Diffuse reflectance nir of plaque intracoronary device
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This document discusses using diffuse reflectance near infrared spectroscopy to analyze atherosclerotic plaque via an intracoronary device. It begins with an overview of spectroscopy and how light interacts with tissues. Near infrared spectroscopy can determine the chemical composition of plaque and has been used to measure pH, lactate, and other markers. The goal is to combine these techniques into a "photonic catheter" that can characterize plaque vulnerability in vivo by measuring temperature, pH, lactate and other physio-chemical properties, as well as structural features with contrast agents. The document outlines previous related research and a prototype intravascular near infrared spectroscopy catheter developed by the authors.
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Cluster analysisCluster analysis
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Diffuse reflectance nir of plaque intracoronary device
- 1. Diffuse Reflectance Near Infrared Spectroscopy of Atherosclerotic Plaque, Progress With an Intracoronary Device (Part Two) Vulnerable Plaque Research Program, University of Texas Houston and Texas Heart Institute
- 2. TOC: ♦ Electromagnetic Spectrum and Spectroscopy ♦ Emission Spectroscopy (Thermography) ♦ Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy ♦ Raman, and fluorescence Spectroscopy ♦ Structural/chemical Imaging vs. Functional Imaging (pH, lactate, free radicals…) ♦ The goal of combined “Photonic Catheter”
- 3. What is electromagnetic radiation? Electromagnetic radiation is a form of energy, sometimes called optical energy. The most familiar form of electromagnetic radiation is visible light. However, there are many other forms of electromagnetic radiation including: •Gama rays •X-rays •Ultraviolet Light •Infrared Light •Microwaves •Radio Waves
- 4. Spectroscopy Basics In general, spectroscopy is the use of the electromagnetic spectrum to perform physical or chemical analysis E=hc/λ
- 5. Spectroscopy = The interaction of light with various materials
- 6. Energy is either absorbed, transmitted, or reflected by molecules present in sample
- 7. 1) Non-ionizing radiation (light) is used to interrogate sample. Example wavelengths: ♦ Visible 0.4 – 0.7 microns ♦ Near-Infrared 0.7 – 2.5 microns ♦ Mid-Infrared 2.5 – 10 microns 2) Wavelengths are separated for detection 3) Detector converts intensity to voltage signal as a function of wavelength
- 8. The human eye is a crude reflectance spectrometer A modern spectrometer, however, can measure finer details over a broader wavelength range and with greater precision. Thus, a spectrometer can measure absorptions due to more processes than can be seen with the eye.
- 10. Light can reveal much about tissue without ever damaging or changing it’s structure. Light can be delivered/collected via optical fibers which can access remote sites within the body via endoscopic catheters. Visible light penetrates only a few mm through tissues. Near infrared light penetrates only a few cm through tissues.
- 11. This is both a strength and a weakness. It is a weakness because light can only interrogate limited volumes of tissues. It is a strength because much of the body consists of thin tissue layers, therefore optical techniques are well-suited for localized interrogation of tissue layers. In our case, studying arterial wall and atherosclerotic plaque which are well within millimeters, it works perfectly.
- 12. Near Infrared Spectroscopy has come to be widely used to determine the composition of a variety of materials ranging from human and animal feeds to foods. Quality control of products, e.g. lean from fat, fake arts and antiques from originals and so many other industrial applications…
- 13. Old Technique New Application
- 14. •Oximetry to assess blood oxygenation. •Monitoring hyperbilirubinemia in jaundiced neonates using reflectance. •Locating early cancer in the lung, colon, cervix, and other tissues using fluorescence. •Assessing blood perfusion and oxygenation of the brain during child birth. •Measuring glucose by optical measurements of skin. •Detecting a pneomothorax in neonates. •Detecting atheromatous plaque in blood vessels using NIR, fluorescence, and IR Raman.
- 15. Combining spectroscopy with imaging yields a spectrally weighted image that is used or functional mappings: •Mapping blood perfusion •Mapping brain hemorrhage •Mapping tissue oxygenation •Mapping the redox potential of tissues
- 16. Hyperspectral Imaging California Institute of Technology
- 17. Pioneering works: Focus on lipid, calcium, and collagen analysis: ♦ Feld et.al. (MIT) – Raman spectroscopy: currently working on building Raman fiber optical catheter – FTIR spectroscopy: only ex-vivo pathological identification ♦ Lodder et al. (Univ. of Kentucky) – NIR Catheter to study in-vivo rabbits cholesterol contents;
- 18. In vivo determination of the molecular composition of artery wall by intravascular Raman spectroscopy. Buschman et al. The Netherlands Intravascular ultrasound combined with Raman spectroscopy to localize and quantify cholesterol and calcium salts in atherosclerotic coronary arteries. Romer et al, The Netherlands
- 19. Optical detection of triggered atherosclerotic plaque disruption by fluorescence emission analysis. Christov et al Ontario, Canada. Time-resolved Fluorescence reflectance spectroscopy Grundfest et al, UCLA NIR spectroscopy and Partial Least Squares for total cholesterol Jaross et.al., Germany Photo Dynamic Therapy “Photo-Angioplasty”! Pharmacyclics Inc. Others:
- 20. Fluorescence spectrum analysis of atherosclerotic plaque using doxycycline. Miyagi M et al. Japan Small branch starches – dextran and other photonic dies yet to come What about photonic contrast media?
