![It is my privilege to present the print version of the [Volume 3, Issue 3] of our Journal ofAutomobile
Engineering and Applications (JoAEA), 2016. The intension of JoAEA Journal is to create an
atmospherethatstimulatesvision,researchandgrowth intheareaofMechanicalEngineering.
Timely publication, honest communication, comprehensive editing and trust with authors and
readers have been the hallmark of our journals. STM Journals provide a platform for scholarly
research articles to be published in journals of international standards. STM journals strive to publish
qualitypaperinrecordtime,makingitaleaderinserviceandbusiness offerings.
The aim and scope of STM Journals is to provide an academic medium and an important reference
for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high level learning, teaching
andresearchinalltheScientific,TechnicalandMedicaldomains.
Finally, I express my sincere gratitude to our Editorial/ Reviewer board, Authors and publication
team for their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the form of
authoring write ups/reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the
journals.With regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish
qualityResearch/Reviewsfindingsfor our customersbase.
Ihopeyouwillenjoyreadingthisissue andwewelcomeyourfeedbackonanyaspectof theJournal.
Dr.ArchanaMehrotra
ManagingDirector
STM Journals
Director's Desk
STM JOURNALS](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/automobilevol3issue3-170214111909/85/Journal-Automobile-Engineering-Application-vol-3-issue-3-8-320.jpg)
![JoAEA (2016) 1-7 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
Journal of Automobile Engineering and Application
ISSN: 2455-3360(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
A Review of Aerodynamics Effects to a Vehicle
Bhanu Prakash Panwar*
Department of Mechanical Engineering, H. R. Institute of Technology, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
Technical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract
This paper summarizes the contributions made to the special issue on aerodynamics and
whole design procedure in order to assure the achievement of the expected objectives in terms
stability and handling. In this paper after a short introduction about the aerodynamics of
vehicle further aspects of coefficient drag, lift coefficient and its impact on acceleration as
well as the velocity of a vehicle will be described along with mathematical formula and
illustrated diagrams as well. Attentions will be focused on the methods, both experimental and
computational those are presently available to obtain the desired aerodynamic drag influence
to a vehicle. In particular, the calculated drag number of different cars also provided in an
arranged tabular form, with this new derived technology of aerodynamic testing from BMW
also described in this paper. A sight of possible future development and research in this field
also suggested.
Keywords: Aerodynamics, drag and drag coefficient, lift coefficient, impact on velocity and
acceleration, testing of aerodynamics
INTRODUCTION
When objects move through the air, forces are
generated by the relative motion between the
air and surfaces of the object. Aerodynamics is
the branch of engineering which deals with the
study of these forces, generated by the motion
of air, usually aerodynamics are categorized
according to the type of flow as subsonic,
hypersonic, supersonic, etc. It is essential that
aerodynamics be taken into account during the
design of a vehicle as an improved
aerodynamics in the vehicle would attain
higher speeds and more fuel efficiency [1].
To ensure that the aerodynamics factor of a
vehicle is all-correct, generally vehicles are
designed lower to the ground, and during their
process of designing the designers always
keep in mind that corners or edges should not
be sharp. They rounded off so that air passage
is easily feasible. Other components like
wings, spoilers are also integrated into a
vehicle for enhancing factor of aerodynamics.
Efficient methods like wind tunnel testing are
used to examine the aerodynamics of a vehicle
along with this illustrated computational
software are also developed to ensure the
precise and efficient aerodynamics design.
AERODYNAMICS OF VEHICLE
Automobile industry commences with an idea
of using aerodynamic body shapes in the
primitive part of their history. As technology
develop frequently and engines become more
puissant and vehicles become faster. Designers
and engineers analyze that flow of wind
significantly hinders their velocity. Sports car
section among automotive world are the first
who adapt aerodynamic or streamlining and
their outstanding performance influence others
to think about this particular phenomenon.
“Regarding the aerodynamics of a racing car,
Dr. Joe David, professor of mechanical and
aerospace engineering, and known as “Mr.
