2014 environmental engineeringlabmanual

ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
LABORATORY
MANUAL – Don
Marek – Lab
Manager-TAMUK
[2014]
[This document is written to provide some information to students about the lab equipment
and other materials that are used in laboratory environment. It is not a manual with lab
experiments but a guide of tools, equipment, and materials.]
[Updated
October
2014]

EVEN 3321 LABORATORY MANUAL
Table of Contents
Guidelines for Laboratory Reports-EVEN3321..............................................................................3
Lab Report Grading Guidelines..................................................................................................7
Lab Safety........................................................................................................................................8
Safety in the Laboratory with Chemical and Physical Hazards.......................................................9
Grades and Purity of Chemicals....................................................................................................11
Lab Equipment in the Environmental Laboratory.........................................................................12
Care of pH Probes and Meters.......................................................................................................30
Filtering Material ..........................................................................................................................31
Using a Balance.............................................................................................................................32
What type of tape do I use?............................................................................................................33
De-Ionized (DI) Water...................................................................................................................36
pH and DI Water............................................................................................................................37
Tools in the Laboratory..................................................................................................................38
Ordering Supplies and General Purchasing...................................................................................40
2

Guidelines for Laboratory Reports-EVEN3321
One of the main goals of lab reports is to gain experience and a deeper understanding of
technical writing. Reports are the primary means by which an investigator/scientist
communicates the findings of an experimental or theoretical study to other persons interested in
the work.
THE BASICS
A lab report usually has five parts: Introduction, Procedure, Results, Discussion & Conclusions,
and Acknowledgments.
1. Introduction
In an engineering lab report, the introduction is a section that states both the purpose and the
scientific background of the experiment. When describing the purpose, be sure to talk about
the real-world context of the experiment. Answer the question: Why was this experiment
created? In discussing scientific background, describe the theory and/or mathematics of the
experiment to the best of your abilities.
2. Procedure
In paragraph form, describe the method used to obtain your results. Note that this section
should not be a set of instructions, but a more general description of the experimental
procedure. To strike a balance between reiterating the lab manual versus over generalizing,
write this section so that it’s possible for a peer to replicate the experiment, using a bit of
creativity to fill in the blanks.1 Lab reports, and most especially the procedure section, are
usually written in the passive voice and not the active.
Example:
Active Voice: We poured the acid into the test tube.
Passive Voice: The acid was poured into the test tube.
3. Results
This is the most important part of the lab report. Results do not mean raw data! Show
manipulated data, charts, and graphs that you used to derive your experimental
results/conclusions, and explain in words what those data and figures mean. Compare your
results to expected values. If your results do not meet expectations, you must provide
plausible reasons for the discrepancies.
1 “Writing a Lab Report: Notes to Student Experimenters.” Adapted by D. Mowshowitz from an article in
Biochemical Ed. by D. Blackman, 7: 82 (1979) <http://www.columbia.edu/cu/biology/
faculty/mowshowitz/howto_guide/lab_report.html>
3

4. Discussion & Conclusions
In this section, summarize your findings and address the ramifications of your results. Relate
your findings to the big picture. Since this is an engineering lab, discuss the question: What
real-life problem does this technology solve? Also use this section to delve into related topics
that might interest the reader. What other variables would be interesting to test? What if
certain aspects of the experiment were tweaked? What are some other applications of this
technology?
5. References
If applicable, use this section to identify materials referenced to make your point or locations
or web sites used to obtain any data for analysis or comparisons.
These are the five sections of the lab report. Note that these sections are generally used but are
not absolute. It might make more sense to combine Procedure and Results, or Results and
Discussion. Furthermore, if a laboratory has two parts, you will have to decide whether it is
better to combine the parts into one report, to divide the report into Part A and a part B, or to
write two separate reports.
STYLE2
1. Figures and Tables Figures and tables are to be referenced in the text BEFORE they
appear in the document. Reference them by the figure (or table) number. Try not to use
such phrases as “In the table below...”. Instead say “In Table 1, it can be seen that...”. It
is desirable to have the reference to the figure and the figure itself on the same page. If
that can’t be done, the artwork should be on the next page.
The text on figures must be legible! Do not shrink an original so much that one can’t read the
text. Print in Landscape mode if the artwork does not fit in Portrait mode. Titling a figure as
“Fig. 1” is insufficient. It must have a descriptive title such as: “Fig. 1 pH for Values for…”.
The title for a chart/table is typed ABOVE the table. The title for a figure is typed BELOW the
figure.
After referencing a table in the text, it is better to print the entire table on the following page
rather than printing half on the reference page and half on the following. If a table is very long
and must flow onto a second page, then repeat the table headings on the second page.
2. Use of the Word “Etc.” Using the word “etc.” implies some knowledge by the reader
and should be avoided. In technical writing, the writer tries to convey information and the
2 Many of the following comments on style are adapted from Senior Design Report guidelines,
http://www.ese.upenn.edu/ee442/Reports.pdf written by Phil Farnum
4

