‬ ‫ﻗﺑل‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫ﻣﺧﺻﺻﺔ‬ ‫اﻣر‬‫و‬‫اﻷ‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻛون‬(DBA)‫وﻣن‬
‫اﻣر‬‫و‬‫اﻻ‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬:GRANT‫و‬REVOKE.
1.‫ﺟدﯾد‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗﺧدم‬ ‫اﻧﺷﺎء‬:‫ﻗم‬‫ر‬ ‫اﻋطﺎءﻩ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟدﺧول‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺟدﯾد‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗﺧدم‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻣل‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾﺎم‬ ‫اي‬
‫ﻟﻠدﺧول‬ ‫ي‬‫ﺳر‬)‫ﻣرور‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻣﺔ‬.(
SQL> create user fatahosoft identified by fataho123 ;
‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدم‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧﺷﺎء‬ ‫ﻗﻣﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﯾث‬fatahosoft‫ﻫو‬ ‫ي‬‫ﺳر‬ ‫ﻗم‬‫ر‬ ‫اﻋطﯾﻧﺎﻩ‬‫و‬fataho123‫ﯾق‬‫ر‬‫ط‬ ‫ﻋن‬‫أو‬ ‫اﻷﻣر‬
‫اﻹﯾﻌﺎز‬identified by.
2.‫ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺗﺧدم‬ ‫اﻟﺻﻼﺣﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺢ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫إﻋطﺎء‬:
‫ﻟﻛن‬ ‫اﻟﺻﻼﺣﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﻛﺛﯾر‬ ‫ﻫﻧﺎك‬‫أ‬‫ﻫﻣﻬﺎ‬:
connect:‫أ‬‫دون‬ ‫ﻓﻘط‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺻﺎل‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺗﺧدم‬ ‫ﻧﺳﻣﺢ‬ ‫ي‬‫أ‬‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﺧر‬ ‫ﻋﻣل‬ ‫ي‬.
resource:‫إ‬ ‫أي‬‫اﻧﺷﺎء‬ ‫ﺻﻼﺣﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدم‬ ‫ﻋطﺎء‬‫اﻟﺟداول‬‫ﻣﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣل‬‫و‬.
dba:‫أ‬‫ي‬‫إ‬‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﻣدﯾر‬ ‫ﺻﻼﺣﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدم‬ ‫ﻋطﺎء‬‫ﯾﻌﻧﻲ‬‫ﯾﻣﻛﻧﻪ‬:
-‫اﻧﺷﺎء‬‫ﻋﻠﯾﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻌدﯾل‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺟداول‬.
-‫اﻟﺻﻼﺣﯾﺎت‬ ‫اﻋطﺎﺋﻬم‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﯾن‬ ‫اﻧﺷﺎء‬.
-‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﯾن‬ ‫ﺣذف‬.
-‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﯾن‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺻﻼﺣﯾﺎت‬ ‫إﻟﻐﺎء‬.
‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬:‫ﺻﻼﺣﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻹﻋطﺎء‬dba‫ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺗﺧدم‬fatahosoft.
SQL> grant dba to fatahosoft;
‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدم‬ ‫اﻋطﯾﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﯾث‬fatahosoft‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﻣدﯾر‬ ‫ﺻﻼﺣﯾﺔ‬.
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدم‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺻﺎل‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛﻧﻧﺎ‬ ‫اﻻن‬‫و‬fatahosoft‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﯾق‬‫ر‬‫ط‬ ‫ﻋن‬:
SQL> connect to fatahosoft;
‫ي‬‫اﻟﺳر‬ ‫ﻗم‬‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﯾطﻠب‬ ‫ﺛم‬‫اﻟﻣرور‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻣﺔ‬ ‫أو‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدم‬ ‫ﻣﺗﺻﻠﯾن‬ ‫ﻧﻛون‬ ‫وﺑذﻟك‬ ‫وﻧﻛﺗﺑﻪ‬fatahosoft‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬ ‫ﻻ‬
‫اﻟﺻﻼﺣﯾﺎت‬ ‫اﻋطﺎﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻌد‬ ‫اﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﻣﺳﺗﺧدم‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺻﺎل‬.
