Chapter 3 topic and the representation of discourse content
- 1. Chapter III Topic and The Representation of Discourse Content A. Najib Tuanany
- 2. Content Discourse Fragments and Notion “Topic” // Setential Topic and Discourse Topic 01 Informal ways of expressing the topic // Relevance and speaking topically02 Topic Boundaries Markers // Discourse Topic and Representation of Discourse Content 03 Memory for text-content:story grammars // Representing text-content as a network 04
- 3. 1. Discourse Fragments and Notion “Topic” // Sentential Topic and Discourse Topic
- 4. Where does one part of a conversation end and another begin? Ways for Identifying the boundaries: Formulaic expressions below can be used explicitly to mark the boundaries of fragment. 1.Once upon the time…… 2.They lived happily ever after. On the other hand, the analyst is forced to depend on intuitive notions about where one part of conversation ends and another begins.
- 5. What is Topic? According to Nunan (1993) topic is “the subject matter of a text.” For DA the notion of topic is “an intuitively satisfactory way of describing the unifying principle which makes one stretch of discourse “about” something and the next stretch “about” something else” (Brown & Yule, 1983: 70) Notion Topic 2016 Existing definitions of topic Defining topic from the viewpoint of form, structure Defining topic from the viewpoint of content
- 6. A. Sentential Topic According to Hockett, a distinction can be made between the topic and comment in a sentence, in that ‘the speaker announces a topic and then says something about it. In English and the familiar languages of Europe, topics are usually also subjects and comments are predicates. For example: (1). John / ran away (2). That new book by Thomas Guernsey / I haven’t read yet. .
- 7. B. Discourse Topic If a distinction is often made between the sentence topic, i.e. what a sentence is about, and a discourse topic, i.e. what a discourse is about.
- 8. 2. Informal Ways of Expressing the Topic // Relevance and Speaking Topically // Speaker’s Topic
- 9. INFORMAL WAYS OF EXPRESSIN THE TOPIC Topic Framework Sentential topic and the presupposition pools Presupposition pools
- 10. Relevance and speaking topically The elements in topic framework and the interrelationships between them have been identified , the analyis has some basis for judgments of relevance with regard to convensational contributions. What we have characterised as a convention of convensational discourse – ‘making your contributions relevant in term of the existing topic framework’- could be capture more succintly in the expression speaking topically.
- 11. SPEAKER’S TOPIC Each expresses a personal topic within the general topic framework of the conversation as a whole.
- 12. 3. Topic Boundaries Markers // Discourse Topic and Representation of Discourse Content
- 13. Topic Boundaries Marker The purpose of knowing topic boundaries marker is to notice topic shift. There are two types of discourse with each own boundary marker :
- 14. Written Discourse Paragraphs For instance : notice the adverbial expression 1. Written Discourse Adverbial Expression : Syntactic function to modify other expression. such as : Concession (with, although, though, even though, whether – or) We went outside even though it was raining. Condition (with if, unless, on condition that, provided – providing that) Sue won't come to the party unless we invite Trevor.
- 15. 2. Spoken Discourse Spoken Discourse Paratones Indentation Paratones is, A particular sequence of tone concerning sentence type, sentence break, etc. Example : introductory expression ; phonological prominent whole of the first clause ; uttered in raised pitch end of a paratone ; marked to the turn signal (low pitch)
- 16. Discourse Topic and Representation of Discourse Content 01 Discourse topic Discourse Content 02 The representation of Discourse content is the components of discourse topic 03 Representation of discourse content also known with the notion proposition
- 17. Whereas in logic the proposition is often held to present the invariant meaning expressed in a sentence. It also be known as “once-off” interpretation Psychologist who produce text content analysis define proposition as what a person have in their minds after they read a piece of text
- 18. 4. Memory for text- content:story grammars // Representing text-content as a network
- 19. MEMORY FOR TEXT- CONTENT : Story Grammars. 03 Content Here Content Here The majority of discussion have been concerned with how the content of text is processed in comprehension, stored in memory, and subsequently recalled. In the promotion of particularly representation-format for the content of text, however the criteria are typically to do with the amount and accuracy of recall protocols
- 20. Rumelhart (1977). Present the three structure diagram. As representation of how we comprehend the content of the story fragment : MARRY HEAR THE ICE CREAM MAN COMING DOWN THE STREET. SHE REMEMBERED HER BIRTHDAY MONEY AND RUSHED INTO THE HOUSE Several part of this representation should be noted. A pseudo- propositional format us used to characterize node in the diagram Not all nodes are rewritten, and some nodes maybe yet rewritten A large number of these nodes contain elements which are not in the text, such as CAUSE and Desire.
- 22. REPRESENTING TEXT-CONTEN AS A NETWORK Beaugrande (1980). The relevan metaphor is computational and has its origins in the sentences- parsing models of Throne (1969). The processing operation which the Beaugrande put forward is a procedural model which establishes a network relation between elements in the “text- world”.
- 23. The relationship between elements , represented by the connecting links are grammatical relation such as “head-modifier” and are reminiscent of the non deep structure relation found in the systematic grammar.
- 24. Conclusion 2 3 1 For the analyst, these connections can signal the coherence relations which make each contribution relevant to the discourse as a whole. Therefore, if sentence only see by the subject and predicate while discourse is more than that. It is emphasis on the result of interaction between the speaker and the hearer, or the writer and the reader. Topic is the subject matter of a text. There are two kinds of topic such as sentential and discourse topic. Usually, people refers topic as the subject while comment as the predicates in a sentence.
- 25. Thank you