less the reader has to fill in, the smaller the chance of his misunderstanding something. If
“etc.” is used, it should be preceded by at least three items in the series and the remaining
items (though not mentioned) should be obvious.
For example, how would you feel if you went into a clothing store and the salesman said, “We
have lots of colored shirts: Red, etc.”? You wouldn’t have the faintest idea if he carried blue or
green shirts. If, however, he had said, “Our shirts come in every color of the rainbow: Red,
orange, yellow, etc.” then you might have more confidence in finding that blue or green shirt.
3. Use of the Words “I” and “We” With few exceptions, one does not use personal pronouns in
technical writing, particularly in a proposal. It’s O.K. if one is speaking for the corporation such
as the General Manager does in his cover letter to the proposal or if one wishes to avoid needless
repetition of terms such as corporate names, customer titles, or job titles. One could argue that
“we” is permissible when speaking about an entire lab group, but the passive voice is more
useful in avoiding this situation.
4. Use of the Words “He”, “She”, and “He/She” With very few exceptions pronouns denoting
gender are not used in technical writing, particularly the politically correct “He/She”. That form
may be OK for a legal document but not for a technical one. Instead of saying “The operator
adjusted his/her chair so that he/she could see the monitor more easily” say “The operator
adjusted the chair so that the monitor could be seen more easily,” or try to reword everything in
the passive voice.
5. Spelling There is no excuse for misspelled words when spell-checkers are readily available.
6. Acronyms Unless an acronym is well know (“USA”) and commonly used in everyday speech,
it should be introduced before being used in text. This introduction is done by spelling the full
name of the acronym and then immediately enclosing the acronym in parenthesis [“Gel
permeation chromatography (GPC) was used to determine…”].
7. Numbers/Percents Write out all numbers less than 10. Write out the word “percent” unless it
is being used in a table.
8. Leading Zero Missing on Decimal Numbers Less Than One It is too easy to miss a decimal
point in text if your eye is not looking for it. There is little distinction between a decimal point
and a stray spec or decimal point. The best way to avoid this problem is to place a “zero” in front
of the decimal point for all decimal numbers with a magnitude less than one.
9. Humor Avoid humor in technical writing, as it is often misinterpreted and appears
unprofessional.
10. Superfluous Wording Delete “fluff” statements such as “I’m happy and excited about this
experiment as it will be the culmination of my wonderful Management and Technology Summer
Institute experience at TAMUK, bringing together all the knowledge I’ve gained in the past three
weeks.”
5

As with all technical writing, your lab reports must be clear and concise. Convince your reader
that you are a competent experimenter and that your results are legitimate. Also, try to keep your
reader interested.
For this course, assume that your reader has basic knowledge of physics, chemistry, and
mathematics. However, do not assume that your reader is familiar with the laboratory equipment
and techniques in the area of the experiment.
MISCELLANEOUS
Formatting
 Reports should be sized appropriate to the experiment depending upon number of the
appropriate tables, illustrations, and graphs placed in the report or are additional and do
not count towards the page limit. Number your pages!
 Use 12 point Times New Roman font for the body of the report. Appropriate margins are
1.25 inches left and right and 1 inch top and bottom.
Labels
 Make sure your report has a title.
 Identify the sections of the report.
 Use numbered labels for figures (i.e. graphs and illustrations) and tables so you can refer
to them more easily within the text.
- It’s best to place figures and tables where they are referenced in the text, although
placing these in an appendix is permissible if appropriate.
- Numbered labels should be placed underneath figures but above tables.
- Figures have Arabic numerals and tables have Roman numerals.
- A caption should appear underneath figures and tables.
Tenses
 Use past tense to describe your experiment (“the beaker was placed…”) and present tense
for permanent truths (“the speed of light is approximately…”).
 Generally use the passive voice (especially for the procedure section). However, it’s fine
to use an active voice when discussing results and when the passive voice becomes too
awkward/wordy.
References
 Cite your sources! Number your citations using superscripts, brackets, or parentheses.
6

A reference must provide enough details so that the reader can find it if he or she wants to
check sources or find additional information. One recommended format for doing is the
Chicago Manual of Style.
See: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html
Lab Report Grading Guidelines
Section Possible Points Score Guidelines
Introduction 10 pts Gives enough background information,
assuming the reader already has a general
knowledge of introductory
mathematics/science.
Procedure 10 pts Good overview, primarily in the passive
voice, of the experimental procedure.
Enough information is given to enable the
reader to replicate the process, without
giving too much superfluous detail.
Results 30 pts Manipulated data, charts, graphs, and
other figures presented with minimal, if
any, raw data. If raw data is essential to
the report, it ideally should be placed in the
appendix. Accuracy may also be taken
into consideration, depending on the lab.
Discussion/Conclusion 30 pts Findings are summarized and the
implications of these results are explained.
How does this affect real-world scientific
fields? What other experiments could be
performed/what additional variables need
to be tested? Were the questions assigned
covered adequately?
Miscellaneous 20 pts Proper format, length, style, etc followed as
listed in the "Lab Report Guidelines." This
section also includes pre-lab assignments,
if any.
100 pts
7

Lab Safety
Lab safety is regarded as a serious issue by TAMUK university and TAMU university system.
This is why a student is required to take an online course and quiz for this material. If necessary,
the lab manager and faculty advisor has the discretion to require additional online training in a
specific area.
For the most part, the important things to remember are:
1. No eating or drinking in the labs.
2. Closed toed shoes (no sandals, or flip-flops).
3. Pants or shorts/skirt beneath the knee. A lab coat can also work but not provided.
Ask your faculty advisor you work for to purchase one for your work.
4. Eye shields/goggles.
5. Label any and all solutions created so they can be identified for proper disposal. If
leaving something on the table, leave a note identifying who owns it.
6. Clean up after yourself. The lab manager and his assistants are not the dishwashers or
clean-up crew.
7. If using sample vials, dispose of the fluid contained. Do not throw the vial out with
any liquid still inside.
8. Satellite waste collection area is the counter next to the right of the fume hood in Lab
239. If you are working on a project and not sure how to dispose of a solution, save it in
an appropriate container and label it.
9. It is the student’s responsibility to read MSDS’s for the chemicals they may be
working with and to understand the necessary precautions.
8