‫اﻟﺣﺎﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺳب‬ ‫ﺻﻼﺣﯾﺎت‬ ‫إﻋطﺎء‬ ‫ﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ‬:
‫ة‬‫ز‬‫وﺟﺎﻫ‬ ‫ﻣوﺟودة‬ ‫ﺻﻼﺣﯾﺎت‬ ‫اﺳﺗدﻋﺎء‬ ‫ﺑدل‬ ‫ﻧﺣﺗﺎﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺳب‬ ‫ﺻﻼﺣﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻣل‬ ‫ﻧﺣن‬ ‫ﺳﻧﻘوم‬.
‫ﺑﺎﺳم‬ ‫ﺻﻼﺣﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻌﻣل‬ ‫ان‬ ‫اردﻧﺎ‬ ‫اذا‬ ‫ﻣﺛﻼ‬customer‫ﻓﻘط‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺟﺎع‬‫ﺑﺎﺳﺗر‬ ‫ﺗﻛون‬ ‫ﺣﯾث‬.....‫أ‬‫ﻣن‬ ‫ي‬
‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ﯾﻣﺗﻠك‬‫ﺟدول‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺟﺎع‬‫اﻻﺳﺗر‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﺣق‬ ‫ﻓﻘط‬ ‫اﻟﺻﻼﺣﯾﺔ‬product‫ﻣﺛﻼ‬.

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‫ﻫو‬ ‫اﻻﯾﻌﺎز‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬:
SQL> create role customer ;
SQL> grant select on products to customer ;
‫اﻟﺻﻼﺣﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ﻻﻋطﺎﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺟدﯾد‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗﺧدم‬ ‫ﻧﻧﺷﻲء‬ ‫ﺛم‬:
SQL> create user khalid identified by khalied123;
SQL> grant customer to khalid;
‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدم‬ ‫اﻧﺷﺎﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﯾث‬khalid‫ﺻﻼﺣﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋطﺎﺋﻪ‬ ‫وﻗﻣﻧﺎ‬customer‫اﻧﺷﺎﻧﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬‫أ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﺣق‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﺟدول‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗرﺟﺎع‬ ‫ﻓﻘط‬Products .
‫ﻗﯾود‬‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬Database Constraints:
،‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺟدا‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﺿﯾﻊ‬‫و‬‫اﻟﻣ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾود‬ ‫ع‬‫ﻣوﺿو‬ ّ‫ﯾﻌد‬‫اﻋد‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫وﻣﺳؤول‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺑرﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫وﯾﺟب‬
‫ﻣﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣل‬‫و‬ ‫ﯾﻔﻬﺎ‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻌ‬ ‫وﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾود‬ ‫اع‬‫و‬‫ﺑﺄﻧ‬ ‫اﻹﻟﻣﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬.
‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺳﻼﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻔﺎظ‬ ‫ﻫو‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾود‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﻬدف‬Data integrity‫ودﻗﺗﻬﺎ‬.‫ف‬ّ‫ﻌر‬ُ‫ﻧ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻧﺳﺗطﯾﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺷرطﻌﻧد‬ ‫ﺑﻬذا‬ ‫ام‬‫ز‬‫اﻻﻟﺗ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻛد‬ُ‫وﯾ‬ ‫اﻟﺟدول‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣود‬ ‫ﯾﺣﻛم‬ ‫ﺷرط‬ ‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾد‬‫ﻣﺛل‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت‬ ‫اء‬‫ر‬‫إﺟ‬
‫اﻟﺣذف‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻌدﯾل‬‫و‬ ‫اﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬)‫اﻟﺣﺻر‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟذﻛر‬ ‫ﺳﺑﯾل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬(‫ﻣﺻدر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ‫اﻟﺷرط‬ ‫م‬َ‫ﺣﺗر‬ُ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻟم‬ ‫ﺣﺎل‬ ‫وﻓﻲ‬ ،
‫أﺣدﺛﺗﻪ‬ ‫أﺛر‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫اﺟﻊ‬‫ر‬‫ﺗ‬ُ‫وﯾ‬ ‫ﺗﻧﻔﯾذﻫﺎ‬ ‫ف‬َ‫ﻗ‬‫وﯾو‬ ‫ض‬َ‫ﻓ‬‫ر‬ُ‫ﺗ‬ ‫اﻷﻣر‬.
