Study of single pulse width modulated inverter and sinusoidal pulse width modulated inverter using low pass filter and comparison of the respective total harmonic disto
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This document presents a comparative study of single pulse width modulated (SPWM) inverters and sinusoidal pulse width modulated (SPWM) inverters, focusing on total harmonic distortion (THD) reduction in output voltages. It discusses the advantages and drawbacks of both techniques, highlighting how SPWM can achieve near-sinusoidal outputs while reducing harmonics, aided by a low pass filter. Additionally, the research outlines future works including hardware implementation and comparisons with various carrier wave types.
![International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science (IJLTEMAS)
Volume VI, Issue IV, April 2017 | ISSN 2278-2540
www.ijltemas.in Page 142
Study of Single Pulse Width Modulated Inverter and
Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulated Inverter using
Low Pass Filter and Comparison of the Respective
Total Harmonic Distortion of Output Voltages using
FFT Technique.
Sunnie George Baroi[1]
, Sourodip Banerjee[2]
, Saswata Samanta[3]
, Rohitashya Banerjee[4]
,Shilpi Saha[5]
[1], [2], [3], [4]
B.Tech in Electrical Engineering , Hooghly Engineering And Technology College, West Bengal
[5]
Professor in Electrical Engineering , Hooghly Engineering And Technology College, West Bengal
Abstract- This paper highlights the problems associated with
single pulse width modulation, the most important being high
harmonic content in output voltage. A comparative study with
Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation Technique is done
highlighting the reduction in Total Harmonic Distortion of the
output voltage waveform.
Keywords- Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation(SPWM), Total
Harmonic Distortion(THD), Fast Fourier Transform(FFT)
Analysis, Carrier Wave Frequency, Modulating Index(MI), Low
Pass Filter(LPF).
I. INTRODUCTION
he DC to AC power converters are known as inverters. In
other words, an inverter is a circuit which converts a DC
power into an AC power at desired output voltage and
frequency. The conversion is achieved by controlled turn-on
and turn-off devices like BJT’s, MOSFET’s, IGBT’s, etc or
by forced commutated thyristors, depending on applications.
Some of the important industrial applications of inverters
are as follows:
Variable speed AC motor drives.
Aircraft power supplies.
Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS).
Induction heating.
Battery vehicle drives.
Regulated voltage and frequency power supplies, etc.
The output voltage waveform obtained from an inverter
contain harmonics which is undesirable. The presence of
harmonics reduces the power quality and hampers
sophisticated electronic devices.
II. PULSE WIDTH MODULATED INVERTER
For internal control of an inverter, we use Pulse-width
modulation technique [1]. It uses a switching
scheme within the inverter to modify the shape of the output
voltage waveform.
Advantages:
The advantage of using Pulse-width modulation
technique is that the lower order
harmonics in the output voltage gets eliminated [1].
The filtering requirements are minimized as higher
order harmonics can be filtered easily [1].
The output voltage can be controlled easily by
modifying the width of the pulses.
There are various pulse width modulation technique
(PWM) among which sinusoidal pulse width modulation
(SPWM) is discussed here.
III. SINGLE PULSE WIDTH MODULATION
In Single-pulse width modulation, the gating signals are
generated by comparing a rectangular reference signal with a
triangular carrier wave thus producing only one pulse per half
cycle of the output voltage.
T
Output Voltage Waveform](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/studyofsinglepulsewidthmodulatedinverterandsinusoidalpulsewidthmodulatedinverterusinglowpassfilteran-170505073319/85/Study-of-single-pulse-width-modulated-inverter-and-sinusoidal-pulse-width-modulated-inverter-using-low-pass-filter-and-comparison-of-the-respective-total-harmonic-disto-1-320.jpg)
![International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science (IJLTEMAS)
Volume VI, Issue IV, April 2017 | ISSN 2278-2540
www.ijltemas.in Page 143
Advantages:
Single pulse width modulated inverters are relatively
cheap.
It can work with ordinary light bulbs, fans.