Student's Name: _________________________Student's K Number: ________________
Safety in the Laboratory with Chemical and Physical Hazards
To the student: You are required to read and understand TAMUK's Chemical Hygiene Plan and
take an online lab safety training. Your signature indicates your willingness to abide by these
precautions while working in the laboratory.
1. Work in the laboratory as authorized by your instructor. Do not perform unauthorized
experiments.
2. You are required to were safety goggles/eye hields when performing lab procedures or
operating equipment.
3. Learn emergency procedures and the location of the eyewash and showers and chemical
cleanup materials.
4. If you are injured or any type of accident or fire occurs, immediately notify the lab
manager or other person in charge of the lab.
5. It is your responsibility to know the procedures and risks for your research project and to
plan your work.
6. Wear appropriate clothing and shoes (long pants preferred followed by shorts or skirt
below the knee) and closed toe shoes.
7. Read the MSDS for the chemical you will be working with and familiarize yourself with
the hazard codes.
8. Do not eat, drink, or smoke in the laboratory. Never pipette by mouth.
9. When mixing or heating, point the container away from people. Do use open sources of
flame in the vicinity of flammable liquids. Follow guidelines for storing flammables.
10. Neutralize all acid or alkaline solutions before disposing down the sink.
11. Compressed gas cylinders will be secured to a clamp or the wall. Always remove the
regulator and move cylinders with the cap on.
12. When mixing acid and water, add the acid TO water.
13. Do not dispose organic solvents into the sink. Otherwise, dispose of all chemicals in
manner consistent with federal, state, and local waste disposal regulations. Containers can
be provided for disposal.
9

I have read and will comply with all provisions of the TAMUK online Chemical Hygiene Plan,
and I have completed the online Safety Training. I understand that I am responsible for and will
comply with all of the safety rules on this sheet. I realize all chemicals are potentially dangerous
and will exercise care in handling them. If I am unsure of any potential hazards of any chemical I
will discuss with my adviser or lab manager prior to using the chemical in question.
If I have a medical condition such as, but not limited to, hypo- or hyperglycemia, diabetes,
epilepsy, pregnancy, heart ailments, or any other medical condition which may cause sudden loss
of consciousness, I certify that I am under a doctor's care and that my doctor has given me
explicit permission to participate in laboratory work. I understand that I must also inform my
adviser or lab manager of any such medical condition.
I understand that I must follow all safety precautions when working in the laboratory with
chemicals or laboratory equipment (atomic absorption, ICPMS, gas chromatography, liquid
chromatography, etc).
Sign the student acknowledgment form and return to the lab manager for forwarding copies to
the Environmental Health and Safety Office.
Signature: ______________________________ Date: ________________
10

Grades and Purity of Chemicals
There are thousands of chemicals manufactured for analytical, pharmaceutical, and laboratory
uses. Always check with the method instructions as to grade and purity of chemicals required to
perform an experiment. If an ultra-pure chemical is important, do not substitute for one of lesser
standard. For gases, the initials ‘UHP’ mean ‘ultra-high purity’. If UHP is not needed, specify
‘industrial’ grade instead.
Type of Chemical
Use
Grade
ACS The chemical meets the requirements of the American Chemical Society
Committee on Analytical Reagents.
AR Analytical reagent grade for all general laboratory work
AR Primary
Standard
A specially manufactured analytical reagent of exceptional purity for
standardizing volumetric solutions and preparing reference standards.
AR Select High-purity acids for trace element analysis.
Certified Applies to stains certified by the Biological Stain Commission and bears
their label of certification.
ChromAR Solvents specially purified for use of chromatography
GenAR Use by biotechnology or genetic laboratories.
Mercury Free
Use for mercury determination.
Chemicals
Nanograde Specially controlled for electron captured gas chromatographic (Ge)
techniques, such as pesticide residue analysis, etc.
NF The grade meeting the requirements of the National Formulary
Nitrogen-free
Used for nitrogen compounds analysis.
chemicals:
OR Oq,aTI.ic laboratory chemicals of suitable purity for most research work
and for most general laboratory
purposes. It is the highest grade of the particular chemical generally
ScintillAR Used in liquid scintillometry.
SilicAR Used for column and thin layer chromatography.
SpectrAR Used for Spectrophotometry.
Stand AR A line of prepared solutions including various titrants and atomic
absorption (AA) standards.
TAC/FCC Tested additive chemical/ food chemical codex. Meets the requirement for
food
ch"milcal codex and satisfactory for approved food uses.
Technical A grade suitable for general industrial uses.
USP A grade meeting the requirements of the U.S. Pharmacopeia
11

Lab Equipment in the Environmental Laboratory
Instrument Use/Description Additional Instructions
BALANCE DIGITAL . This instrument allows the user
to quickly and accurately measure
the mass of a substance to a level
of accuracy impossible for
traditional balances to achieve.
This is especially important in
experiments that require precise
amounts of each substance to
achieve the desired results.
CAUTION: Balances are
delicate pieces of equipment.
Never bump or press on the pan
and never exceed the weight
capacity of the balance. Also,
never put a container that is
extremely hot or cold on the
pan.
1. Place the electronic balance on a flat,
stable surface indoors. The precision of the
balance relies on minute factors and wind,
shaky surfaces, or similar forces will cause
the readings to be inaccurate.
2. Press the "ON" button and wait for the
balance to show zeroes on the digital
screen.
3. Use tongs or gloves to place the empty
container you will use for the substance to
be measured on the balance platform.
Fingerprints and other greases from your
hands add mass and must be avoided for
accurate measurements.
4. Press the "Tare" or "Zero" button to
automatically deduct the weight of the
container from future calculations. The
digital display will show zero again,
indicating that the container's mass is
stored in the balance's memory.
5. Carefully add the substance to the
container. Ideally this is done with the
container still on the platform, but it may
be removed if necessary. Avoid placing the
container on surfaces that may have
substances which will add mass to the
container such as powders or grease.
6. Place the container with the substance
back on the balance platform if necessary
and record the mass as indicated by the
digital display.
7. Be patient! Give the balance about 30
seconds to a minute to stabilize.
BEAKERS Beakers are useful as a reaction
container or to hold liquid or solid
samples. They are also used to
catch liquid from titrations and
filtrates from filtering operations.
A Beaker is a cylindrical container
with a pour spout used for mixing and
pouring chemicals.
A beaker is used in chemistry to mix
different chemicals or compounds
together. It is also used to pour specific
amounts of a mixture into a test tube.
12

BINOCULAR
MICROSCOPE
To observe the microscopic
object like plant cell, animal
cell etc
Put the object which you want to
observe, covered it by glass plate.
You can set the objective lens, and
observe the object.
BOD BOTTLE Typically 300-mL. Used to
conduct biochemical oxygen
demand test by incubating
water sample spiked with
nutrients to determine the
amount of oxygen consumed.
13