Stock Car” at North Carolina State University
said, “Most of the horsepower generated by a
racing engine is eaten up by the high-pressure
air pushing the front of the car and the low-
pressure air—a partial vacuum—dragging at
the car from behind.” However, drag cannot be
the only consideration.
While lift is somehow mandatory for a flight,
it can be threatening for a vehicle in terms of
maintaining better control over driving
including braking and handling. Automobiles
are designed in a way so that wind exerts a
force towards downwards which tends to](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/automobilevol3issue3-170214111909/85/Journal-Automobile-Engineering-Application-vol-3-issue-3-10-320.jpg)
![JoAEA (2016) 8-10 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 8
Journal of Automobile Engineering and Application
ISSN: 2455-3360(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Elimination of Super Chargers in Automobiles by
Using Cooling System
Sunil Kumar P.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Andhra Pradesh International Institute of
Information Technology, Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies,
Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India
Abstract
Nowadays, the fossil fuels are depleting day by day. The efficiency of an automobile has to be
increased to overcome the shortage of fossil fuels. If we reduce the consumption of the brake
power obtained during combustion for other purposes rather than running the vehicle such as
super chargers, cooling systems etc., we can increase the efficiency. We are using almost 35%
of the output power of the crankshaft for cooling purpose only. Here I am proposing a novel
and efficient cooling system that will serve the purpose of super charging along with cooling.
It will also increase the efficiency of the automobile by decreasing the compression work. By
using this method, the cooling system can be used for both, cooling purpose and super
charging.
Keywords: Liquid cooling, super charging, efficiency, compression ratio, super charger
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays fossil fuels are depleting day-by-
day. In order to compensate the problem of
shortage of fossil fuels we have to look for
alternate sources of energy or we have to
increase the efficiency of the automobile
engines. In automobiles, super charger is used
to increase the intake of air for complete
combustion. For running the super charger, we
are using some amount of brake power
produced by the engine [1].
Cooling system is required for automobile to
reduce the high temperatures of the engine. If
we do not cool the engine, the temperatures
will go on rising and at some point, the engine
components will reach their melting points.
So, in order to avoid overheating problems,
proper cooling is required [2]. Here, I am
using the cooling system to serve the both
purposes of cooling and super charging.
NEED OF THE TECHNOLOGY
The purpose of supercharging an engine is to
raise the density of the air charge, before it
enters the cylinders. Thus, the increased mass
of air will be inducted which will then be
compressed in the cylinders. This makes more
oxygen available for combustion than in
conventional method of drawing the fresh air
charge into the cylinder (naturally aspirated).
So combustion will takes place more
efficiently than in naturally aspirated engines.
So super charger increases the power without
increasing the fuel consumption [3].
The superchargers use power to compress the
air. This power is drawn from the engine itself.
The engine should be able to with stand higher
forces due to supercharging. The increased
pressure and temperature during supercharging
may lead to detonation [4].
The existing super charging technology in
automobiles is not used in all the vehicles
because of many problems, such as cost
criteria, energy consumption, space
occupancy, increase of engine weight etc. But
super charging is required for an engine to
increase the air intake to the engine mainly for
the vehicles, which are running at hilly
regions, and vehicles running at places where
the availability of air is low. Then the amount
of air entering the engine will be less and the
stoichiometric ratio cannot be maintained.
This leads to over usage of fuel, environment](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/automobilevol3issue3-170214111909/85/Journal-Automobile-Engineering-Application-vol-3-issue-3-11-320.jpg)
![JoAEA (2016) 11-20 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 11
Journal of Automobile Engineering and Application
ISSN: 2455-3360(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Experimental Investigation of a 4-Stroke Diesel Engine for
Varying Fuel Injection Pressure and Compression Ratio
A.D. Badgujar
Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Science and Engineering,
Navrachana University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
Abstract
Diesel engines are widely used in transportation, agriculture, power sector and various other
types of industries due to its high fuel efficiency. An improvement in the performance of the
same makes remarkable difference in nation economy. This paper presents an experimental
investigation of a 4-stroke engine, using diesel as a fuel. The engine is modified to study the
effect of various parameters on the performance of engine. The parameters varied are; fuel
injection pressure and compression ratio. The fuel injection pressure is measured using piezo-
resistive sensors and is varied from 224 to 240 bar. The compression ratio is varied from 16
to 18 by changing the clearance volume. It has been experimentally observed that as the fuel
injection pressure increases, the efficiency of the engine decreases and as the compression
ratio increases, the efficiency of the engine increases.
