![www.armalam.it
The first fully functioning Passive House was
actually a polar ship and not a house:
the Fram of Fridtof Nansen (1893).
He writes:
"... The sides of the ship were lined
with tarred felt, then came a space with cork
padding, next a deal panelling, then a thick layer
of felt, next air-tight linoleum, and last of all an
inner panelling. The ceiling of the saloon and
cabins . . . gave a total thickness of about 15cabins . . . gave a total thickness of about 15
inches. ...The skylight which was most exposed
to the cold was protected by three panes of
glass one within the other, and in various other
ways. ... The Fram is a comfortable abode.
Whether the thermometer stands at 22° above
zero or at 22° below it, we have no fire in the
stove. The ventilation is excellent, especially
since we rigged up the air sail, which sends a
whole winter‘s cold in through the ventilator; yet
in spite of this we sit here warm and comfortable,
with only a lamp burning. I am thinking of having
the stove removed altogether; it is only in the
way.“ (from Nansen: „In Farthest North“,
Brockhaus, 1897)
Source: [Nansen 1897]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/passivhausintroduction-200415134152/85/Passivhaus-introduction-2-320.jpg)
![www.armalam.it
Supply air
Supply air
Supply air Supply air
Supply air
Extract air
Extract air
Extract air
Triple
low-e glazing
Exhaust air
Out-
door
Filter
Thermal insulation
with u-values
below 0.15 W/(sqmK)
air
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
21. Sep 21. Okt 20. Nov 20. Dez 19. Jan 18. Feb 19. Mrz
Tagesmittelwertdergemessenen
spezifischenHeizleistung[W/m²]
Heizleistung 92/93
Heizleistung 93/94
Heizleistung 94/95
Heizleistung 95/96
Heizleistung 96/97
heating load 92/93
heating load 93/94
heating load 94/95
heating load 95/96
heating load 96/97
dailymeanspecificheatingload
measured[W/m²]
Supply air Extract airExhaust air
Air to air
Heat exchanger
Subsoil heat exchanger](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/passivhausintroduction-200415134152/85/Passivhaus-introduction-19-320.jpg)
![www.armalam.it
Comparison of construction types
EnEV-limiting value
Buildings with a ventilation system
Pressuretest
50[h-¹]
Passive House limiting value
House (put in consecutive order)
Pressuretest
valuen50
average value n50 = 0.37 h-1](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/passivhausintroduction-200415134152/85/Passivhaus-introduction-50-320.jpg)
![www.armalam.it
Comparison of construction types
PH-limiting value
Pressuretestvaluen50[h-¹]
BS = Formwork element made of
rigid polystyrol foam
Pressuretestvaluen
light
Massive
construction
Mixed
construction
House (put in consecutive order)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/passivhausintroduction-200415134152/85/Passivhaus-introduction-51-320.jpg)
![www.armalam.it
PH-Grenzwert
How durable is the airtightness?
ֿ¹]
Airtightness in Passive House Darmstadt Kranichstein
n50-value[h¹
Mean value
Mean value
House A House B](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/passivhausintroduction-200415134152/85/Passivhaus-introduction-52-320.jpg)
Passivhaus introduction
- 1. www.armalam.it THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Passive House criteria Passive House advantages: comfort, quality, security Building envelope:Building envelope: Highly insulated, thermal-bridge-free, airtight Windows: crucial for comfort without radiators Building services: Controlled ventilation with heat recovery Auxiliary heat supply for heating Heat supply for DHW (domestic hot water)
- 2. www.armalam.it The first fully functioning Passive House was actually a polar ship and not a house: the Fram of Fridtof Nansen (1893). He writes: "... The sides of the ship were lined with tarred felt, then came a space with cork padding, next a deal panelling, then a thick layer of felt, next air-tight linoleum, and last of all an inner panelling. The ceiling of the saloon and cabins . . . gave a total thickness of about 15cabins . . . gave a total thickness of about 15 inches. ...The skylight which was most exposed to the cold was protected by three panes of glass one within the other, and in various other ways. ... The Fram is a comfortable abode. Whether the thermometer stands at 22° above zero or at 22° below it, we have no fire in the stove. The ventilation is excellent, especially since we rigged up the air sail, which sends a whole winter‘s cold in through the ventilator; yet in spite of this we sit here warm and comfortable, with only a lamp burning. I am thinking of having the stove removed altogether; it is only in the way.“ (from Nansen: „In Farthest North“, Brockhaus, 1897) Source: [Nansen 1897]