BUNSEN BURNER Its source of heat.
For most work, a hot plate is
preferred.
If doing biological work, great
sterilizing small items.
Note: The environmental
labs do have a natural gas
supply available.
Lighting the Bunsen burner - Make
sure the rubber tubing is connected
to the Bunsen burner and the gas
jet. Turn the gas valve until it is
parallel to the gas jet. You should
be able to hear the gas flow. Use a
flint striker to cause a spark and
ignite the gas.
Adjusting the Bunsen burner - First,
adjust the height of the flame using
the gas valve at the bottom of the
burner. For a clean burning flame,
more air is required than is
available from the gas exhaust.
The air vents can be adjusted to
produce an inner blue cone in the
flame with no yellow tip. Too little
air produces a sooty, orange-yellow
tipped flame that is quite noisy.
Too much air supply may cause
the flame to separate from the
burner and even blow itself out.
The ideal working flame is bluish-green
with a light blue cone and it
burns quietly.
BURETTE WITH CLAMP
AND STAND
A burette, or buret, is a uniform-bore
glass tube with fine
gradations and a stopcock at the
bottom, used especially in
laboratory procedures for accurate
fluid dispensing and
measurement.
Clamp and stand :
The clamp stand is used to hold
equipment while they are being
used
Fix the burette into the burette holder,
taking care that it is vertical and stable.
Place a beaker underneath the burette.
2. Close the tap, and run some de-ionised
water into the top of the burette.
Let the water clean the inside of the
burette. Open the tap, and allow the
water to drain out. Repeat.
3. Close the tap, and (using the funnel) run
some of the required reagent, e.g.
acid, into the top of the burette. Open
the tap, and allow the reagent to drain
through into the beaker. Repeat.
4. Close the tap, and fill the burette to just
above the 0.00 cm3 mark with the
required reagent. Remove the funnel.
Make sure that there are no air bubbles
inside the burette.
Slowly open the tap, and allow the reagent
to run down to (or just past) the 0.00
cm3 mark.
Close the tap.
5. Remove the beaker, and place a white
tile under the burette. Put a conical
14

flask under the burette, and adjust the
height of the burette so that the tip is
just above the lip of the conical flask.
The burette is now ready for use.
CENTRIFUGE A centrifuge is used for separating
components in a liquid that have
different weights.
Make a counterbalance for the
centrifuge tube you want to put in the
centrifuge. The masses, not volumes,
of the tubes should be as close as
possible! Unbalanced tubes may
permanently damage the centrifuge.
Put the tubes opposite each other in the
centrifuge. If you have more than two
tubes, only the ones opposite each
other have to be equal in mass.
Enter your settings such as rotations
per minute.Remove the tubes carefully
after the centrifuge has completely
stopped spinning. This is so that the
different suspensions do not mix again.
CLAY TRIANGLES A clay triangle is a piece of
laboratory equipment used in
the process of heating
substances. It is used in
conjunction with other lab
equipment to create a stable
framework in which to place a
substance -- usually a solid
chemical -- while it is heated to
a high temperature.
The Clay triangle is placed into the
open triangle gives stability to the
set up to prevent tipping and
spilling the molten contents.
CRUCIBLE WITH LID A crucible is a container that is
used to hold things whilst they are
heated to very high temperatures
and typically melted.
In the school chemistry lab they
are usually small ceramic pots. A
substance is placed in the
crucible. A lid may be used to
cover it. The crucible is heated,
typically with a Bunsen burner. A
support system is usually used
(such as a triangle of pipe clay on
wire placed on a tripod) to
minimize the risk of burns.
A crucible is used to hold small
amounts of chemicals during heating at
high temperatures. The lid covers the
bowl so nothing escapes, or to keep
oxygen out of the reaction.
15

DESICATOR GLASS The dessicator is a very usual
laboratory instrument used to dry
substances or to store dry substances.
Desiccators are sealable
enclosures containing desiccants
used for preserving moisture-sensitive
items. A common use
for desiccators is to protect
chemicals which are hygroscopic
or which react with water from
humidity.
The contents of desiccators are
exposed to atmospheric moisture
whenever the desiccators are
opened. It also requires some time
to achieve a low humidity. Hence
they are not appropriate for
storing chemicals which react
quickly or violently with
atmospheric moisture such as the
alkali metals. A glovebox or
Schlenk-type apparatus may be
more suitable for these purposes.
Desiccators are sometimes used to remove
traces of water from an almost-dry sample.
Where a desiccator alone is unsatisfactory,
the sample may be dried at elevated
temperature using Abderhalden's drying
pistol. In laboratory use, the most common
desiccators are circular, and made of heavy
glass. There is usually a removable
platform on which the items to be stored
are placed. The desiccant, usually an
otherwise-inert solid such as silica gel, fills
the space under the platform.
A stopcock may be included to permit the
desiccator to be evacuated. Such models
are usually known as vacuum desiccators.
When a vacuum is to be applied, it is a
common practice to criss-cross the vacuum
desiccator with tape, or to place it behind a
screen to minimize damage or injury
caused by an implosion.
To maintain a good seal, vacuum grease is
usually applied to the flanges.
DROP PLATE a place to test the chemistry
reaction inlarge quantities.
Put the small substances in drop
plate by dropper/pipette
DROPPERS A dropper is used to dispense
small amounts of a liquid. It is
especially useful when the
amount to be added is very
small and needs to be
measured accurately.
Squeeze the rubber part, put in
liquid, let go of rubber part- you
have liquid in dropper
slowly squeeze out drops
16