Keywords: Diesel engine, compression ratio, fuel injection pressure
INTRODUCTION
An internal combustion engine (IC) is a heat
engine that converts chemical energy in a fuel
into mechanical energy. The history of design
and development of IC engine is presented in
detail by Cummins [1]. In the 1880s, the IC
engine was incorporated in automobiles [2],
during 1890s; Rudolf Diesel had patented the
compression ignition engine known today. The
diesel engines are practically always of the 4-
stroke type in automobile applications [3].
Efforts have been made to improve the
performance of diesel engine for last many
years. Alperstein et al. used mixture of hexane
and n-heptane with air in a diesel engine [4].
They observed that under certain operating
conditions, the single cylinder engine gives
better performance in a premixed mode. The
exhaust gases of the diesel engine consist of
carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, water
vapour, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon,
nitrogen oxide (NOx) and particulate matter.
Amongst these gases, NOx is more toxic, thus,
reducing the NOx level in exhaust gases is a
focus of research in recent times [5, 6]. This
paper presents experimental investigation of a
4-stroke engine, using diesel as fuel. The
engine is modified to improve the performance
of the engine by varying the fuel injection
pressure and compression ratio.
Various terminologies used in internal
combustion engine are given in following
section.
Compression ratio (CR) is given by:
s C
c
V V
CR
V
(1)
Here, Vs is swept volume and Vc is clearance
volume.
Indicated power (IP) is given by:
2 60000
IMEP L A N
IP
kW (2)
Here, IMEP is indicated mean effective
pressure, L is stroke length A is the cross
section area of cylinder and N is engine speed.
Brake power (BP) is given by:
2
60000
N T
BP
kW (3)
Here, T is engine torque.
Mechanical efficiency is given by:
mechanical
BP
IP
(4)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/automobilevol3issue3-170214111909/85/Journal-Automobile-Engineering-Application-vol-3-issue-3-12-320.jpg)
![JoAEA (2016) 21-30 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 21
Journal of Automobile Engineering and Application
ISSN: 2455-3360(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Deflection Analysis of the Leaf Spring Suspension System
with the Combination of Helical Springs
Sachin Gayakwad*, Ishan Patel, Pushpendra Kumar Mishra
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Malwa Institute of Technology, Indore,
Madhya Pradesh, India
Abstract
An efficient and optimized leaf spring suspension system for heavy vehicles must have low
deflection but good damping capacity of absorbing shocks and jerks. In this research article,
deflection analysis of a modified leaf spring suspension system with the combination of helical
spring model is presented. To furnish this end, in the typical leaf spring suspension system
model, a helical spring at each side of the master leaf is incorporated. Design and static
analysis work is performed in CATIA V5R20. The average overall maximum deflection
reduction by the proposed modified model with helical springs achieved is 3.6% for various
loading conditions in comparison to typical leaf spring suspension system’s master leaf spring
model. The deflection characteristics of the proposed modified model can be maintained for
the optimization of the comfort and flexibility conditions, by adjusting and adopting the best
combination of the design parameters of both types suspension springs.
Keywords: Leaf spring, helical spring, FEA, deflection, combined model
INTRODUCTION
For the assessment of the vehicles
performance, three criteria have to be used:
ride comfort, driving safety and suspension
travel [1]. The suspension systems carries the
total load of the vehicle and provide comfort
to passengers and also deliver a good road
holding when the vehicle travels on a rough
terrain [2]. The main purpose of vehicle
suspension is to achieve good driving stability
and passenger comfort regardless of road
surface [3]. Other performance requirements
for a suspension system are to adequately
support the vehicle weight, to maintain the
wheels in the appropriate position so as to
have a better handling and to keep the tyre in
contact with the ground [4].