Disadvantages:
The main drawback in this type of voltage control
scheme is the introduction of harmonics in the output
voltage.
Because of the above disadvantages of single pulse width
modulation, Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation Technique is
adopted. The harmonics content in the output voltage is
reduced.
IV. SINUSOIDAL PULSE WIDTH MODULATION
In sinusoidal pulse width modulation, several pulses per
half cycle are used. Instead of maintaining the width of all the
pulses the same, the width of each pulse is varied
proportionally to the amplitude of a sine wave [1]. Sinusoidal
pulse width modulation technique is the most advanced
control technique for Pulse Width Modulation.
Sinusoidal pulse width modulation technique is adopted
in order to reduce the harmonic content of output voltage and
to obtain an electrical near sinusoidal output voltage. Near
sinusoidal output voltage is very desirable especially in high
power applications. In SPWM technique, the carrier signal is a
high frequency triangular wave and it is compared with the
reference sinusoidal signal. By comparing, the gating pulses
are generated which are then applied to the switching devices.
Where Vc is the high frequency carrier wave.
Vr is the reference sinusoidal signal.
Vo1 is the fundamental component of output voltage
of frequency 50Hz.
Vi is the instantaneous output voltage.
Advantages:
The output voltage obtained is near sinusoidal.
The harmonic content in the output voltage is
reduced.
V. SQUARE WAVE INVERTER
A square wave inverter produces a square-wave AC
voltage of a constant magnitude. In case of single pulse width
modulation, taking the modulating index as 1, results in a
square wave output voltage.
The output voltage waveform of a square-wave inverter is
shown below.
Advantages:
Square wave AC output voltage of an inverter is
adequate for low and medium power applications.
Square wave inverters are comparatively cheaper
than other advanced type of inverters. So it is
suitable for medium and low power applications with
considerable reduction in cost.
Disadvantages:
The main drawback of this type is that the output
voltage can only be varied by controlling the input
DC voltage. Thus internal control of the inverter is
not possible. Moreover, the output voltage
waveforms of an ideal inverter should be sinusoidal.
The output voltage contains undesirable harmonics.
VI. LOW PASS FILTER
The Low Pass Filter – the low pass filter only allows low
frequency signals from 0Hz to its cut-off frequency, ƒc point
to pass while blocking those any higher.
π
2π](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/studyofsinglepulsewidthmodulatedinverterandsinusoidalpulsewidthmodulatedinverterusinglowpassfilteran-170505073319/85/Study-of-single-pulse-width-modulated-inverter-and-sinusoidal-pulse-width-modulated-inverter-using-low-pass-filter-and-comparison-of-the-respective-total-harmonic-disto-2-320.jpg)
![International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science (IJLTEMAS)
Volume VI, Issue IV, April 2017 | ISSN 2278-2540
www.ijltemas.in Page 145
Fig.6: THD of Output Voltage Waveform for SPWM Inverter with Filter.
Harmonic Analysis of Output Voltage Waveform for
Single Pulse Width Modulated Inverter:
Fig.7: THD of Output Voltage Waveform for Single Pulse Width Modulated
Inverter.
IX. REVIEW OF PREVIOUS WORK
Due to rapid growth of photovoltaic (PV) power
generation, highly efficient and cost effective pure sine wave
inverters are greatly demanded in the local market. In the
referenced paper [4], based on the simulation result in PSIM
software, a low ripple and almost 97% efficient single-phase
pure sine-wave inverter for PV application has been designed
and implemented which has a total harmonic distortion (THD)
of less than 0.6%.
The referenced paper [5] focuses on design and
development of SPWM three-phase voltage source inverter in
MATLAB/SIMULINK. Pulse Width Modulation variable
speed drives are mainly applied in many industrial
applications that require better performance. In the referenced
paper [3] simulation and analysis of sinusoidal PWM Inverter
fed Induction motor is carried out. The THD and fundamental
voltage is measured at varying modulation indexes.
X. FUTURE WORK
The future work of this project includes the following aspects:
The hardware implementation of Sinusoidal PWM
inverter for domestic loads.