DRYING TUBE A drying tube or guard tube
is a tube-like piece of
apparatus used to house a
disposable solid desiccant,
wherein at one end the tube-like
structure terminates in a
ground glass joint for use in
connecting the drying tube to a
reaction vessel, for the purpose
of keeping the vessel free of
moisture from the air from
entering a reaction flask..
The tube-like structure is often
bent and can also widen to
form a bulb/desiccant
reservoir. If the drying tube is
bent the bend is oriented so
that solid desiccant does not
fall into the reaction vessel.
useful as a molecular sieve for running
anhydrous reactions.
EVAPORATING DISH As a container for small
amounts of liquid being
evaporated.
Put the liquid/substances in the
evaporating dish
FLASK, ERLENMEYER Are useful to contain reaction or
to hold liquid samples. They are
also useful to catch filtrates.
Commonly, we can use it by hold the
flask on the neck of it.
17

FLASK, FILTERING
FLASK WITH COLLAR
AND VACUUM TUBING
Vacuum flask can keep heat,
because there is a gap between the
inner and outer walls of the flask.
During the manufacturing process
the air in the gap is extracted and
the opening is sealed - creating a
vacuum between the walls.
Heat transmits rapidly through air
- but a lot less rapidly, in fact only
very, very slowly, through a
vacuum.
A vacuum flask not only keeps
heat in, it also keeps it out. If you
put iced water into a vacuum flask
it will stay cold for a very long
time.
A filter flask is a flask fitted with a
side arm for connecting to a vacuum
source. The flask is used with a
Buchner funnel (a funnel with a flat,
porous bottom). By drawing a vacuum
on the flask, the filtration can be
caused to be faster. The filter flask
looks like a thick glass version of an
Erlenmeyer flask with a side arm for
attaching the vacuum source.
FLASK, VACUUM (OR
FILTERING)
With a funnel setup and vacuum
pump, this is used to filter water
or other liquids.
These are typically made of heavier or
thicker glass or sometimes a plastic.
Always wear eye protection.
FLASK, VOLUMETRIC A volumetric flask is a container that
is used to measure the volume of a
liquid with extremely high accuracy.
It is the best way to measure a
specific quantity of a liquid.
It cannot be used to measure just any
volume (unlike a graduate cylinder)
-- each volumetric flask is designed
to measure one specific volume.
Because of that they come in a
variety of sizes, such as 1 mL, 5 mL,
10 mL, 25 mL, 50 mL, 100 mL, 250
mL, 500 mL, 1000 mL, 2 L, and 5 L.
A volumetric flask is tear-drop
shaped, with a very long neck and a
round section at the bottom (and a
flat bottom so that it stands upright
on a flat surface)
In a volumetric flask, you should also
fill the flask until the bottom of the
Example on an experiment :
· Multiply the molarity by the volume of
the solution and the molar mass of the
compound to calculate the mass of the
substance needed. In our example, the
molar mass of sodium hydroxide is 40
g/mole and the solution volume is 0.5 L
(500 ml). The mass of sodium hydroxide
is 2 mole/L x 0.5 L x 40 g/mole = 40 g.
· Weigh the calculated amount of the
compound (step 1) on the analytical
scale. Carefully transfer sodium
hydroxide into the "500 ml" volumetric
flask.
· Add about 400 ml of the distilled water
into the volumetric flask. Gently swirl
the flask until the sodium hydroxide gets
completely dissolved.
· Add the distilled water slowly to the
volumetric flask until the level of the
liquid almost reaches the volume mark
on the flask neck.
18

meniscus is at the level of the marked
ring around the neck of the flask.
Hold the flask at eye level and
carefully add liquid (drop by drop if
necessary) until the bottom of the
meniscus is exactly at the level of the
marking on the neck of the flask.
· Fill in the plastic pipette with the
distilled water.Lift the volumetric flask
to bring the volume mark to the eye
level. You will see the curved solution
meniscus.Add the distilled water from
the pipette drop by drop until the bottom
of the solution meniscus lines up exactly
with the volume mark.
FLASK, FLORENCE
FLASK, FLAT BOTTOM
Another type of flask. It has a
spherical shape but flat bottom.
FORCEPS To pick up or hold small
objects.
Great for setting up and
removing filters from a
filtration.
FUNNEL, BUCHNER are for funneling liquids from one
container to another or for
filtering when equipped with filter
paper.
Buchner funnels are used to
conduct filtrations very quickly
Essentially, the Buchner funnel
simply speeds up the separation of
solid/liquid mixtures by drawing off
the liquid under vacuum and
catching the solid component on a
piece of filter paper. This basic
concept can save significant
amounts of time compared to the
much slower process of gravity
filtration.
19

FUNNEL, LIQUID &
FUNNEL, SOLID
Glass and HDPE available.
GLASS PLATE To hold the specimen You put a specimen on a glass plate
and then view the specimen under a
microscope. It acts sort of like a
slide.
GRADUATED
CYLINDERS
Used to accurately measure
varying amounts of liquid If
accuracy is important, use this
instead of an Erlenmeyer flask or
beaker.
If glass, try not to let it fall over. To
prevent tipping or knocking it over,
place inside a ring stand.
HOT PLATES A hot plate is an adjustable
heating source which is ideal
for heating beakers,
Erlenmeyer flasks, hot water
baths, and other flat-bottomed
containers. It is essentially an
electric stove top that is used in
the laboratory.
A hot plate or heating mantle
should always be used in place of a
Bunsen burner or other open-flame
source to heat a flammable liquid
20

HYDROMETERS Used to measure the specific
gravity (relative density) of
different liquids.
IRON RING
LIEBIG CONDENSER Used to separate two liquids and
find out what both of them are.
Not typically used in
environmental work.
The liebig condenser is used in
distillation. It allows cold water to run
in the condenser so that the vapour
passing through it can condense.
21

