IT infrastructure and Network technologies for Midterm

IT Infrastructure and Network
Technologies
Midterm
Instructor: Mark John P. Lado

The classes of IPv4 addresses
The different classes of the IPv4 address are the
following:
1) Class A address
2) Class B address
3) Class C address
4) Class D address
5) Class E address

Class A Address
The first bit of the first octet is always set to zero. So
that the first octet ranges from 1 – 127. The class A
address only include IP starting from 1.x.x.x to
126.x.x.x. The IP range 127.x.x.x is reserved for loop
back IP addresses. The default subnet mask for class
A IP address is 255.0.0.0. This means it can have 126
networks (27-2) and 16777214 hosts (224-2).

Class B Address
Here the first two bits in the first two bits is set
to zero. Class B IP Addresses range from
128.0.x.x to 191.255.x.x. The default subnet
mask for Class B is 255.255.x.x. Class B has
16384 (214) Network addresses and 65534
(216-2) Host addresses.

Class C Address
The first octet of this class has its first 3 bits set
to 110. Class C IP addresses range from
192.0.0.x to 223.255.255.x. The default subnet
mask for Class C is 255.255.255.x. Class C
gives 2097152 (221) Network addresses and
254 (28-2) Host addresses.

Class D Address
Class D has IP address range from 224.0.0.0
to 239.255.255.255. Class D is reserved for
Multicasting. In multicasting data is not
intended for a particular host, but multiple ones.
That is why there is no need to extract host
address from the class D IP addresses. The
Class D does not have any subnet mask.

Class E Address
The class E IP addresses are reserved for
experimental purpose only for study. IP
addresses in the class E ranges from
240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.254. This class too
is not equipped with any subnet mask

IPv4 and IPv6
How to determine whether the IP
is version 4 or version 6?

IPv4 and IPv6
Each number can be zero to 255.
For example for IPv4
1.160.10.240

IPv4 and IPv6
IPv6 addresses are 128-bit IP
address written in hexadecimal
and separated by colons.

IPv4 and IPv6
An example IPv6 address could be
written like this:
3ffe:1900:4545:3:200:f8ff:fe21:67cf

Self Check
1. There are how many classes of IPv4?
2. What are those classes?
3. In the Class A IP Address, the first bit of the
first octet is always set to what number?
4. In the Class A IP Address, the first octet
ranges from 1 to?

Self Check
5. The 127 in Class A IP Address is reserved
for?

The Internet Etiquette
Visiting a province or another country
would require you learn its culture. What
do you think should you learn first if you
are to successfully interact with the
locals?

Etiquette is a standard that states the
conduct that you should carry when in
public or in a particular culture. Etiquette
serves as your ticket for entering the gate
of a new culture.

It may take a long time before you can
actually travel on your own but getting into the
Internet community would simply require you
a computer and an Internet connection.
Although simple as it may seem, the Internet
community actually has its own culture that
you need to abide by.

Netiquette - Activity
What do you think are the things you should do
in order to be able to interact smoothly with
other people in the Internet?
Create your own rules that you think are
important for each category for the next slide.

1. E-mail
2. Forums
3. Chat
4. General Internet Use

Form groups with 4 members each. Present
your work to the other members. They shall do
the same. Make sure that you listen carefully
and find out if your ideas are similar or different
from your group mates’. Afterwards, the group
should be able to combine all the ideas of the
members on Internet etiquette.

Each group should present their ideas by
discussing their output to the entire class. Each
members should listen carefully to the reporter
to find out which of their ideas are similar.

The Core Rules of Netiquette
1. Remember the human.
2. Adhere to the same standards of behavior
online that you follow in real life.
3. Know where you are in cyberspace.
4. Respect other people's time and bandwidth.

5. Make yourself look good online.
6. Share expert knowledge.
7. Help keep flame wars under control.
8. Respect other people's privacy.

9. Don't abuse your power.
10. Be forgiving of other people's
mistakes.

Computer Networks
Modern world scenario is ever changing.
Data Communication and network have
changed the way business and other
daily affair works. Now, they highly rely
on computer networks and internetwork.

Computer Networks
A set of devices often mentioned as
nodes connected by media link is
called a Network.

Computer Networks
A node can be a device which is capable of
sending or receiving data generated by other
nodes on the network like a computer, printer
etc. These links connecting the devices are
called Communication channels.

Computer Networks
Computer network is a telecommunication
channel using which we can share data with
other computers or devices, connected to the
same network. It is also called Data Network.
The best example of computer network is
Internet.

In a network there must be a criteria,
what do you think are those?
Give at least three.

A network must be able to meet certain
criteria’s, these are mentioned below:
Performance
Reliability
Security

Computer Networks: Performance
It can be measured in the following ways:
Transit time : It is the time taken to travel a
message from one device to another.
Response time : It is defined as the time
elapsed between enquiry and response.