Leaf springs and helical springs are two basic
types of suspension springs used in suspension
systems. Leaf springs, especially the
longitudinal laminated type are reliable and
persistent element in automotive suspension
system [5], and helical springs are also one of
the mechanical elements used in several
industrial applications and automobile vehicles
to satisfy the desired functions [6]. Generally,
helical springs are made of an elastic material
formed into the coil shape which returns to its
initial length when unloaded [7]. Leaf springs
are commonly formed by stacking leafs or
plates of steel in progressively longer lengths
on top of each other, so that the spring is thick
in the middle portion to resist bending and thin
at the ends where it attaches to the body [8].
Increasing the energy storage capability of a
leaf spring ensures a more compliant
suspension system [9].
Both the springs as a suspension element have
their specific benefits and some limitations.
So, a leaf spring can be used in conjunction
with helical spring to enhance the spring rate
adjustability function for chassis set up
balance and for overall better performance of
the suspension system. The first automotive
helical spring was on the model-T (Ford) in
1910, where the suspension system was a
combination of leaf spring and helical spring
[10]. The design of this leaf and helical spring
suspension was totally different from the
model presented in our work. Taking
consideration of these above-mentioned facts,
in our work, a conventional steel leaf spring
(master leaf) is combined with two helical
springs, each at both the sides of leaf spring.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/automobilevol3issue3-170214111909/85/Journal-Automobile-Engineering-Application-vol-3-issue-3-13-320.jpg)
Journal Automobile Engineering & Application vol 3 issue 3
- 1. Automobile Engineering & Applications Journal of (JoAEA) September–December 2016 www.stmjournals.com STM JOURNALS Scientific Technical Medical ISSN 2455-3360 (Online)
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- 4. Gargi Asha Jha Manager (Publications) PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM Internal Members External Members Bimlesh Lochab Assistant Professor Department of Chemistry School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India Dr. Rajiv Prakash Professor and Coordinator School of Materials Science and Technology Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi Uttar Pradesh, India Dr. Rakesh Kumar Assistant Professor Department of Applied Chemistry BIT Mesra, Patna, Bihar, India Prof. S. Ramaprabhu Alternative Energy and Nanotechnology Technology Laboratory, Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai Tamil Nadu, India Himani Pandey Isha Chandra Senior Associate Editors Dr. Yog Raj Sood Dean (Planning and Development) Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur Himachal Pradesh, India Prof. Chris Cannings Professor, School of Mathematics and Statistics University of Sheffield, Sheffield United Kingdom Dr. D. K. Vijaykumar MS, MCh (Surgical Oncology), Professor and Head Department of Surgical Oncology Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre Ponekkara, Cochin, Kerala, India Dr. Durgadas Naik Associate Professor (Microbiology) Management and Science University, University Drive, Seksyen13 Selangor, Malaysia Prof. José María Luna Ariza Department of Computer Sciences and Numerical Analysis Campus of Rabanales University of Córdoba, Spain Dr. Khaiser Nikam Professor, Library and Information Science Department of Library and Information Science University of Mysore Mysore, India Quaisher J Hossain Senior Editor Group Managing Editor Dr. Archana Mehrotra Managing Director CELNET, Delhi, India Meenakshi Tripathi Shivani Sharma Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Director Shambhavi Mishra Associate Editors Sugandha Mishra
- 5. Prof. Priyavrat Thareja Director Principal Rayat Institute of Engineering and Information Technology Punjab, India Dr. Baldev Raj Director, National Institute of Advanced Studies Indian Institute of Science campus Bangalore Karnataka, India Former Director Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu, India Dr. Pankaj Poddar Senior Scientist Physical and Materials Chemistry Division, National Chemical Laboratory Pune, Maharastra India Prof. D. N. Rao Professor and Head Department of Biochemistry All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi, India Dr. Nandini Chatterjee Singh Additional Professor National Brain Research Centre Manesar, Gurgaon Haryana, India Dr. Ashish Runthala Lecturer, Biological Sciences Group Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Rajasthan, India Dr. Bankim Chandra Ray Professor and Ex-Head of the Department Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering National Institute of Technology, Rourkela Odisha, India Prof. Yuwaraj Marotrao Ghugal Professor and Head Department of Applied Mechanics Government College of Engineering Vidyanagar, Karad Maharashtra, India Dr. Hardev Singh Virk Visiting Professor, Department of Physics University of SGGS World University Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, India Former Director Research DAV Institute of Engineering and Technology Jallandhar, India Dr. Shrikant Balkisan Dhoot Senior Research Scientist, Reliance Industries Limited, Mumbai, India Former Head (Research and Development) Nurture Earth R&D Pvt Ltd., MIT Campus Beed Bypass Road, Aurangabad Maharashtra, India STM JOURNALS ADVISORY BOARD
