Intelligence testing

Intelligence testing
Aachal P. Taywade

Definition of intelligence
• Stern (1914): “Intelligence is the general
mental capacity of an individual to adjust his
thinking to new requirements. It is general
mental adaptability to new problems and
conditions of life.”
• Wechsler (1944): “Intelligence is the aggregate
or global capacity of an individual to act
purposefully, to think rationally & to deal
effectively with his environment.”
2Ms. Aachal Taywade, Nagpur.

Assessment of intelligence & concept
of I.Q.
• Various tests to assess intelligence.
• Binet, Stern, Wechsler – pioneers in
intelligence testing.
• It flourished especially at the time of world
war.
• Binet _ mental age (M.A.).
• William Stern_ intelligence quotient(I.Q.).
• I.Q. = (M.A./C.A.)Χ 100.

Types of intelligence tests
1. Verbal-individual
2. Verbal-group
3. Performance-individual
4. Performance-group

Examples
• The Wechsler Intelligence Scales
• Malin’s intelligence scale
• The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
• Raven’s progressive matrices
• Culture fair intelligence tests
• Seguin form board test
• Bhatia’s battery of intelligence
• Draw a man test
• Gessell's Drawing Test of Intelligence
• Porteus mazes.

Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales

 Original – Binet- Simon Scale.
 This test by Lewis Terman (Stanford university)
 At present, in its 5th edition released in 2003.
 Timeline
• April 1905: Development of Binet-Simon Test announced at a
conference in Rome
• June 1905: Binet-Simon Intelligence Test introduced
• 1908 and 1911: New Versions of Binet-Simon Intelligence Test
• 1916: Stanford-Binet First Edition by Terman
• 1937: Second Edition by Terman and Merrill
• 1973: Third Edition by Merrill
• 1986: Fourth Edition by Thorndike, Hagen, and Sattler
• 2003: Fifth Edition by Roid.
 Indian adaptation – Binet-Kamat tests.
 Age group : 2-23 yrs.
 Total time: 30 to 90 minutes.

Four cognitive areas in SBS which together determine
the composite score and factor score, there are
total 15 tests.
i. Verbal reasoning : vocabulary, verbal relation,
comprehension, etc.
ii. Quantitative reasoning : number series, equation,
etc.
iii. Abstract reasoning: matrices, pattern analysis,
paper folding/ cutting.
iv. Short-term memory: memory for sentences,
digits, objects, etc.

Psychometric properties
• Raw scores  standard age scores (SAS).
• SAS for each test and each cognitive area.
• Composite performance on entire scale 
with the help of each test’s SAS & appropriate
norm tables.
• Reliability  by Kunder-Richardson method.
• Validity  construct validity.

The wechsler’s scales

• Original : David Wechsler (1939).
Three scales:
1. WAIS : adults .16-74yrs (1939)
2. WISC : children 7-16 yrs (1955)
3. WPPSI : preschool primary 4-6 ½ yrs
(1967).
Indian adaptation: Dr. Arthur Malin.

Verbal scale
Information
Comprehension
Arithmatic
Similarities
Digit span
Vocabulary
Word reasoning
Performance scale
Digit symbol
Picture completion
Block design
Picture arrangement
Object assembly
Matrix reasoning
mazes

• Norms: full scale IQ, index scores, subtests
scaled scores.
• Reliability: split half reliability : .90 to .98.
• Validity: correlation with Stanford Binet- .80,
with RPM- .70

Cattell’s culture fair intelligence test
• Raymond B. Cattell created the CFIT to avoid
environmental and genetic factors. Cattell argued
that general intelligence (g) exists and that it
consists of fluid intelligence and crystallized
intelligence.
• Crystallized intelligence (gc) refers to that aspect
of cognition in which initial intelligent judgments
have become crystallized as habits. Fluid
intelligence (gf) is in several ways more
fundamental and shows in tests requiring
responses to entirely new situations.

…Cattell’s culture fair intelligence test
• Group as well as
individual.
• Time depends on scale.
• 3 scales.