- 21. NIR Spectroscopic Survey of 30 Human Carotid Endartherectomized Plaques
- 25. Near Infrared Spectroscopy Sensitivity 0.002 and Accuracy 0.016 pH unit J Clin Monit 1996 Sep;12(5):387-95 Non-invasive measurement of tissue pH using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Soller et al. University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester 01655, USA. Optical measurement of tissue pH: Patent #5,813,403
- 26. NIR Spectrum of Lactate 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 wavelength (nm) arbitraryunits(absorbance)
- 27. Diffuse Reflectance NIR Spectroscopy ♦ Absorption is due to combinations and overtones of fundamental vibrations ♦ Reflectance Mode: path length varies for different tissues and wavelengths ♦ Catheter geometry and optical coupling important ♦ Small source-detector separations: light penetrates tissue while restricting volume interrogated plaque interface to spectrometer ~3 mm
- 28. Tissue Penetration Study ♦ NIR reflectance off mirror 100% signal ♦ Tissue stacks placed on probe end ♦ Incremental increase in signal with mirror ~50 um slices Aortic tissue Mirror-Enhanced Reflectance Tissue Absorption & Scattering Mirror Fiber Probe
- 29. Plaque Measurements ♦ Full spectrum absorbance data (400-2500 nm, FOSS NIRSystems) ♦ 24 gauge needle thermistors (Cole-Parmer model 8402-20) ♦ 750 µm diameter pH electrodes (Microelectrodes, MA) ♦ Punch needle biopsy 1 – 5 mg pieces for lactate assay ♦ Measurements on plaque in 37° incubator ♦ Histology on the rest of the plaque °C pH spectrometer 10-20 m m ~2 mm
- 30. Size ~3F Length 1.5m Fiber Material Low OH polyimide coated silica fibers Fiber Diameter 100-140 x 10^-6 m Total Number of Fibers 39 Illumination Fibers 13 Receiving Fibers 26 Side Looking Tip 0.5 mm width Near Infrared Spectroscopy Catheter (Prototype I)
- 32. Catheter Tipped with a Side Looking Silvered Conical 0.5 mm Mirror cm0.5mm
- 34. Small Diameter Probe ♦ Preliminary visible/NIR spectra (UMass Worcester) Visible Spectra 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 Wavelengt h Fibrofatty Ulcerated FTNIR Plaque 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 w avelength A.U. fibrofatty ulcerated area
- 35. Large Diameter Probe: Full Spectrum of Rabbit Aortic Arch Aortic Arch -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 400 550 700 850 1000 1150 1300 1450 1600 1750 1900 2050 2200 2350 2500 wavelength absorbance aortic arch WHHL 0.9 mm NZ aortic arch WHHL New Zealand
- 36. Area 2: Fibrous Area 1: Thrombus Area 3: Calcified/Mixed
- 39. Spectral ClassificationSpectral Classification Full range spectra: 400-2500 nm classification of spectralFull range spectra: 400-2500 nm classification of spectral signaturesignature Cluster analysisCluster analysis Principal components analysis for data and noisePrincipal components analysis for data and noise reductionreduction K-means algorithmK-means algorithm KK clusters,clusters, mm objects,objects, nn variablesvariables Mahalanobis distance metric (co-variance taken intoMahalanobis distance metric (co-variance taken into account)account) PC1 PC2 x [ ] 211 b)(ab)(a −•−= − CovD T
- 40. Yesterday’s Dream, Today’s Plan, Tomorrow’s Catheter! “Infrared Catheter” providing the following critical information about plaque: ♦ 1- Temperature (IR) ♦ 2- physio-chemical properties (pH, lactate, free radicals, oxidized lipids, oxidized collagen… with NIR) ♦ 3- physio-pathological features (with photonic contrast media and tracers)
- 42. Join us at: Research @ the Speed of Thought
Editor's Notes
- #35: Jaross FT-NIR with a fiber optic probe tissue penetrations up to 750 um Feld Raman spectroscopy with a fiber optic probe penetration is deeper into lipid core; logistic regression for classification Lodder NIR custom assembly / imager lipoproteins, cholesterols using laser diodes and non-linear optics for tunability around 1600 and 1700 nm also dispersive spectrometer analysis of formalin-fixed specimens