Language Processing
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Psycholinguistics is an interdisciplinary field that studies the cognitive and neural mechanisms involved in language processing. It examines how humans produce and comprehend both written and spoken language by looking at the underlying processes in the brain. Psycholinguistics emerged as a distinct field in the late 1950s and 1960s due to Chomsky's influential work in linguistics and cognitive science. The document then provides examples of research methods used in psycholinguistics, such as lexical decision tasks and priming experiments, to better understand how language is represented and accessed in the human mind.
![3. Sentence Processing Techniques
Basis: We have to analyze a sentence to understand it we process it by
understanding the meaning and structure of its parts.
a. Timed-reading experiments
Assumption: a difficult sentence takes longer to analyze. Therefore, timing how long it takes to
process the sentence allows us to rank how “difficult” different sentences are to process. The
pattern of how long it takes to process a word reflects the semantic
and syntactic structure of the sentence.
III. Linguistics and Language Processing:
A. Top-down vs. bottom-up processing:
1. Top-down: We begin interpretation of a sentence spontaneously and automatically based on
what information is available to us. For instance, we do not have to wait
until we have analyzed all the phonemes in a sentence in order to understand it.
2. Bottom-up: Do analysis to isolate phonemes, word boundaries, and relate these things.
Comparing top-down and bottom-up processing:
Suppose a word is lexically unclear and so has two meanings. However, suppose that only one
of those meanings is appropriate, given the syntactic structure of the sentence the word is in. A
person using very strong top-down processing would only be primed for the meaning which is
appropriate, given the syntactic structure. A person using very strong bottom-up processing
would be primed for both meanings, despite the fact that only one meaning is appropriate.
B. Cohort Model of word recognition:
1. William Marslen-Wilson proposed that in word comprehension, words are recognized
from beginning to end.
2. Example: hearing “crystal”. = [krIstal]. First, we process the [k], and initially consider all the
words that begin with [k]. All the words considered are called the cohort. Then
we process the [r], and consider all the words that begin with [kr].
And so on, until we process all the segments of “crystal”.
3. Shown with experiments that this is the case.
4. Suggests that the segment is a fundamental unit of auditory perception.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/newmicrosoftworddocument-140828140813-phpapp01/85/Language-Processing-3-320.jpg)
Language Processing
- 1. Psycholinguistics is a branch of study which combines the disciplines of psychology and linguistics. It is concerned with the relationship between the human mind and the language as it examines the processes that occur in brain while producing and perceiving both written and spoken discourse. Psycholinguistics as a separate branch of study emerged in the late 1950s and 1960s as a result of Chomsky’s revolution. Psycholinguistics – How We Process Language: Aleena Farooq. Roll no. 07. B.S. English. (4th Semester.) Language processing refers to the way human beings use words to communicate ideas and feelings, and how such communications are understood. Understanding what other people say and write (i.e., language processing) is more complicated than it might at first appear. processing language involves a variety of capacities, skills, processes, knowledge, and dispositions that are used to derive meaning from spoken, written, and signed language. It is mainly thought to occur in the Wernicke’s area of the brain which is located in the left temporal lobe. The main function of this cortical area is the symbolic representation of language. Language processing is a complex procedure that occurs easily and effortlessly by humans. It develops along with the brain and is able to be enhanced with the use of gesture. Though it is unknown exactly how early it is fully developed in children, gestures are undoubtedly useful for understanding the language around us. It is how the brain creates and understands language. Most recent theories consider that this is carried out entirely by the inside of the brain. Psycholinguistics = the study of language processing mechanisms. Psycholinguistics like to study how word meaning, sentence meaning, and discourse meaning are computed and represented in the mind. The burning question: “How is language done?” Mostly an unconscious process. Example: We think when we’re reading words on a page that it’s a smooth process, but our eyes actually jerk across the page – a process called saccadic motion. Methods of Psycholinguistic Research: A. Naturally Occurring: 1. Spoonerisms: “slips of the tongue”. Ex: The dear old queen = The queer old dean. (segment switching) Ex: The rules of word formation = The words of rule formation. (word switching) Ex: I’d forgotten about that = I’d forgot aboutten that. (morpheme switching) What it shows: The entire phrase must be planned in advance, or else we couldn’t switch segments, morphemes, and words like this. This reveals something about the manner in which sentence (and phrase) production is planned in the mind. 2. Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon: trying to access a word based on meaning, spelling, initial letter, rhyme, etc. Ex: “Oh, it’s that color that’s really bright green….and it’s also a really strong liquor…but it sounds a bit like “loose”….it starts with a “sh” sound….chartreuse! That’s it!” What it shows: how words are organized in the mind = mental lexicon. Access of the mental lexicon must be very quick, since word recognition takes just 1/3 of a second.