- 3. www.armalam.it » Four private clients formed the ‘Developers Society Passive House‘ and commissioned the architects professor Bott/Ridder/Westermeyer with the planning of a row of houses with four flats, each with 156m² of living space. » The building was provided with a highly precise data measurement acquisition system to examine the achievement of thesystem to examine the achievement of the objectives. » A detailed report with technical data can be found here: http://www.passivhaustagung.de/Kran/First _Passive_House_Kranichstein_en.html
- 4. www.armalam.it » A building standard, which is energy efficient, comfortable, economic and environmentally friendly at the same time. The Passive House is not a brand, it is a building concept which is open to all – and which has proved itself in practice. » The Passive House is the leading standard in energy saving in buildings worldwide:» The Passive House is the leading standard in energy saving in buildings worldwide: The energy saving for heating amounts to over 75 % in comparison with the legally prescribed building standards. The heating costs are very small – high energy prices make no difference to residents of Passive Houses. » Passive Houses achieve this enormous energy conservation through the use of special energy efficient building elements and ventilation techniques. Comfort is not impaired, in fact it's even perceptibly improved.
- 5. www.armalam.it CO2 - concentration of the earth’s atmosphere earth’satmosphere(ppm) Source: C.D. Keeling, T.P. Whorf, and the Carbon Dioxide Research Group Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) University of California CO2-concentrationoftheearth’s Time (year)
- 6. www.armalam.it Primary energy consumption per head Primary energy consumption per head Watt/headWatt/head Country
- 7. www.armalam.it Climate-damage costs » Yearly loss of at least 5 % of the worldwide growth rate to the middle of the century » Even as much as 20 % possible with the effects on environment and health as well as feedback effects Climate-protection costs » Positive action in contrast costs only 1% of the global gross domestic product per year » The critical threshold range of 2 °C warming above the pre-industrial level would then not be exceeded. Source: Nicolas Stern: „The Stern Report Review on the Economics of Climate Change – Damage costs versus prevention costs"
- 8. www.armalam.it Passive House concept: A great leap 75 % reduction in heating consumption in comparison with the German legal standard for new housing. » Practicable: 75% » Practicable: Achievable goal Available funds » Verifiable: Convincing results » Open-concept: Everyone can/may/wants to participate PassiveHouse
- 9. www.armalam.it Thomas Claußen Margrit Unger Passive House: Single-family houses Thomas Claußen Margrit Unger Crimmitschau, Markus WochnerUlm, CasaNova GmbH Ulm-Eggingen. Martin Wamsler Chemnitz, Andreas Madreiter
- 10. www.armalam.it Passive House: Multi-storey buildings Grempstraße Frankfurt, Faktor 10 Frankfurt Sophienhof, FAAG Technik GmbH Foto:PHI Hamburg, J. Reinig Tevesstraße Frankfurt, Faktor 10 Grempstraße Frankfurt, Faktor 10
- 11. www.armalam.it Comparison of consumption Annualspaceheatconsumption inkWh/(m²a) 90% savings on space heating CEPHEUS = Cost Efficient Passive Houses as European Standard Existing building stock Annualspaceheatconsumption inkWh/(m²a) Low energy house space heating CEPHEUS Passive Houses
