1 midterm lecture triumvirate
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The document provides an overview of three major figures in ancient philosophy: Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. It summarizes that Socrates used the Socratic method of questioning to seek truth. Plato was a student of Socrates and founded the Academy, believing in forms/ideas and that the intellect should control passions. Aristotle was a student of Plato and made contributions to logic, causation, and virtue ethics as a mean between extremes aimed at eudaimonia or happiness.
1 midterm lecture triumvirate
- 1. PHILOSOPHY: MIDTERM LECTUREPrepared by: Raizza P. Corpuz
- 2. ANCIENT EPOCH Prepared by RPC2014
- 3. TRIUMVIRATE IN ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY SOCRATES PLATO ARISTOTLE (FATHER OF PHILOSOPHY Prepared by RPC2014
- 4. • Socrates The Socratic Method DIALECTIC: A method of seeking truth through a series of questions and answers. The Socratic method is a “dialectic” method teaching. To solve a problem, it is broken down into a series of questions, the answers to which gradually distill the answer a person would seek. Prepared by RPC2014
- 5. Socrates Ethics Socrates' primary concern in philosophy was, “How should we live?” 3 Questions What is good? What is right? What is just (justice)? Prepared by RPC2014
- 6. Socrates Ethics Socrates' ethics assumes that Education is the key to living an ethical life. No one desires evil. No one errs or does wrong willingly or knowingly. Virtue—all virtue—is knowledge. Virtue = positive moral behavior Prepared by RPC2014
- 7. Plato Socrates' Student Founded the Academy – First institution for higher education First Western philosopher whose writings have survived Most of what we know about Socrates comes from Plato's writings Agreed with Pythagoras that Mathematics were essential in understanding the world Prepared by RPC2014
- 8. WILL Plato Ethics Humans are made of 3 conflicting elements: Passions Intellect Will Most people live life allowing the PASSIONS, INTELLECT and WILL to be in conflict with one another. INTELLECT PASSIONS Prepared by RPC2014
- 9. Plato Ethics Ideal living is when the INTELLECT controls the PASSIONS through the WILL INTELLECT WILL PASSIONS Prepared by RPC2014
- 10. Plato Metaphysics Reality can be divided into two realms: The Visible World Forms - Ideas Prepared by RPC2014
- 11. Plato Metaphysics The Visible World Lower - Imperfect World experienced by our senses Physical Bound by Space and Time Always changing Always “becoming” Prepared by RPC2014
- 12. Plato Metaphysics Realm of Forms-Ideas Higher - Perfect ULTIMATE REALITY Not accessible to our senses Non-Physical Not Bound by Space and Time Never Changing Always “is” HORSE Prepared by RPC2014
- 13. Plato's Cave Prepared by RPC2014
- 14. CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF PLATO’S ALLEGORY OF THE CAVE (SW) BASED ON THE VIDEO CLIP: Answer the ffg: Answer it in BRIEF, CONCISE and SHORT manner. 1. What is your own perception of the Allegory of the Cave? 2. What symbol represents the said thought of Plato in his Allegory that you can relate to your daily existence? Prepared by RPC2014
- 15. Plato Politics: The Ideal Republic Philosophically Aware Rulers (Governing Class) Police Class (Protective Class) General Population (Worker Class) Prepared by RPC2014
- 16. Aristotle (384-322 BCE) RPCorpuxz 2013
- 17. Aristotle (384-322 BCE) • The “real” or “encyclopaedists” or “inspired common sense” or “the prince of those who know” • Studied under Plato at the Academy • Son of a Macedonian doctor, returned home to become the teacher of Alexander of Macedon for three years, beginning in 343 BCE • Later returned to Athens to open school called the Lyceum in 335 BCE RPCorpuxz 2013
- 18. Aristotle Logic 3 Areas of Learning Theoretical Practical Productive Logic is a Tool underlying all learning Prepared by RPC2014
- 19. AristotleLogic Categories Sets the boundary of terms Essential in forming an argument Dogs PugsAnimals Prepared by RPC2014
- 20. Aristotle The 4 Causes To really “know” something you need to know the causes of it. Example: What is a house? Material Cause The “materials” that make up the thing. Bricks are the material cause of a Brick House Prepared by RPC2014
- 21. Material Cause Insufficiency of the Material Cause The materials that make up a thing are not the same as the thing itself. A pile of Bricks is not a House Some things can be made of different materials. Houses can be made of Bricks or Wood or Metal. Formal Cause The FORM of the thing. The pattern, shape, characteristics of a thing. Not the same as Plato's idea of Forms, i.e. no realm of forms. The Form does not have an existence apart from the thing as in Plato's concept of Forms Prepared by RPC2014
- 22. Efficient Cause The cause that changes the materials into the thing. The Tools/Instruments used to create the thing. Final Cause The reason, purpose or goal of a thing. Ex. The purpose of a house is to shelter a people. Final Cause is evidence of an Intelligent Designer who provides things with purpose Teleology – Nature Intelligent DesignPrepared by RPC2014
- 23. Acquired by Habit Not innate Habit develops a disposition to act virtuously The Golden Mean: Mid-point between 2 extremes Courage Cowardice RECKLESNESS Ethics: Virtues Prepared by RPC2014
- 24. Ethics: Virtuous Life Know what is Right Do what is Right Practical Wisdom - Make Right Decisions based on Good Reasons Contemplation of the Best things NOT just Good things – Good is the enemy of the Best Motivation for Doing Anything is Flourishing (Full - Meaningful) A key theme in Aristotle's thought is that happiness is the goal of life. Eudaimonia or Happiness Prepared by RPC2014
- 25. “We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act, but a habit. ... At his best, man is the noblest of all animals; separated from law and justice he is the worst.” (Aristotle, 384 - 322 B.C.) Prepared by RPC2014
- 26. THANK YOU! Some excerpt: Slideshare.com Prepared by RPC2014