‫اﻟﻘﯾود‬ ‫ﻣﺟﺎل‬:
‫ﻣﺳﺗوﯾﯾن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾود‬ ‫ﱠق‬‫ﺑ‬‫ط‬ُ‫ﺗ‬:
‫اﻟﻌﻣود‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗوى‬:‫اﻟﻌﻣود‬ ‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﺿﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾد‬ ‫ف‬‫ﱠ‬‫ر‬َ‫ﻌ‬ُ‫ﯾ‬‫ﻓﻘط‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣود‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗوى‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾد‬ ‫وﯾطﺑق‬.
‫اﻟﺟدول‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗوى‬:‫ﻋﻣود‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫ﻣﻧﻔﺻﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾد‬ ‫ف‬‫ﱠ‬‫ر‬َ‫ﻌ‬ُ‫ﯾ‬)‫اﻟﺟدول‬ ‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺎدة‬(‫أن‬ ‫وﯾﻣﻛن‬ ،
‫اﻷﻋﻣدة‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫أﻛﺛر‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﺣد‬‫و‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾد‬ ‫ﯾطﺑق‬.
‫اﻟﻘﯾود‬ ‫اع‬‫و‬‫أﻧ‬:
‫ﻗﯾد‬”‫اﻟﻔﺎرغ‬ ‫ﻏﯾر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣود‬” Not Null Constraint:‫ﻟﻌﻣود‬ ‫ﻏﺔ‬‫ﻓﺎر‬ ‫ﻗﯾﻣﺔ‬ ‫إﻋطﺎء‬ ‫ﻧﺳﺗطﯾﻊ‬‫ﻌرف‬ُ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻟم‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻏﺔ‬‫ﻓﺎر‬ ‫ﻗﯾﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣود‬ ‫إﻋطﺎء‬ ‫أو‬ ‫إدﺧﺎل‬ ‫ﻣﻧﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺻد‬ ‫اﻟذي‬‫و‬ ،‫ﻋﻠﯾﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾد‬ ‫ﻫذا‬Null‫ﻣﺛل‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت‬ ‫اء‬‫ر‬‫إﺟ‬ ‫ﻋﻧد‬
‫اﻟﺳﺟﻼت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻌدﯾل‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬.ً‫ﻻ‬‫ﺟدو‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺛﺎل‬ ‫ﯾﻌرف‬Persons‫ﻏﯾر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣود‬ ‫ﻗﯾد‬ ‫ﺗطﺑﯾق‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬
‫أﻋﻣدة‬ ‫ﺛﻼث‬ ‫أول‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫غ‬‫اﻟﻔﺎر‬)‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺛﺎل‬ ‫طﺑﻘﻧﺎ‬MySQL 5.7‫و‬Oracle XE):
CREATE TABLE Persons ( ID number(5) NOT NULL,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255) NOT NULL, Age number(5));
‫اﻟﻔرﯾدة‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﯾد‬UNIQUE Constraint:‫أي‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻣود‬ ‫ﻗﯾﻣﺔ‬ ‫ار‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻛ‬ ‫ﻋدم‬ ‫ﺿﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾد‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻣﺔ‬
‫وﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﯾدة‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻛون‬ ‫ﺑﺣﯾث‬ ،‫اﻟﺟدول‬ ‫ﺳﺟﻼت‬ ‫ﻣن‬.‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﯾد‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻗﯾد‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫أﻛﺛر‬ ‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﻧﺳﺗطﯾﻊ‬

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‫ﺋﯾﺳﻲ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻔﺗﺎح‬ ‫ﻗﯾد‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺎ‬ ،‫ﻋﻣود‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫أﻛﺛر‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺟدول‬)‫ﺑﺎﻷﺳﻔل‬ ‫اﻧظر‬(‫ﯾدة‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﯾﻘدم‬
‫ﯾد‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾد‬ ‫ﺑﺟﺎﻧب‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻣود‬.ُ‫ﯾ‬‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﺑﺎﻟط‬ ‫ﯾد‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾد‬ ‫ف‬‫ﱠ‬‫ﻌر‬:
CREATE TABLE Persons ( ID number(5) NOT NULL UNIQUE,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL, FirstName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
Age number(5));
‫أو‬
CREATE TABLE Persons ( ID number NOT NULL, LastName varchar(255)
NOT NULL, FirstName varchar(255), Age number, UNIQUE (ID) );
‫ﻋﻣود‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫أﻛﺛر‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗوى‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾد‬ ‫ﻧﻌرف‬ ‫أن‬ ‫أردﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺎل‬ ‫وﻓﻲ‬:
CREATE TABLE Persons (ID number(5) NOT NULL, LastName
varchar(255) NOT NULL,FirstName varchar(255), Age number(5),
CONSTRAINT UC_Person UNIQUE (ID,LastName));
‫اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻔﺗﺎح‬ ‫ﻗﯾد‬Primary Key Constraint:‫ﺗﻛون‬ ‫ﺑﺣﯾث‬ ‫أﻛﺛر‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻋﻣود‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾد‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫ﱠق‬‫ﺑ‬‫ط‬ُ‫ﯾ‬
‫اﻟﺟدول‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ى‬‫اﻷﺧر‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺟﻼت‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫ﯾد‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻧﺣو‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺟل‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫ف‬‫ﱢ‬‫ر‬َ‫ﻌ‬ُ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣﺟﺗﻣﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﻣدة‬ ‫ﻗﯾﻣﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣود‬ ‫ﻗﯾﻣﺔ‬.