MICROPIPETTE Adjustable pipette for very
accurate dispensing of material.
This will still depend upon the
user’s skill.
Always store upright!
MICROSPATULA Always use a different spatula for
different chemicals.
Disposable spatulas is the
recommended best practice to prevent
cross contamination of chemicals.
MORTAR AND PESTLE Used to crush samples or
chemicals.
PETRI DISH Used to grow bacterial cultures on
agar or other material.
May be plastic or glass and come
pre-sterilized.
22

pH METER Used to measure acidity or
alkalinity of a liquid.
These must be calibrated every so
often for an accurate value. Refer to
the manual for more information.
Never ever store a pH probe in DI
water or dry. Store the probe in an
electrolyte storage solution, or in a ph
buffer of 4 or 7. Again, refer to the
equipment’s manual for proper storage
of the pH probe.
PIPETTE PUMPS Used to dispense small quantities
of liquids.
· Insert the cotton-filled end of a sterile
pipette into the end of a plastic pipette
pump.
o Both pipettes and pumps come in
different sizes. Be sure to use a pump that
can "suck" the quantity of liquid you want
(e.g. 10 ml pump with a 5 ml or 10 ml
sterile pipette).
· Using the wheel at the top of the pump,
raise the white top of the pump
approximately 1 cm BEFORE inserting
the pipette into the liquid.
o This step is necessary in order to create
additional air pressure in the pipette as you
expel the liquid.
· Next, place the tapered tip of the
pipette into the liquid. The tip should be
within the liquid during the pipetting.
· Hold the pipette pump with one hand--
your thumb should be placed on the wheel.
· Use your thumb to rotate the wheel
downward. This will cause the liquid to
rise into the pipette. Do this carefully and
watch the meniscus of the liquid rise to
your desired level.
o Remember: Measure the level of the
liquid at the BOTTOM of the meniscus.
· Next, take the tip of the pipette out of
the liquid and move the entire apparatus to
the place where you desire to put the
measured liquid.
Use your thumb to rotate the wheel
upward. This will cause the liquid to be
dispensed from the pipette. Lower the
white top of the pump all the way to the
pump shaft. Because you created the extra
space before pipetting, the entire contents
of the pipette should be now be dispensed!
23

PIPETTE, DISPOSABLE are used to dispense small
quantities of liquids.
· Squeeze the bulb before
inserting the tip of the pipette into
the liquids of choice.
· Insert the pipette into the
liquid to be moved.
· Release your grip on the
bulb. The liquid will be sucked
into the pipette.
· Move your pipette to the
next container and squeeze the
bulb. Its contents will be pushed
into the container.
PIPETTE, MOHR Mohr pipettes are measuring
devices that have multiple
graduation lines, so you can
use them to measure and
dispense volumes of liquid that
you cannot do with a standard
volumetric pipette.
Insert the non-tapered end of the Mohr
pipette into your pipette aid, so that it fits
snugly and is able to remain inserted
without you having to hold the pipette
itself.
Draw up the fluid you want to transfer
vertically into the Mohr pipette using the
pipette aid, so that the the bottom of the
curve created by the top of the fluid (also
known as the meniscus) is precisely at the
top graduation mark. No matter what size
Mohr pipette you are using, the top
graduation mark on it will be 0 milliliter
(ml).
Determine, based on the amount of fluid
you want to transfer, at which graduation
mark on the Mohr pipette you should stop
the meniscus of the fluid while you are
dispensing. For example, if you want to
transfer 6 ml of fluid from a full 10 ml
Mohr pipette, you will want the meniscus
to stop at the 6 ml graduation mark.
Dispense the fluid in your Mohr pipette
using the pipette aid, stopping when the
meniscus reaches the graduation mark that
corresponds to the volume of fluid you
want to transfer.
24

PLASTIC WASH BOTTLE For dispensing small quantities
of distilled water or other
liquid.
Press the bottle and then the water
will be go out
REAGENT BOTTLE
RING STAND WITH RING
CLAMPS
are for holding pieces of
glassware in place.
In chemistry, a ring stand places a
heated sample above the direct
flame of a Bunsen burner.
Clamps and ring stands are used to
hold glassware and apparatuses in
place. For example, clamps are
frequently used to hold round-bottom
flasks, condensers, thermometers,
addition funnels, etc. Ring stands may
be used for larger diameter items,
including separatory funnels, filter
funnels, wire gauze etc.
25

SEPARATORY FUNNEL Used to separate liquids of two
different densities. Typically to
separate aqueous from organic
solvents that are not miscible in
water.
SPECTROPHOTOMETERS measure the absorbance or
tran smittance of a liquid
sample.
Follow manufacturer’s instructions.
These will require vials made from a
specific glass. Always make sure to
remove prints with a Kimwipe or other
material for wiping glass without
scratching it.
STIRRER/HOT PLATE
AND STIR BARS
The function of hot plate with
stirrer :
a) Stirring a solution with the
magnetic stirrer
b) Simultaneously heating the
same solution
Stirring a solution with the
magnetic stirrer
b) Simultaneously heating the
same solution
Stir bars :
A magnetic stir bar is used to stir
a mixture on a stir plate. The stir
plate contains a magnet that spins,
causing the magnetic stir bar to
spin and stir the mixture. Many
hot plates also have this feature
built in.
Magnetic Stirrer :
Place the magnetic stir bar into the
flask or beaker by gently sliding it
along the wall of the vessel. Make
sure that the plate is relatively cool
initially, and that the stirrer is off
before placing the vessel onto the
plate.
Place the flask onto the plate and
turn on the stirrer. Use a low setting
at first, and increase the rate of
stirring if necessary. Do not stir the
solution too rapidly. If using
thermometer, clamp it in place so
that the thermometer's tip does not
come into contact with the stir bar
or the sides of the vessel.
Hot Plate :
26