Computer Networks: Performance
Other ways to measure performance are :
Efficiency of software
Number of users
Capability of connected hardware

Computer Networks: Reliability
It decides the frequency at which
network failure take place. More the
failures are, less is the network's
reliability.

Computer Networks: Security
It refers to the protection of data from any
unauthorized user or access. While travelling
through network, data passes many layers of
network, and data can be traced if
attempted. Hence security is also a very
important characteristic for Networks.

Self Check
1. What are the three criteria's on a
network?
2. Is a set of devices often mentioned as
nodes connected by media link is called
what?

Self Check
3. Elaborate each criteria on a network;
A. Performance
B. Reliability
C. Security

Properties of a Good Network
Interpersonal Communication:
We can communicate with each other
efficiently and easily.
Example: emails, chat rooms, video
conferencing etc., all of these are possible
because of computer networks.

Resources can be shared:
We can share physical resources by
making them available on a network such
as printers, scanners etc.

Sharing files, data: Authorized users
are allowed to share the files on the
network.

Basic Communication Model
A Communication model is used to
exchange data between two parties.
For example:
communication between a computer,
server and telephone (through modem).

Source
Data to be transmitted is generated by
this device, example: telephones,
personal computers etc.

Transmitter
The data generated by the source system is
not directly transmitted in the form its
generated. The transmitter transforms and
encodes the data in such a form to produce
electromagnetic waves or signals.

Transmission System
A transmission system can be a single
transmission line or a complex network
connecting source and destination.

Receiver
Receiver accepts the signal from the
transmission system and converts it into a
form which is easily managed by the
destination device.

Destination
Destination receives the incoming data
from the receiver.

Self Check
On a clean ½ cross wise yellow
pad paper. Answer the following.

Self Check
1. Discuss the following properties of a good
network.
A. Interpersonal Communication
B. Resources can be shared
C. Sharing files, data

Self Check
2. What is a Communication model?
3. Draw the flow of the basic communication
model.

Self Check
4. Define the following in communication model.
A. Source
B. Transmitter
C. Transmission System
D. Receiver
E. Destination

Data Communication
The exchange of data between two
devices through a transmission medium
is called Data Communication. The
data is exchanged in the form
of 0's and 1's.

Data Communication
For data communication to occur, the
communication device must be a part of a
communication system. Data Communication
has two types - Local and Remote which are
discussed in the next slide:

Data Communication
Local
Local communication takes place when
the communicating devices are in the
same geographical area, same building,
or face-to-face etc.

Data Communication
Remote
Remote communication takes place over
a distance i.e. the devices are farther.

Data Communication: Remote
The effectiveness of a data communication can
be measured through the following features :
Delivery: Delivery should be done to the
correct destination.
Timeliness: Delivery should be on time.
Accuracy: Data delivered should be accurate.

Components of Data
Communication

Components of Data Communication
Message: It is the information to be
delivered.
Sender: Sender is the person who is
sending the message.
Receiver: Receiver is the person to
whom the message is being sent to.

Components of Data Communication
Medium: It is the medium through which
the message is sent. For example: A
Modem.
Protocol: These are some set of rules
which govern data communication.

Self Check
1. What is Data Communication?
2. What are the two types of Data
Communication?

Self Check
3. Define Local in Data Communication
4. Give a concise discussion of Remote in
Data Communication

Self Check
5. Give the five Components of Data
Communication.

Line Configuration in Computer
Networks

Networks
A Network is nothing but a connection
made through connection links between
two or more devices. Devices can be a
computer, printer or any other device that
is capable to send and receive data.

Networks
There are two ways to connect the
devices:
Point-to-Point connection
Multipoint connection

Point-To-Point Connection
It is a protocol which is used as a
communication link between two devices.
It is simple to establish. The most
common example for Point-to-Point
connection (PPP) is a computer
connected by telephone line.

Point-To-Point Connection
We can connect the two devices by
means of a pair of wires or using a
microwave or satellite link.
Example: Point-to-Point connection
between remote control and Television for
changing the channels.

Multipoint Connection
It is also called Multidrop configuration. In
this connection two or more devices share
a single link.

Multipoint Connection
There are two kinds of Multipoint
Connections:
If the links are used simultaneously between
many devices, then it is spatially shared line
configuration.
If user takes turns while using the link, then it
is time shared (temporal) line configuration.

Self Check
1. Give a brief and concise
discussion of what is Network.

Self Check
2. In the Line Configuration in
Computer Networks, what are the
two ways to connect the devices?

Self Check
3. Discuss and draw a diagram
A. Point-To-Point Connection
B. Multipoint Connection

IT infrastructure and Network technologies for Midterm

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