- 6. Dr. Rakesh Kumar Assistant Professor Department of Applied Chemistry Birla Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, India Prof. Subash Chandra Mishra Professor Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering National Institute of Technology, Rourkela Odisha, India Dr. Shankargouda Patil Assistant Professor Department of Oral Pathology KLE Society's Institute of Dental Sciences Bangalore, Karnataka, India Prof. Sundara Ramaprabhu Professor Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai, Tamil Nadu India Dr. Baskar Kaliyamoorthy Associate Professor Department of Civil Engineering National Institute of Technology, Trichy Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India STM JOURNALS ADVISORY BOARD
- 7. Editorial Board Arunachalam Kandavel Associate Professor, Department of Automobile Engineering, MIT Campus, Anna University, India. LA Kumaraswamidhas Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mining Machinery Engineering, Indian School of Mines Dhanbad, India. R Padmanabhan Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, India. Sakthivel NR Assistant Professor, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coaimbatore, India. Manoj Arya Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India. C Lakshminathan Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering. Sanjay Ramchandra Kumbhar Assistant Professor, Rajarambapu Institute of Technology Maharashtra, India, India. Sanjay Tukaram Satpute Associate Professor, Department of Automobile Engineering, RIT, Sakharale, India. Sanjivi Arul Associate Professor ,Mechanical Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Coimbatore. Sanjay Yadav Head of Program (PG Automobile), Rajarambapu Institute Of Technology Rajaramnagar, Islampur, Dist. Sangli,Maharashtra, India. Nirvesh Mehta Professor in Mechanical Engineering Department at L.D.R.P. Institute of Technology and Research, Gandhinagar. Ajay Tripathi Rustamji Institute of Technology, BSF Academy, Tekanpur, Gwalior, M.P., India. Sujan Chakraborty ME Department, RVCE, Bangalore.
- 8. It is my privilege to present the print version of the [Volume 3, Issue 3] of our Journal ofAutomobile Engineering and Applications (JoAEA), 2016. The intension of JoAEA Journal is to create an atmospherethatstimulatesvision,researchandgrowth intheareaofMechanicalEngineering. Timely publication, honest communication, comprehensive editing and trust with authors and readers have been the hallmark of our journals. STM Journals provide a platform for scholarly research articles to be published in journals of international standards. STM journals strive to publish qualitypaperinrecordtime,makingitaleaderinserviceandbusiness offerings. The aim and scope of STM Journals is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high level learning, teaching andresearchinalltheScientific,TechnicalandMedicaldomains. Finally, I express my sincere gratitude to our Editorial/ Reviewer board, Authors and publication team for their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the form of authoring write ups/reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the journals.With regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish qualityResearch/Reviewsfindingsfor our customersbase. Ihopeyouwillenjoyreadingthisissue andwewelcomeyourfeedbackonanyaspectof theJournal. Dr.ArchanaMehrotra ManagingDirector STM Journals Director's Desk STM JOURNALS
- 9. 1. A Review of Aerodynamics Effects to a Vehicle Bhanu Prakash Panwar 1 2. Elimination of Super Chargers in Automobiles by Using Cooling System Sunil Kumar P. 8 3. Experimental Investigation of a 4-Stroke Diesel Engine for Varying Fuel Injection Pressure and Compression Ratio A.D. Badgujar 11 4. Deflection Analysis of the Leaf Spring Suspension System with the Combination of Helical Springs Sachin Gayakwad, Ishan Patel, Pushpendra Kumar Mishra 21 5. Analysis of Engine Performance and Exhaust Emission Characteristics of VCR Engine Fuelled with Different Blends of Jatropha Biodiesel M.J. Pathak, G.D. Achrya 31 ContentsJournal of Automobile Engineering and Applications