To compare the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
of a Sinusoidal PWM inverter for carrier waves with
different natures such as trapezoidal-triangular,
inverse sine wave etc.
TYPE OF INVETER FILTER USED TOTAL
HARMONIC
DISTORTION(THD)
Single Pulse Width
Modulated Inverter
Passive Low
Pass filter 17.76%
Sinusoidal Pulse Width None 55.08%
Modulated Inverter Passive Low
Pass Filter
10.45%
XI. CONCLUSION
Due to the presence of huge harmonic content in the
output voltage waveform in the order of frequency of the
carrier wave used, with the introduction of a low pass filter
the THD is greatly reduced, unlike the case of single pulse
width modulated inverter where the reduction is
comparatively lower.
REFERENCES
[1]. K. Lakshmikhandan, Andy Srinivasan, and M. Dharani, “Improved
SPWM Modulation Technique to Reduce Harmonic Distortion in
Voltage Source Converter”, International Journal of Innovation and
Scientific Research, ISSN 2351-8014 Vol. 25 No. 1 Jun. 2016, pp.
8-14
[2]. Prof R. Kameswara Rao ,P. Srinivas ,M.V. Suresh Kumar, “Design
and Analysis of Various Inverters Using Different PWM
Techniques”, The International Journal Of Engineering And
Science (IJES)
[3]. Swati P. Awate, N.B.Wagh, “Sinusoidal PWM Inverter fed
Induction Motor Drive”, International Journal of Engineering
Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 31 Number 5- January
2016
[4]. Ahmed Sony Kamal Chowdhury, M. Shamir Shehab, M. Abdul
Awal, M. Abdur Razzak, “Design and Implementation of a Highly
Efficient Pure Sine-Wave Inverter for Photovoltaic Application”
[5]. Rajesh Kumar Ahuja, Amit Kumar, “Analysis, Design and Control
of Sinusoidal PWM Three Phase Voltage Source Inverter Feeding
Balanced Loads at Different Carrier Frequencies Using MATLAB”,
International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,
Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Vol. 3, Issue 5, May
2014.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/studyofsinglepulsewidthmodulatedinverterandsinusoidalpulsewidthmodulatedinverterusinglowpassfilteran-170505073319/85/Study-of-single-pulse-width-modulated-inverter-and-sinusoidal-pulse-width-modulated-inverter-using-low-pass-filter-and-comparison-of-the-respective-total-harmonic-disto-4-320.jpg)
Study of single pulse width modulated inverter and sinusoidal pulse width modulated inverter using low pass filter and comparison of the respective total harmonic disto
- 1. International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science (IJLTEMAS) Volume VI, Issue IV, April 2017 | ISSN 2278-2540 www.ijltemas.in Page 142 Study of Single Pulse Width Modulated Inverter and Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulated Inverter using Low Pass Filter and Comparison of the Respective Total Harmonic Distortion of Output Voltages using FFT Technique. Sunnie George Baroi[1] , Sourodip Banerjee[2] , Saswata Samanta[3] , Rohitashya Banerjee[4] ,Shilpi Saha[5] [1], [2], [3], [4] B.Tech in Electrical Engineering , Hooghly Engineering And Technology College, West Bengal [5] Professor in Electrical Engineering , Hooghly Engineering And Technology College, West Bengal Abstract- This paper highlights the problems associated with single pulse width modulation, the most important being high harmonic content in output voltage. A comparative study with Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation Technique is done highlighting the reduction in Total Harmonic Distortion of the output voltage waveform. Keywords- Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation(SPWM), Total Harmonic Distortion(THD), Fast Fourier Transform(FFT) Analysis, Carrier Wave Frequency, Modulating Index(MI), Low Pass Filter(LPF). I. INTRODUCTION he DC to AC power converters are known as inverters. In other words, an inverter is a circuit which converts a DC power into an AC power at desired output voltage and frequency. The conversion is achieved by controlled turn-on and turn-off devices like BJT’s, MOSFET’s, IGBT’s, etc or by forced commutated thyristors, depending on applications. Some of the important industrial applications of inverters are as follows: Variable speed AC motor drives. Aircraft power supplies. Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS). Induction heating. Battery vehicle drives. Regulated voltage and frequency power supplies, etc. The output voltage waveform obtained from an inverter contain harmonics which is undesirable. The presence of harmonics reduces the power quality and hampers sophisticated electronic devices. II. PULSE WIDTH MODULATED INVERTER For internal control of an inverter, we use Pulse-width modulation technique [1]. It uses a switching scheme within the inverter to modify the shape of the output voltage waveform. Advantages: The advantage of using Pulse-width modulation technique is that the lower order harmonics in the output voltage gets eliminated [1]. The filtering requirements are minimized as higher order harmonics can be filtered easily [1]. The output voltage can be controlled easily by modifying the width of the pulses. There are various pulse width modulation technique (PWM) among which sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) is discussed here. III. SINGLE PULSE WIDTH MODULATION In Single-pulse width modulation, the gating signals are generated by comparing a rectangular reference signal with a triangular carrier wave thus producing only one pulse per half cycle of the output voltage. T Output Voltage Waveform
- 2. International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science (IJLTEMAS) Volume VI, Issue IV, April 2017 | ISSN 2278-2540 www.ijltemas.in Page 143 Advantages: Single pulse width modulated inverters are relatively cheap. It can work with ordinary light bulbs, fans. Disadvantages: The main drawback in this type of voltage control scheme is the introduction of harmonics in the output voltage. Because of the above disadvantages of single pulse width modulation, Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation Technique is adopted. The harmonics content in the output voltage is reduced. IV. SINUSOIDAL PULSE WIDTH MODULATION In sinusoidal pulse width modulation, several pulses per half cycle are used. Instead of maintaining the width of all the pulses the same, the width of each pulse is varied proportionally to the amplitude of a sine wave [1]. Sinusoidal pulse width modulation technique is the most advanced control technique for Pulse Width Modulation. Sinusoidal pulse width modulation technique is adopted in order to reduce the harmonic content of output voltage and to obtain an electrical near sinusoidal output voltage. Near sinusoidal output voltage is very desirable especially in high power applications. In SPWM technique, the carrier signal is a high frequency triangular wave and it is compared with the reference sinusoidal signal. By comparing, the gating pulses are generated which are then applied to the switching devices. Where Vc is the high frequency carrier wave. Vr is the reference sinusoidal signal. Vo1 is the fundamental component of output voltage of frequency 50Hz. Vi is the instantaneous output voltage. Advantages: The output voltage obtained is near sinusoidal. The harmonic content in the output voltage is reduced. V. SQUARE WAVE INVERTER A square wave inverter produces a square-wave AC voltage of a constant magnitude. In case of single pulse width modulation, taking the modulating index as 1, results in a square wave output voltage. The output voltage waveform of a square-wave inverter is shown below. Advantages: Square wave AC output voltage of an inverter is adequate for low and medium power applications. Square wave inverters are comparatively cheaper than other advanced type of inverters. So it is suitable for medium and low power applications with considerable reduction in cost. Disadvantages: The main drawback of this type is that the output voltage can only be varied by controlling the input DC voltage. Thus internal control of the inverter is not possible. Moreover, the output voltage waveforms of an ideal inverter should be sinusoidal. The output voltage contains undesirable harmonics. VI. LOW PASS FILTER The Low Pass Filter – the low pass filter only allows low frequency signals from 0Hz to its cut-off frequency, ƒc point to pass while blocking those any higher. π 2π