- 12. www.armalam.it Passive House-suitable external wall constructions: U ≤≤≤≤ 0.15 W/(m²K) a) Masonry with EIFS (thickness > 250 mm) b) Formwork element made of rigid polystyrol foam (240+120+60mm) c) light-weight element: wooden box beam or plywood I-beam, fully insulated (30-40mm)(240+120+60mm) (30-40mm) d) Formwork element on expanded clay basis (375mm) e) Prefabricated porous concrete element f) thick timber board wall g) Prefabricated polyurethan sandwich elements (200mm) h) Hightech: VIP* (25mm) Top- and bottom sheet (steel) λ around 0.0022 W/(mK) i) Porous concrete blocks with mineral foam insulation
- 14. www.armalam.it Thermal comfort: Influences Essential factors which influence thermal comfort » Air temperature » Surface temperatures » Local temperature differences (vertical and horizontal) » Draughts » Relative air humidity » Clothing and degree of activity
- 15. www.armalam.it Room with standard window and double low-e glazing Low surface temperature of window Radiation temperature asymmetry too high Radiator below the window is standard window, Uw=1.6 W/(m²K)1) radiant temperature difference: 5.5K Radiant temperature asymmetry Radiator below the window is necessary Room with Passive House window and triple-glazing Surface temperature of window high Radiation temperature asymmetry small enough Radiator not necessary for comfort Passiv house window, Uw=0.8 W/(m²K)1) radiant temperature difference < 3K
- 16. www.armalam.it Characteristics: Centrally located ventilation unit with fans and heat recovery Supply and extract air in separate ducts Main components : 1. Ventilation unit with 1 3 6 7 Filter 4 Fresh air Exhaust air Extract air 1. Ventilation unit with fans, control, HR, filters 2. Ducting with silencers 3. Supply air inlets 4. Extract air outlets 5. Directed flow through the internal rooms, transfer openings in internal doors 6. Exhaust air outlet 7. Fresh air inlet 2 3 4 5 T > 17°C 4 Supply air
- 17. www.armalam.it Heat protection: U ≤≤≤≤ 0.15 W/(m²K) Uw ≤≤≤≤ 0.8 W/(m²K) thermal bridge-free Triple-glazing: Ug ≤≤≤≤ 0.8 W/(m²K) g-value 50 - 55 % Ventilation with ≥≥≥≥ 75 % heat recovery Electricity demand max. 0.45 Wh/m³ Outdoor air Exhaust air Airtightness: n50 ≤≤≤≤ 0.6 /h Supply airExtract air
- 18. www.armalam.it Heat protection: U ≤≤≤≤ 0.15 W/(m²K) Uw ≤≤≤≤ 0.8 W/(m²K) thermal bridge-free Triple-glazing Ug ≤≤≤≤ 0.8 W/(m²K) g-value 50 - 55 % Ventilation with ≥≥≥≥ 75 % heat recovery Electricity demand max. 0.45 Wh/m³ Outdoor air Exhaust air Airtightness: n50 ≤≤≤≤ 0.6 /h Heating energy demand ≤≤≤≤ 15 kWh/(m²a) or Building heating load ≤≤≤≤ 10 W/m² Useful cooling demand ≤≤≤≤ 15 kWh/(m²a) Primary energy demand ≤≤≤≤ 120 kWh/(m²a) Building airtightness ≤≤≤≤ 0.6 /h Excess temperature frequency ≤≤≤≤ 10 % Supply airExtract air
- 19. www.armalam.it Supply air Supply air Supply air Supply air Supply air Extract air Extract air Extract air Triple low-e glazing Exhaust air Out- door Filter Thermal insulation with u-values below 0.15 W/(sqmK) air 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 21. Sep 21. Okt 20. Nov 20. Dez 19. Jan 18. Feb 19. Mrz Tagesmittelwertdergemessenen spezifischenHeizleistung[W/m²] Heizleistung 92/93 Heizleistung 93/94 Heizleistung 94/95 Heizleistung 95/96 Heizleistung 96/97 heating load 92/93 heating load 93/94 heating load 94/95 heating load 95/96 heating load 96/97 dailymeanspecificheatingload measured[W/m²] Supply air Extract airExhaust air Air to air Heat exchanger Subsoil heat exchanger
- 20. www.armalam.it Ecohotel Bonapace Torbole on Garda Lake (TN)
- 24. www.armalam.it DYNAMIC SOLAR PROJECT The building has been designed in the real hurban contest, evaluating the shading induced by the territory and neighbouring existing buildings.
- 25. www.armalam.it Natural shading Shadow 21 december – 15.30
- 26. www.armalam.it Shading range 21-12 Neighbouring building shading Shading range 21-06
- 27. www.armalam.it Summer shading study Annullamento fenomeni di surriscaldamento mediante schermature fisse (aggetti) schermature mobili (tende solari esterne) che intercettano e bloccano la radiazione solare all’esterno dell’involucro termico
- 28. www.armalam.it Winter shading study Ottimizzazione degli apporti solari nel periodo invernale garantendo riduzione del fabbisogno termico della struttura e garantendo un adeguato comfort visivo.