‫غ‬‫ﻓﺎر‬ ‫ﻏﯾر‬ ‫ﻗﯾد‬ ‫إﻟﯾﻪ‬ ‫أﺿﯾف‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ﯾد‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ﻗﯾد‬ ‫ﺋﯾﺳﻲ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻔﺗﺎح‬ ‫ﻗﯾد‬ ّ‫ﻌد‬ُ‫ﯾ‬.
‫ﺧﺻﺎﺋ‬‫اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻔﺗﺎح‬ ‫ﻗﯾد‬ ‫ص‬:
o‫اﻟﺟدول‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗوى‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﺣد‬‫و‬ ‫ﺋﯾﺳﻲ‬‫ر‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺗﺎح‬ ‫ﻗﯾد‬ ‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬.
o‫ع‬‫ﻧو‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫أﻋﻣدة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺋﯾﺳﻲ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻔﺗﺎح‬ ‫ﻗﯾد‬ ‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬ ‫ﻻ‬BLOB،CLOB،NCLOB،ARRAY.
o‫ﻏﺔ‬‫ﻓﺎر‬ ‫ﻗﯾﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺧذ‬ ‫أﻻ‬‫و‬ ‫ﺳﺟل‬ ‫ﻟﻛل‬ ‫ﯾدة‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺗﻛون‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻻﺑد‬ ‫ﺋﯾﺳﻲ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻔﺗﺎح‬ ‫ﻗﯾد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯾﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻣطﺑق‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣود‬ ‫ﻗﯾم‬.
o‫ﻗﯾود‬ ‫رف‬َ‫ﻌ‬ُ‫ﺗ‬‫ﻟﺑﻧﺎء‬ ‫وذﻟك‬ ،‫آﺧر‬ ‫ﺟدول‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺋﯾﺳﻲ‬‫ر‬ ‫ﻗﯾد‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺗﺎح‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻌ‬ِ‫رﺟ‬َ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺧذﻫﺎ‬ ‫اﻷﺟﻧﺑﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻔﺗﺎح‬
‫ﺟدوﻟﯾن‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬.
‫ﻛﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺋﯾﺳﻲ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻔﺗﺎح‬ ‫ﻗﯾد‬ ‫ف‬‫ﱠ‬‫ﻌر‬ُ‫ﯾ‬:
CREATE TABLE Persons ( ID number(5) PRIMARY KEY, LastName
varchar(255) NOT NULL, FirstName varchar(255),Age number(5) );
‫أو‬
CREATE TABLE Persons ( ID number(5) , LastName varchar(255) NOT
NULL, FirstName varchar(255), Age number, PRIMARY KEY (ID));
‫اﻻﺳم‬ ‫وﻧﻌطﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻣود‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫أﻛﺛر‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺋﯾﺳﻲ‬‫ر‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺗﺎح‬ ‫ﻗﯾد‬ ‫ﯾﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ف‬ّ‫ﻧﻌر‬PK_Person:

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CREATE TABLE Persons ( ID number(5) , LastName varchar(255) NOT
NULL, FirstName varchar(255), Age number(5), CONSTRAINT
PK_Person PRIMARY KEY (ID,LastName));
‫اﻷﺟﻧﺑﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻔﺗﺎح‬ ‫ﻗﯾد‬Foreign Key Constraint:‫ا‬ً‫ﻋﻣود‬ ‫اﻷﺟﻧﺑﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻔﺗﺎح‬ ‫ﻗﯾد‬ ‫ف‬ّ‫ﯾﻌر‬-‫أﻛﺛر‬ ‫أو‬-
‫ﻗﯾ‬ ‫ﺗﻛون‬ ‫ﺑﺣﯾث‬ ،‫آﺧر‬ ‫ﺟدول‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﯾوﺟد‬ ‫ﻋﻣود‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺟﻊ‬‫ﻣر‬ ‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺟدول‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﻫذا‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻣﺄﺧوذة‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣود‬ ‫ﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺋﯾﺳﻲ‬‫ر‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺗﺎح‬ ‫ﻗﯾد‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﯾد‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻗﯾد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯾﻪ‬ ‫ف‬‫ﱠ‬‫ﻌر‬ُ‫ﯾ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺑﺷرط‬ ‫اﻟﻣرﺟﻌﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣود‬)‫اﻵﺧر‬ ‫اﻟﺟدول‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬(