- 2. B. Experimental Techniques: 1. Lexical Decision: A. Process: A word flashes on a computer screen, and the subject indicates whether the word is a real word or a nonsense word by pressing a button. B. Things Which Are Measured (Dependent Variables): 1. Response Latency = How long it takes the subject to decide if the word is a real word or a nonsense word 2. Response Accuracy = Whether the subject is correct or not. C. How this relates to the mental lexicon: in order to decide if a word is a real word or a nonsense word, the mental lexicon must be accessed. 1. Real word: Find the mental entry. 2. Nonsense word: realize that there is no mental entry Frequency Effects: More frequent words take less time to access than less frequent words. This tells us that some part of the lexicon is organized by individual frequency of the words. The words we use most are the ones that are easiest for us to retrieve. This is because the connections to them are more often used. Collocation: we retrieve certain words together because they are so closely connected: we talk about a heavy smoker, never a *large smoker or a *compulsive smoker. 2. Priming paradigm: A. Process: The word to be judged as real or nonsense (the target word) is preceded by a stimulus word. (prime word) Example: Judging “doctor” precede with “nurse” a. Dependent variable: if the prime affects the response latency or not. b. Priming effect: Semantically related primes lead to faster response times. This tells us that the mental lexicon must also be organized by semantic relatedness, since a semantically related word preceding the target word makes the target word easier to access. Priming effect also found for orthographically related primes, phonologically related primes (rhyming words), and constituent morphemes. a. Orthographically related: dock primes for doctor. b. Phonologically related: worse primes for nurse. c. Constituent morphemes: legal primes for illegality. These all show us ways in which the mental lexicon is organized – by spelling similarity, by phonological similarity, and by constituent morphemes. Thus, there are many different ways to prime for a single entry in the lexicon – suggesting that the entries are linked to each other in several different ways.
- 3. 3. Sentence Processing Techniques Basis: We have to analyze a sentence to understand it we process it by understanding the meaning and structure of its parts. a. Timed-reading experiments Assumption: a difficult sentence takes longer to analyze. Therefore, timing how long it takes to process the sentence allows us to rank how “difficult” different sentences are to process. The pattern of how long it takes to process a word reflects the semantic and syntactic structure of the sentence. III. Linguistics and Language Processing: A. Top-down vs. bottom-up processing: 1. Top-down: We begin interpretation of a sentence spontaneously and automatically based on what information is available to us. For instance, we do not have to wait until we have analyzed all the phonemes in a sentence in order to understand it. 2. Bottom-up: Do analysis to isolate phonemes, word boundaries, and relate these things. Comparing top-down and bottom-up processing: Suppose a word is lexically unclear and so has two meanings. However, suppose that only one of those meanings is appropriate, given the syntactic structure of the sentence the word is in. A person using very strong top-down processing would only be primed for the meaning which is appropriate, given the syntactic structure. A person using very strong bottom-up processing would be primed for both meanings, despite the fact that only one meaning is appropriate. B. Cohort Model of word recognition: 1. William Marslen-Wilson proposed that in word comprehension, words are recognized from beginning to end. 2. Example: hearing “crystal”. = [krIstal]. First, we process the [k], and initially consider all the words that begin with [k]. All the words considered are called the cohort. Then we process the [r], and consider all the words that begin with [kr]. And so on, until we process all the segments of “crystal”. 3. Shown with experiments that this is the case. 4. Suggests that the segment is a fundamental unit of auditory perception.