- 29. www.armalam.it HEATING DESIGN: Building envelope - airtightness
- 30. www.armalam.it Energy design: Bridge thermal analysis
- 31. www.armalam.it PHPP Layout » Layout of user interface for good orientation » Cell protection (without password) to protect formulae and linked cells » Avoid application errors
- 32. www.armalam.it Heat gains, which cannot be used kWh m²a 15
- 33. www.armalam.it Window Balance boundary = external dimensionsFacadeNorth Floor slab FacadeSouth WindowWindow
- 34. www.armalam.it Passive Solar Heat Gains PHPP sheet ‘Annual Heat Demand‘: Solar gains
- 35. www.armalam.it BUOYANCY WIND Airtightness – why ? Infiltration and exfiltration due to leakages in the building envelope Grafik: ebök
- 36. www.armalam.it Be aware of gaps where humid air can flow through to the outside 360g water/day/metre0°C; 80% relative humidity 1 mm gap widthFor comparison: vapour diffusion only 1 g water / day / sqm 20°C; 50% relative humidity
- 37. www.armalam.it n50 max. 0.60 h-1 Airtightness is a planning task design ONE airtight layer all around the building
- 38. www.armalam.it Airtightness: Planning and construction drawings » Decide where the airtight layer should be » Avoid penetrations » Minimise length of connections » Check construction drawings (continuous airtight envelope) » Define materials and connections » Make detailed plans at a scale of 1:10 and communicate the working instructions » Consider the durability of materials and connections
- 39. www.armalam.it • Stripe (foil/reinforced cardboard) • Adhesive tape • Adhesive tape • (batten pressed onto tape) Chip board Membrane / Reinforced building paper Material area and Connection details • (batten pressed onto tape) • Gasket • Plaster (only if connections are force-locked) Concrete • Plaster Brick-work / Plaster
- 40. www.armalam.it 10 mm ... it doesn‘t tear
- 41. www.armalam.it Leaky materials » Brickwork and mortar joints (attention esp. behind pre-wall installations) » Wood wool slab and soft wood fibre boards » Perforated membranes (even removed staples) » Rigid polystyrene (PS) foam boards Airtightness – unsuitable materials! » Groove- and tongue timber cladding Non durable airtight connection details » Masking tape » Concrete that is too dry or too wet » Adhesion to brickwork without primary coat » Polyurethane (PU) foam » Jointing with silicone
- 42. www.armalam.it Potential leaks wallarea eaves roof penetrations wall-roof roof/wall roller shutter window/wall roof area wall penetrations wallarea Pre-wall installationwindow gaps door base pipe/cable penetrations base ductwork for electric cables
- 44. www.armalam.it accurate implementation Architects: Andrea Hoppe, Hoppe and Schäfer, Wuppertal Foto: Home owner. In: Successful design and construction of Passive Houses. Published by: ILS, 2004 distance!
- 45. www.armalam.it Basic principles for timber construction 1. 2. membrane, diffusion open 3. 4. Clear how to go on 5.
- 46. www.armalam.it » Timber construction – Connections
- 47. www.armalam.it
- 48. www.armalam.it
- 49. www.armalam.it
- 50. www.armalam.it Comparison of construction types EnEV-limiting value Buildings with a ventilation system Pressuretest 50[h-¹] Passive House limiting value House (put in consecutive order) Pressuretest valuen50 average value n50 = 0.37 h-1
- 51. www.armalam.it Comparison of construction types PH-limiting value Pressuretestvaluen50[h-¹] BS = Formwork element made of rigid polystyrol foam Pressuretestvaluen light Massive construction Mixed construction House (put in consecutive order)
- 52. www.armalam.it PH-Grenzwert How durable is the airtightness? ֿ¹] Airtightness in Passive House Darmstadt Kranichstein n50-value[h¹ Mean value Mean value House A House B
- 53. www.armalam.it Thank you for your attention! Questions?