• I.Q. & Percentile norms are given.
• Standardization varies according to age level.
• Reliabilities in .70’s. Validity correlations are in
the range of .56-.85.
• Normative data from western European
countries, in U.S. & Australia are comparable.

Raven’s Progressive Matrices(RPM)

… RPM
• Developed by J. C. Raven in 1936.
• Was designed as a measure of Spearman’s ‘g’
factor of general intelligence.
• It’s a multiple choice intelligence test of
abstract reasoning.
• Subject has to identify missing pattern.

Versions of RPM
• Three versions:
Name of version Age group Total items Time required
Standard
progressive
matrices
12 yrs & above 60 items in 5 sets
of 12
60 min
Colored
progressive
matrices
Below 11 yrs. 36 items in 3 sets
of 12
15-30 min
Advanced
progressive
matrices
High intelligence 12 practice items
36 test items
40-60 min

• Test – retest reliability : .70-.90
• Internal consistency validity: .80-.90
• Autism spectrum disorder patients perform
higher as they are predisposed towards visual
reasoning.

Draw – a – man test

… Draw – a – man test
• Goodenough - Harris Draw a person test
(DAP).
• Florence Goodenough developed in 1926,
later revised by Dr. Dale Harris.
• No time limit, hardly takes 15-20 min.
• Scoring according to the perfection, as per
given in manual.
• Scores- 1 to 51. mental age- 3 yr. 3 month to
15 yr. 9 month.

… Draw – a – man test
• Reliability validity coefficients are adequate.
• Not wise to use with children above 12 yrs of
age.
• Cultural background & SES highly influences
the performance.
• Asses cognitive developmental levels.
• Also used as a projective test of personality
which is not endorsed by first creator.

Bhatia battery of intelligence testing
• C. M. Bhatia Constructed this test for Indian
population in 1955.
• 5 subtests:
• Koh’s block design
• Alexander pass a long
• Pattern drawing test
• Immediate memory
• Picture construction

Subtests of Bhatia battery
Parts of
pictures
have to be
meaningful
ly
combined.
Digit span
forward
&
backward
NEW.
Each of 8
cards has
a pattern.
Draw w/o
lifting.
All
designs
from
original
Alexander
pass a
long test
Includes
the 10
designs
from
original
17
designs of
Koh’s test

.. Bhatia battery
• Total max. time 1 hr.
• Total max. score 95.
• Standardization of 5 subtests was done for over 4
yrs in villages & cities in places of cross cultural
settings.
• Split – half reliability : .55
• Validity: .77
• Correlation with other intelligence tests is
.67 - .82

• These are just few examples.
• There are many other intelligence tests.
• Test should be chosen according to the
situation, client’s suitability n needs of the
client.

References
• Becker, K.A (2003). "History of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence
scales: Content and psychometrics.". Stanford-Binet Intelligence
Scales, Fifth Edition Assessment Service Bulletin No. 1.
• Binet, Alfred; Simon, Th. (1916). The development of intelligence
in children: The Binet–Simon Scale. Publications of the Training
School at Vineland New Jersey Department of Research No. 11.
E. S. Kite (Trans.). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. Retrieved 18
July 2010.
• Kaplan, R. M. & Saccuzzo, D. P. (2009). "Psychological testing:
Principles, applications, and issues" (7th ed.). Belmont, CA:
Wadsworth.
• "Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale--Revised“Retrieved2009-03-
31.

References
• Cattell, R. B. La theorie de l'intelligence fluide et cristallisee sa
relation avec les tests "culture fair" et sa verification chez les
enfants de 9 a 12 ens. Reoue de Psychologie Appliquee, 1967,
17, 3, 135154
• Raven, J., Raven, J.C., & Court, J.H. (2003, updated 2004) Manual
for Raven's Progressive Matrices and Vocabulary Scales. San
Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment.
• Anastasi, A. Urbina, S. (2004).Psychological Testing(7th Ed.).
India: Pearson Education Pvt. Ltd., chapter two.

Intelligence testing

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