‫ﻗﯾد‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫أﻛﺛر‬ ‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻌ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻣﻛن‬ ‫وﻣن‬ ،‫ﺑﯾﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎت‬ ‫وﺑﻧﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﺟداول‬ ‫ﺑط‬‫ر‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫وﺳﯾﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾد‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ّ‫ﯾﻌد‬
‫اﺣد‬‫و‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﺟدول‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫أﺟﻧﺑﻲ‬.‫ﻓ‬ ‫اﻷﺟﻧﺑﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾد‬ ‫ﻧﻌرف‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻧﺳﺗطﯾﻊ‬‫ﻛﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺟدول‬ ‫ﻲ‬:
CREATE TABLE Orders ( OrderID number(5) NOT NULL, OrderNumber
number(5) NOT NULL, PersonID number(5), PRIMARY KEY (OrderID),
FOREIGN KEY (PersonID) REFERENCES Persons(ID));
‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم‬ ‫ﺻﺎ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ﺻ‬‫ﻣﺧ‬ ‫اﺳﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻷﺟﻧﺑﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾد‬ ‫ﻹﻋطﺎء‬:
CREATE TABLE Orders (OrderID number(5) NOT NULL, OrderNumber
number(5) NOT NULL,PersonID number(5), PRIMARY KEY (OrderID),
CONSTRAINT FK_PersonOrder FOREIGN KEY (PersonID)
REFERENCES Persons(ID));
‫اﻟﻔﺣص‬ ‫ﻗﯾد‬CHECK Constraint:‫اﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺗﺣﻛم‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺣص‬ ‫ﻗﯾد‬ ‫ﺳﺗﺧدم‬ُ‫ﯾ‬‫اﻟﻣﻣﻛن‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﻣﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت‬ ‫اء‬‫ر‬‫ﺑﺈﺟ‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺣﻛم‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﺗم‬ ،‫اﻟﻘﯾد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﺑق‬ُ‫ط‬ ‫اﻟذي‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣود‬ ‫ﯾﺄﺧذﻫﺎ‬ ‫أن‬
(<=،>=،=،<>،Like،in)‫ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ‬ ‫وﺣﺎﻻت‬ ‫ﺷروط‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻓق‬‫و‬‫ﺗﺗ‬ ‫أﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺗﺄﻛد‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣود‬ ‫ﻗﯾم‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬.
‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺣص‬ ُ‫ﻗﯾد‬ ‫ﺿﺎف‬ُ‫ﯾ‬.
varchar(255) NOT NULL, FirstName varchar(255), Age number (5)
CHECK (Age>=18) );
‫اﻟﻌﻣود‬ ‫ﻗﯾﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻛون‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺣص‬ ‫ﻗﯾد‬ ‫ﯾﺷﺗرط‬Age‫ﺗﺳﺎوي‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫أﻛﺑر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣر‬ ‫ﻓﯾﻪ‬ ‫ن‬ّ‫ﻧﺧز‬ ‫اﻟذي‬
18.‫ﻋﻣود‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫أﻛﺛر‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﺣص‬ ‫ﻗﯾد‬ ‫ﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬:
varchar(255) NOT NULL, FirstName varchar(255), Age numbe(5)r, City
varchar(255), CONSTRAINT CHK_Person CHECK (Age>=18 AND
City='Sandnes') );

21
‫اﻟﻣراﺟ‬‫ــــــ‬‫ﻊ‬:
1. https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D
8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA
2. Concepts of Database Management, Seventh Edition.
3. Database System, Design, Implementation & Management (Fifth
Edition), Rob Coronel 2002.
4. http://www.araboug.org.

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