This document discusses various intensity transformation and spatial filtering techniques for digital images. It describes functions such as image negatives, log transformations, and power law (gamma) transformations that can compress or expand the dynamic range of pixel intensities. These transformations map input pixel values to output values using lookup tables to perform operations like inverting intensities, enhancing low-contrast regions, or adjusting image contrast. Power law transformations in particular use gamma correction to calibrate pixel values for proper display.