- 10. JoAEA (2016) 1-7 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1 Journal of Automobile Engineering and Application ISSN: 2455-3360(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com A Review of Aerodynamics Effects to a Vehicle Bhanu Prakash Panwar* Department of Mechanical Engineering, H. R. Institute of Technology, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India Abstract This paper summarizes the contributions made to the special issue on aerodynamics and whole design procedure in order to assure the achievement of the expected objectives in terms stability and handling. In this paper after a short introduction about the aerodynamics of vehicle further aspects of coefficient drag, lift coefficient and its impact on acceleration as well as the velocity of a vehicle will be described along with mathematical formula and illustrated diagrams as well. Attentions will be focused on the methods, both experimental and computational those are presently available to obtain the desired aerodynamic drag influence to a vehicle. In particular, the calculated drag number of different cars also provided in an arranged tabular form, with this new derived technology of aerodynamic testing from BMW also described in this paper. A sight of possible future development and research in this field also suggested. Keywords: Aerodynamics, drag and drag coefficient, lift coefficient, impact on velocity and acceleration, testing of aerodynamics INTRODUCTION When objects move through the air, forces are generated by the relative motion between the air and surfaces of the object. Aerodynamics is the branch of engineering which deals with the study of these forces, generated by the motion of air, usually aerodynamics are categorized according to the type of flow as subsonic, hypersonic, supersonic, etc. It is essential that aerodynamics be taken into account during the design of a vehicle as an improved aerodynamics in the vehicle would attain higher speeds and more fuel efficiency [1]. To ensure that the aerodynamics factor of a vehicle is all-correct, generally vehicles are designed lower to the ground, and during their process of designing the designers always keep in mind that corners or edges should not be sharp. They rounded off so that air passage is easily feasible. Other components like wings, spoilers are also integrated into a vehicle for enhancing factor of aerodynamics. Efficient methods like wind tunnel testing are used to examine the aerodynamics of a vehicle along with this illustrated computational software are also developed to ensure the precise and efficient aerodynamics design. AERODYNAMICS OF VEHICLE Automobile industry commences with an idea of using aerodynamic body shapes in the primitive part of their history. As technology develop frequently and engines become more puissant and vehicles become faster. Designers and engineers analyze that flow of wind significantly hinders their velocity. Sports car section among automotive world are the first who adapt aerodynamic or streamlining and their outstanding performance influence others to think about this particular phenomenon. “Regarding the aerodynamics of a racing car, Dr. Joe David, professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering, and known as “Mr. Stock Car” at North Carolina State University said, “Most of the horsepower generated by a racing engine is eaten up by the high-pressure air pushing the front of the car and the low- pressure air—a partial vacuum—dragging at the car from behind.” However, drag cannot be the only consideration. While lift is somehow mandatory for a flight, it can be threatening for a vehicle in terms of maintaining better control over driving including braking and handling. Automobiles are designed in a way so that wind exerts a force towards downwards which tends to
- 11. JoAEA (2016) 8-10 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 8 Journal of Automobile Engineering and Application ISSN: 2455-3360(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com Elimination of Super Chargers in Automobiles by Using Cooling System Sunil Kumar P. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Andhra Pradesh International Institute of Information Technology, Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India Abstract Nowadays, the fossil fuels are depleting day by day. The efficiency of an automobile has to be increased to overcome the shortage of fossil fuels. If we reduce the consumption of the brake power obtained during combustion for other purposes rather than running the vehicle such as super chargers, cooling systems etc., we can increase the efficiency. We are using almost 35% of the output power of the crankshaft for cooling purpose only. Here I am proposing a novel and efficient cooling system that will serve the purpose of super charging along with cooling. It will also increase the efficiency of the automobile by decreasing the compression work. By using this method, the cooling system can be used for both, cooling purpose and super charging. Keywords: Liquid cooling, super charging, efficiency, compression ratio, super charger INTRODUCTION