Place the vessel containing the
liquid to be heated on the plate. If
the liquid should be stirred while it
is being heated, the vessel should
contain a magnetic stir bar. Turn on
the hotplate using the heating
control knob. The red light to the
left of the knob flashes to indicate
the heat setting.
STIRRING RODS
SYRINGE Used to dispense precise amounts
of a liquid. Glass syringes used
with gas chromatography.
CAUTION! Exercise prudence when
using a syringe. Do not poke yourself
or a colleague. Always point away
from others. Dispose of syringe tip in a
plastic container labeled for sharp
objects.
TEST TUBE BRUSH made with nylon bristles
attached to a twisted-wire
shaft, used to knock the
bottoms out of test tubes.
It is a brush that is long and
narrow to clean the inside of
glassware, in particular test
tubes.
make test tube brush get in and get
out from test tube to clean the test
tube.
TEST TUBE RACK A test tube holder is used in a
laboratory and it is used to
hold/support test tubes containing
chemicals waiting for further
operations. Although it is called a
test tube holder, it is also used to
hold/ support pipettes, etc.
Since a test tube has a rounded
Test tube racks are used to support the
test tubes but unlike the test tube
holder, it can store the test tubes
without anyone who will hold the rack.
27

bottom, it cannot stand by itself;
the rack is a convenient and
necessary piece of laboratory
equipment for the storage of test
tubes.
TEST TUBES
TONGS are similar in function to forceps but
are useful for
larger items.
Laboratory tongs are large pincers
for grasping and lifting vessels of
heat-resistant material used in high
temperature chemical reactions. They
can be used to hold or pick up many
items, but work best as tongs for
picking up a hot evaporating dish.
Crucible tongs are welded steel tools
used to lift a hot crucible from a
furnace or for other items you may
not want to handle with your hands.
Crucible tongs may also be used to
prevent any inaccuracies regarding
mass measurements as any moisture
or oil will affect the readings and
accuracy.
Beaker tongs are best used to hold a
hot beaker.
Pick up hot glassware without heat
protection and your skin will be
injured. This is as true in the
laboratory as it is in your kitchen.
Lab tongs, part of a range of
laboratory safety equipment, help
you move hot ceramics and
glassware safely. Lab tongs are a
type of forceps designed to grip
laboratory items used during a
heating process. Opening and
closing lab tongs is an intuitive
action. You will avoid accidents by
always using the tongs during
heating experiments. You can
handle lab tongs safely by
complying with some basic safety
procedures.
VACUUM PUMP With some rubber or vinyl hose
connections, these are typically used
to provide a vacuum for filtering
material through a filter.
28

WATCH GLASS for holding small samples or
for covering beakers or
evaporating dishes.
WIRE GAUZE WITH
CERAMIC CENTER
Wire gauze can be used to support a
container (such as a beaker or flask)
during heating. When the bunsen
burner flame is beneath it, with a
tripod, the wire gauze helps to spread
the flame (and heat) out evenly over
the container.
It is frequently used in combination
with an iron ring and ring stand with
a bunsen burner underneath it (see the
Related Questions for more
information about an iron ring, ring
stand, and bunsen burner & tripod).
A clay triangle serves a similar
purpose, except that a clay triangle is
used for a crucible instead.
On a bunsen burner tripod.
It is for the beaker or other container.
29

Care of pH Probes and Meters
Always follow the manufacturer’s instructions for the care and handling of a pH probe and
meter. The cost of a pH meter with probe can be anywhere from a few hundred dollars up to two
or three thousand.
The replacement pH probe for some most meters is anywhere from $150 to $300. Proper storage
will prolong the life of the pH probe.
Do’s:
• Be sure you always store your pH probe in a moist environment, at
the least, to prevent it from drying out.
• Water-saturated air is the minimum you would need to store your
probe in a short-term situation. Short-term is three weeks or less.
• The best way to store your probe when not in use is submerged in pH
4 buffer or pH storage solution. This is also recommended for long-term
storage, which is longer than three weeks.
• Do develop a routine maintenance program that includes
reconditioning the pH probe prior to the field season.
• Do maintain good calibration records to track your probes
performance.
Don’ts:
• Never store pH Probe submerged in DI water. It will dilute the
internal electrolyte and shorten the probe’s life.
• Never allow your probe to sit in dry air for extended periods of time.
If the probe has been improperly stored or allowed to dry out, it is
very likely the probe will need to be replaced.
• Be sure to prevent probes from being subjected to below freezing
temperatures or exposed to excessive heat.
• When cleaning, avoid using a brush or any other material that could
scratch the surface of the glass bulb. Scratches will affect your
probe’s stability.
Reference: http:// www.ysi.com/media/support/YSI-Making-Good-pH-Measurements-
web.pdf
30

Filtering Material
Equipment: Filtration glassware, lab stand, (2) laboratory clamps, a vacuum flask, rubber
stopper, 0.45 micron filter paper or glass fiber.
31

Using a Balance
There are various models of balances used in the environmental laboratories. Beware of the
weight capacity of any scale that is used. For example, some balances can only go up to 200g to
600 grams more or less. Check the nameplate on the balance for model number and the
maximum capacity of the scale. The balances can cost up to $3000 or more depending upon
application and extra features.
Too heavy a load on the pan can damage the balance!
The scales are all electronic, so typically there is Mylar keypad that has power button and a
‘Tare’ button for adjusting back to zero. Some of the scales are on a heavy stone to reduce
vibration.
When weighing, be gentle and give some time for the scale to adjust to a stable value since it is
affected by vibrations or breath of air.
To check for accuracy of the scale, ask the lab manager about the metal weights to check the
scale.
Another way to measure for accuracy of the scale is take exactly 1-mL of DI water and weight it
in a container after taring the scale. Remember, 1-mL of DI water is exactly 1-gram.
32

What type of tape do I use?
There are several different type of materials identified as ‘tape’. There is duct tape, electrical
tape, Teflon tape, Scotch (cellophane) tape, laboratory tape, etc.
TAPE RECOMMENDED USES
Duct Tape Great all around for a temporary fix to
hold a couple things together or patch a
hole. Does not last long out in the heat
or sun.
Do not use to cover electrical
connections.
Electrical Tape Primarily used to cover bare electrical
connections. Can be used to
temporarily fasten other things
together as well.
Always use this for electrical
connections (200VAC, 110VAC, 12VDC)
since it is rated for electrical use to
provide insulation and resistance to
high temperatures.
33

Cellophane Tape This is the stuff for sticking pieces of
paper or cardboard together or maybe
fixing a pair of broken glasses
temporarily. Does not hold up well to
heat or sunlight.
Do not use to cover electrical wiring
connections.
Laboratory Tape Typically used to put labels on
glassware, plastic containers, and other
items in the lab. A black marker or pen
will usually work to write on this
material. Does not hold up well to heat
or sunlight.
Do not use to cover electrical
connections.
34