- 3. International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science (IJLTEMAS) Volume VI, Issue IV, April 2017 | ISSN 2278-2540 www.ijltemas.in Page 144 Here a resistor inductor low pass filter driven by a voltage source is used to reduce the harmonics. VII. CONTROL TOPOLOGY Matlab Simulink model for Single Pulse Width Modulated Inverter(for MI=1): Output Waveforms: Fig1.: Voltage & Current w.r.t. time for Single Pulse Width Modulated Inverter with Passive Filter. Control Signals for SPWM Inverter: Fig.2: i) Carrier Triangular Signal(Green) & Reference Signal(Blue). ii) Gating Signal to Mosfets 1 and 3. iii) Gating Signals to Mosfets 2 and 4. Matlab Simulink model for Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulated Inverter with Low Pass Passive Filter(with cut-off frequency=50Hz) : Output Waveforms: Fig.3: Output Voltage & Current Waveforms w.r.t. time Without using Filter. Fig.4: .: Output Voltage & Current Waveforms w.r.t. time With Filter Circuit. VIII. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Harmonic Analysis of Output Voltage Waveform for SPWM Inverter without Filter: Fig.5: THD of Output Voltage Waveform for SPWM Inverter without Filter. Harmonic Analysis of Output Voltage Waveform for SPWM Inverter with Filter:
- 4. International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science (IJLTEMAS) Volume VI, Issue IV, April 2017 | ISSN 2278-2540 www.ijltemas.in Page 145 Fig.6: THD of Output Voltage Waveform for SPWM Inverter with Filter. Harmonic Analysis of Output Voltage Waveform for Single Pulse Width Modulated Inverter: Fig.7: THD of Output Voltage Waveform for Single Pulse Width Modulated Inverter. IX. REVIEW OF PREVIOUS WORK Due to rapid growth of photovoltaic (PV) power generation, highly efficient and cost effective pure sine wave inverters are greatly demanded in the local market. In the referenced paper [4], based on the simulation result in PSIM software, a low ripple and almost 97% efficient single-phase pure sine-wave inverter for PV application has been designed and implemented which has a total harmonic distortion (THD) of less than 0.6%. The referenced paper [5] focuses on design and development of SPWM three-phase voltage source inverter in MATLAB/SIMULINK. Pulse Width Modulation variable speed drives are mainly applied in many industrial applications that require better performance. In the referenced paper [3] simulation and analysis of sinusoidal PWM Inverter fed Induction motor is carried out. The THD and fundamental voltage is measured at varying modulation indexes. X. FUTURE WORK The future work of this project includes the following aspects: The hardware implementation of Sinusoidal PWM inverter for domestic loads. To compare the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of a Sinusoidal PWM inverter for carrier waves with different natures such as trapezoidal-triangular, inverse sine wave etc. TYPE OF INVETER FILTER USED TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION(THD) Single Pulse Width Modulated Inverter Passive Low Pass filter 17.76% Sinusoidal Pulse Width None 55.08% Modulated Inverter Passive Low Pass Filter 10.45% XI. CONCLUSION Due to the presence of huge harmonic content in the output voltage waveform in the order of frequency of the carrier wave used, with the introduction of a low pass filter the THD is greatly reduced, unlike the case of single pulse width modulated inverter where the reduction is comparatively lower. REFERENCES [1]. K. Lakshmikhandan, Andy Srinivasan, and M. Dharani, “Improved SPWM Modulation Technique to Reduce Harmonic Distortion in Voltage Source Converter”, International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, ISSN 2351-8014 Vol. 25 No. 1 Jun. 2016, pp. 8-14 [2]. Prof R. Kameswara Rao ,P. Srinivas ,M.V. Suresh Kumar, “Design and Analysis of Various Inverters Using Different PWM Techniques”, The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES) [3]. Swati P. Awate, N.B.Wagh, “Sinusoidal PWM Inverter fed Induction Motor Drive”, International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 31 Number 5- January 2016 [4]. Ahmed Sony Kamal Chowdhury, M. Shamir Shehab, M. Abdul Awal, M. Abdur Razzak, “Design and Implementation of a Highly Efficient Pure Sine-Wave Inverter for Photovoltaic Application” [5]. Rajesh Kumar Ahuja, Amit Kumar, “Analysis, Design and Control of Sinusoidal PWM Three Phase Voltage Source Inverter Feeding Balanced Loads at Different Carrier Frequencies Using MATLAB”, International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Vol. 3, Issue 5, May 2014.