Nowadays fossil fuels are depleting day-by- day. In order to compensate the problem of shortage of fossil fuels we have to look for alternate sources of energy or we have to increase the efficiency of the automobile engines. In automobiles, super charger is used to increase the intake of air for complete combustion. For running the super charger, we are using some amount of brake power produced by the engine [1]. Cooling system is required for automobile to reduce the high temperatures of the engine. If we do not cool the engine, the temperatures will go on rising and at some point, the engine components will reach their melting points. So, in order to avoid overheating problems, proper cooling is required [2]. Here, I am using the cooling system to serve the both purposes of cooling and super charging. NEED OF THE TECHNOLOGY The purpose of supercharging an engine is to raise the density of the air charge, before it enters the cylinders. Thus, the increased mass of air will be inducted which will then be compressed in the cylinders. This makes more oxygen available for combustion than in conventional method of drawing the fresh air charge into the cylinder (naturally aspirated). So combustion will takes place more efficiently than in naturally aspirated engines. So super charger increases the power without increasing the fuel consumption [3]. The superchargers use power to compress the air. This power is drawn from the engine itself. The engine should be able to with stand higher forces due to supercharging. The increased pressure and temperature during supercharging may lead to detonation [4]. The existing super charging technology in automobiles is not used in all the vehicles because of many problems, such as cost criteria, energy consumption, space occupancy, increase of engine weight etc. But super charging is required for an engine to increase the air intake to the engine mainly for the vehicles, which are running at hilly regions, and vehicles running at places where the availability of air is low. Then the amount of air entering the engine will be less and the stoichiometric ratio cannot be maintained. This leads to over usage of fuel, environment
- 12. JoAEA (2016) 11-20 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 11 Journal of Automobile Engineering and Application ISSN: 2455-3360(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com Experimental Investigation of a 4-Stroke Diesel Engine for Varying Fuel Injection Pressure and Compression Ratio A.D. Badgujar Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, Navrachana University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India Abstract Diesel engines are widely used in transportation, agriculture, power sector and various other types of industries due to its high fuel efficiency. An improvement in the performance of the same makes remarkable difference in nation economy. This paper presents an experimental investigation of a 4-stroke engine, using diesel as a fuel. The engine is modified to study the effect of various parameters on the performance of engine. The parameters varied are; fuel injection pressure and compression ratio. The fuel injection pressure is measured using piezo- resistive sensors and is varied from 224 to 240 bar. The compression ratio is varied from 16 to 18 by changing the clearance volume. It has been experimentally observed that as the fuel injection pressure increases, the efficiency of the engine decreases and as the compression ratio increases, the efficiency of the engine increases. Keywords: Diesel engine, compression ratio, fuel injection pressure INTRODUCTION An internal combustion engine (IC) is a heat engine that converts chemical energy in a fuel into mechanical energy. The history of design and development of IC engine is presented in detail by Cummins [1]. In the 1880s, the IC engine was incorporated in automobiles [2], during 1890s; Rudolf Diesel had patented the compression ignition engine known today. The diesel engines are practically always of the 4- stroke type in automobile applications [3]. Efforts have been made to improve the performance of diesel engine for last many years. Alperstein et al. used mixture of hexane and n-heptane with air in a diesel engine [4]. They observed that under certain operating conditions, the single cylinder engine gives better performance in a premixed mode. The exhaust gases of the diesel engine consist of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, water vapour, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, nitrogen oxide (NOx) and particulate matter. Amongst these gases, NOx is more toxic, thus, reducing the NOx level in exhaust gases is a focus of research in recent times [5, 6]. This paper presents experimental investigation of a 4-stroke engine, using diesel as fuel. The engine is modified to improve the performance of the engine by varying the fuel injection pressure and compression ratio. Various terminologies used in internal combustion engine are given in following section. Compression ratio (CR) is given by: s C c V V CR V (1) Here, Vs is swept volume and Vc is clearance volume. Indicated power (IP) is given by: 2 60000 IMEP L A N IP kW (2) Here, IMEP is indicated mean effective pressure, L is stroke length A is the cross section area of cylinder and N is engine speed. Brake power (BP) is given by: 2 60000 N T BP kW (3) Here, T is engine torque. Mechanical efficiency is given by: mechanical BP IP (4)