Teflon Tape Not really ‘tape’ since it does not have a
sticky side or any adhesive material. It
comes in small rolls as pictured and is
typically used to provide a leak proof
connection on threaded materials like
iron pipe, copper pipe, PVC pipe. If
connecting a brass or copper thread
into stainless steel or screwing together
to SS fittings, Teflon tape should be
used. Wrap a about 1 or 2 times but not
too thick to create a tighter seal.
35

De-Ionized (DI) Water
Water specifications are described by ASTM (American Society for Testing and
Materials) D1193, ASTM D5196, ISO (International Organization for
Standardization) 3696 and CLSI®(Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute
(formerly NCCLS)C3-A4. For the engineering labs, ASTM D1193 is our guide.
There is recirculating DI water system that outputs Type I water at 18 Mega-Ohms
to each of the labs. The DI faucet is mounted to the left side of the sink, the cold
and hot taps mounted at the rear.
In Lab 239, there is Barnstead ultra-pure unit plumbed from the DI water faucet. It
is used to provide another level of purity and this water is typically used for the
ICPMS, Ion Chromatography, HPLC and biological preparations. It is designed to
provide 0.055 us/cm conductivity water.
Figure 1: Barnstead water unit.
This unit is limited to only a few liters per day of water, so don’t try to fill more than a couple
liters at a time.
36

pH and DI Water
Since DI is an abbreviation for ‘De-Ionized’ water, it stands to reason there should be almost no
ions available to measure an accurate pH.
Here are a couple links about the topic of pH and DI water:
http://www.vernier.com/til/1286/
Why doesn't my pH Sensor read pH 7 in distilled or
deionized water?
“pH electrodes will NOT give accurate pH values in distilled or deionized water. This is because
distilled and deionized water do not have enough ions present for the electrode to function
properly. The readings will drift and be essentially meaningless. pH buffers are the best solutions
in which to test your pH electrodes. Tap water usually has enough ions present to allow a pH
electrode to function properly. Because of this, tap water is a good short term (~24 hours)
solution for storage.
Also, keep in mind that water (distilled, deionized, or tap) is NOT "pure" (i.e., pH equal to 7).
The moment it comes in contact with air, CO2 gas begins dissolving into it, forming carbonic
acid. The actual pH, therefore, will often be slightly less than 7.
If you need to accurately measure the pH of a very pure sample of water, the ionic strength of the
water can be adjusted without changing the pH of the water. These pH Ionic Strength Adjusters
(pHISA), can be purchased from Thermo Scientific, www.thermo.com.”
http://www.coleparmer.com/TechLibraryArticle/556
“Water that has very few ionic species is said to be low in alkalinity, ionic strength, or to have
low conductivity/high resistivity, such as with distilled or deionized (DI) water. And due to the
varying junction potentials that develop across the reference junction, when attempting to
measure DI water it is common to attain different pH values even with new, sealed electrodes
that calibrate perfectly in pH buffers.”
37

Tools in the Laboratory
This is too broad topic to cover with this manual, but here is a link to a free 368 page PDF
document that explains the difference between a crescent wrench and allen wrench, a phillips
screwdriver from a flathead screwdriver and many other tools. It also has many pictures.
http://www.hnsa.org/doc/pdf/tools.pdf
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Safety and safety equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. Reading measuring scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. Toolboxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5. Dividers.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. Calipers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7. Micrometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8. Rules and steel tapes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9. Miscellaneous measuring tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10. Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11. Plumb bobs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12. Scribers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13. Squares. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14. Surface, depth, and height gages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15. Ring and snap gages and gage blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16. Miscellaneous measuring gages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17. Pliers and tongs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18. Vises. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19. Clamps.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20. Jacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21. Hammers, mallets, and mauls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22. Screwdrivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23. Manual drills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24. Screw and tap extractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25. Wrenches.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26. Chisels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27. Punches.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28. Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29. Grinders and sharpening stones. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30. Scrapers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31. Awls.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32. Bolt and cable cutters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33. Glasscutters.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34. Knives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35. Pipe cutting and threading tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36. Tube cutting and flaring tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*This manual supersedes TM 9-243.14 September 1960, and TO 32-l-101.19 April 1945.
Change 1 i
TM 9-243
37. Shears and nippers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38. Taps and dies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39. Reamers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40. Benders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41. Pullers.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42. Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43. Mattocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38

44. Gasket cutters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45. Chopping tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46. Saws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47. Brushcutting tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48. Timber handling tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49. Climbing tools.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50. Planes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51. Digging tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52. Electrical power tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53. Miscellaneous tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
APPENDIX A
References.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ALPHABETICAL INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39

Ordering Supplies and General Purchasing
Here some sites and places the department uses. These are not exclusive and
we do have the option to purchase from other vendors.
VWR: https://us.vwr.com/
This company has a vast supply for chemicals and gloves, and other stuff. We get
free shipping on most things and a discounted price. One has to have a log in
account to check if there is a price discount.
Fisher Scientific: http://www.fishersci.com/
Same as VWR.
Grainger: http://www.grainger.com/
Grainger is an industrial supply company with thousands of products. This also
includes safety equipment like VOC masks and gloves. They also sale plumbing,
tools, fans, pumps, and too many other things to list. TAMUK gets a 10% discount
but we still pay shipping.
Cole Parmer: http://www.coleparmer.com/
We have no state contract for free shipping, but this site has some stuff we can’t
find elsewhere.
McMaster Carr: http://www.mcmaster.com/#
Locally: Sears, Lowe’s, HEB, Tractor Supply Company, Wal Mart, , McCoy’s,
Radio Shack, Harbor Freight (Corpus Christi), Interstate Batteries (Corpus Christi)
Cathey and I have a credit card so we can help you order items for your project.
Remember when ordering something make sure to be specific (description, catalog
number, price). We also need an account number to charge to if applicable.
40

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