Lab 1 solid determination

Abstract:
In this experiment we will use techniques to define the various types of solids in a
water and waste water such as weighting and filtration techniques to determine some
common concentration which include TS, TVS, TFS, TSS, FSS, VSS, TDS and
TVDS. These parameters indicate the quality of water, in general as this
concentration increase the quality will be effected.
The experiment results, indicate that surface water has the highest concentration then
mixed water and the top water have the lowest concentration because its treated
water. The other techniques involve evaporation at 105c, combustion conducted at
550c and finally filtration.
Three water samples will be used: tap water, surface waters and mixed, for each
type of water the following parameters will be determined.
Introduction:
Environmental engineering is concerned with the solid material in a wide range of
natural waters and
wastewaters. The usual definition of solids (referred to as "total solids") is the matter
that remains as residue upon evaporation at 103~105°C.
Solids can be classified as organic biodegradable and organic – biodegradable and
inorganic solids.33
The various components of "total solids" can be simplified as
follows:
Total Solids (TS) are the total of all solids in a water sample. They include the total
suspended solids and total dissolved solids. Total Suspended Solids (TSS) are the
amount of filterable solids in a water sample.
Samples are filtered through a glass fiber filter. The filters are dried and weighed to
Picture: 1

determine the amount of total suspended solids in mg/l of sample. Total Dissolved
Solids (TDS) are those solids that pass through a filter with a pore size of 2.0
micron. or smaller.They are said to be non-filterable. After filtration the filtrate
(liquid) is dried and the remaining residue is weighed and calculated as mg/l of
Total Dissolved Solids.
The total solids (TS) contents of wastewater are used in the design and process
control of wastewater treatment facilities.
Total dissolved solids (TDS) are used to evaluate the suitability of water for both
domestic supplies and industrial purposes. The total suspended solids (TSS),
including the volatile fraction (VSS), are commonly monitored to evaluate the
degree of pollution in natural waters and serves as a key process control parameter
for wastewater treatment operation.
Objective:
To become familiar with the measurement and interpretation of total, dissolved,
suspended, and volatile solids.
Apparatus:
 Porcelain dish ,100 ml
 Aluminum Evaporating dishes with capacity 25ml
 Drying oven (179-181C)
 Analytical balance ,semimicro to 0.1 mg
 Glass fiber filter disk
 Filtration apparatus with vacuum filtration apparatus and vacuum source Tweezer
 Muffle furnace at 550C
 Steam bath or Vacuum oven
 Drying oven (103-105C)
 Desiccator

Sample:
Sample from a Tap water
Sample from wastewater effluent
Laboratory prepared sample of :
Glucose 500mg/l
Na2CO3 500mg/l
NaCl 500mg/l
Bentonite 250mg/l
Picture:2 Apparatus

Procedure:
Total solids(TS)
1. Ignite a clean evaporating dish at 550C in a muffle furnace for 1 hr.
2. Cool the dish, weigh and keep it in a desiccator.
3. Transfer carefully 50ml of sample into the dish and evaporate to dryness on
a steam bath
4. Place the evaporated sample in an oven adjusted at 103C and dry it for 1hr.
5. Repeat drying at 103C till constant weight is obtained.
 Total volatile solids:
1. Ignite the above dish with residue at 550˚C for 15 min.
2. Allow the dish to cool partially in air aid transfer to a desiccator.
3. Weight till constant weight is obtained.
 Suspended solids(TSS)
1. With tweezers transfer pre washed and predrilled filter from the
desiccator to a balance and determine tare weight to nearest 0.1 mg. Drying
and weighing should continue until a content weight is recorded.
2. Place the filter in a Millipore filtration apparatus or equivalent, and apply
suction.
3. Pour through 50ml of the sample
4. Wash sample container, filter holder and filter edges sequentially with
tow 10ml portions of distilled water and suction the water through the filter.
5. Carefully remove the filter with tweezers
6. Dry the filter for 1 hr .at 103˚C in the oven
7. Cool the filter in dish in a desiccator.
8. Weigh the filter to nearest 0.1-mg, repeat the drying and weighing till
constant weight is obtained.
 Volatile suspended Solids (TVS)
1. Place the filter with residue in a per ignited pre cooled and pre weighed
evaporating dish.
2. Ignite the above dish with residue on the filter for 30 min at 550˚C
3. Allow the dish to cool partially in air and transfer to a desiccator for
further cooling.
Test additional water samples by the same procedure
 Total dissolved Solids

 Use data of total solids and suspended solids for calculation of total
dissolved solids.( appendix)
 Total volatile dissolved solids
 Use the data of total volatile solid and volatile suspended solids for
calculation of total volatile solids.( appendix)
Picture: 3 procedure

Data and Results:
*Weight of crucible cup : 18.6 g
*Weight of filter paper : 0.9055 g
*Weights after drying process for 24 hours:
*Crucible cup: 18.6655 g.
*Filter paper: 0.9066 g.
*Weights after ignition process for 1 hour:
*Crucible cup= 18.6553 g
*Fikter paper= 0.9065 g
Table 1:
parameter
TS(mg/L) 1.31
TVS(mg/L) 0.204
TFS(mg/L) 1.106
TSS(mg/L) 0.022
FSS(mg/L) 0.02
TDS(mg/L) 1.288
Conclusion:
*The water samples were not suitable for the drinking because of the high
content of the T.D.S. and the low of T.S.S. .but T.V.S. were lower than T.F.S.
The values in this experiment is theoretical values but not the exact
values this is cause due to some errors such that :
*Some personal errors like reading errors, The dishes were not clean
*Filtration can be used to separate small size solids (less than 1-1.2µ) from
suspended solids, and by using high temperature 550C the organic material
could be destroyed.
*The recovery of temperature is very important, for instance at 180C thermal
decomposition of some ammonium salts occur.
Combustion method differentiate between organic and inorganic material.

References:
*Lab manual
*class notes
Appendix:
Sample Calculations:
Total solids = (wt of residue + evaporation dish ) – (dish Tare weight )
T.S. = (18.6655 – 18.6) * (1000 / 50) = 1.31 (mg/L)
Total volatile solids = (wt of residue + evaporated dish ) - (wt of residue
+ dish after ignition at 550°C )
T.V.S. = 1.31-1.106= 0.204 (mg/l)
Total fixed solids = (wt of residue + dish after ignition at 550°C ) – (dish
Tare weight )
T.F.S. = (18.6553 – 18.6) * (1000 / 50) = 1.106 (mg/L)
Total suspended solids = (wt of residue + filter after drying at 103°C) -
(wt of dried filter)
T.S.S. = [(0.9065) – (0.9055)] * (1000 / 50) = 0.022 (mg/L)
Total dissolved solids = total solids – total suspended solids
T.D.S. = 1.31– 0.022 = 1.288 (mg/L)
F.S.S=(0.9065-0.9055)*(1000/50)=0.02 (mg/L)

Jordan University of Science and Technology
Faculty of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
“Environmental lab”
“Solid Determination”
Experiment (1)
Student Name: Anas Mohammad Maghayreh.
Student ID: 20120023117.
Section #:1
Submission Date: 6/7/2015.
Submitted to: Dr. hani abu qdaies

Lab 1 solid determination

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