- 13. JoAEA (2016) 21-30 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 21 Journal of Automobile Engineering and Application ISSN: 2455-3360(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com Deflection Analysis of the Leaf Spring Suspension System with the Combination of Helical Springs Sachin Gayakwad*, Ishan Patel, Pushpendra Kumar Mishra Department of Mechanical Engineering, Malwa Institute of Technology, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India Abstract An efficient and optimized leaf spring suspension system for heavy vehicles must have low deflection but good damping capacity of absorbing shocks and jerks. In this research article, deflection analysis of a modified leaf spring suspension system with the combination of helical spring model is presented. To furnish this end, in the typical leaf spring suspension system model, a helical spring at each side of the master leaf is incorporated. Design and static analysis work is performed in CATIA V5R20. The average overall maximum deflection reduction by the proposed modified model with helical springs achieved is 3.6% for various loading conditions in comparison to typical leaf spring suspension system’s master leaf spring model. The deflection characteristics of the proposed modified model can be maintained for the optimization of the comfort and flexibility conditions, by adjusting and adopting the best combination of the design parameters of both types suspension springs. Keywords: Leaf spring, helical spring, FEA, deflection, combined model INTRODUCTION For the assessment of the vehicles performance, three criteria have to be used: ride comfort, driving safety and suspension travel [1]. The suspension systems carries the total load of the vehicle and provide comfort to passengers and also deliver a good road holding when the vehicle travels on a rough terrain [2]. The main purpose of vehicle suspension is to achieve good driving stability and passenger comfort regardless of road surface [3]. Other performance requirements for a suspension system are to adequately support the vehicle weight, to maintain the wheels in the appropriate position so as to have a better handling and to keep the tyre in contact with the ground [4]. Leaf springs and helical springs are two basic types of suspension springs used in suspension systems. Leaf springs, especially the longitudinal laminated type are reliable and persistent element in automotive suspension system [5], and helical springs are also one of the mechanical elements used in several industrial applications and automobile vehicles to satisfy the desired functions [6]. Generally, helical springs are made of an elastic material formed into the coil shape which returns to its initial length when unloaded [7]. Leaf springs are commonly formed by stacking leafs or plates of steel in progressively longer lengths on top of each other, so that the spring is thick in the middle portion to resist bending and thin at the ends where it attaches to the body [8]. Increasing the energy storage capability of a leaf spring ensures a more compliant suspension system [9]. Both the springs as a suspension element have their specific benefits and some limitations. So, a leaf spring can be used in conjunction with helical spring to enhance the spring rate adjustability function for chassis set up balance and for overall better performance of the suspension system. The first automotive helical spring was on the model-T (Ford) in 1910, where the suspension system was a combination of leaf spring and helical spring [10]. The design of this leaf and helical spring suspension was totally different from the model presented in our work. Taking consideration of these above-mentioned facts, in our work, a conventional steel leaf spring (master leaf) is combined with two helical springs, each at both the sides of leaf spring.
- 14. JoAEA (2016) 31-44 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 31 Journal of Automobile Engineering and Application ISSN: 2455-3360(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com Analysis of Engine Performance and Exhaust Emission Characteristics of VCR Engine Fuelled with Different Blends of Jatropha Biodiesel M.J. Pathak1, *, G.D. Achrya2 1 School of Technology, R.K. University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India 1 Department of Automobile Engineering, Dr. J.N. Maheta Government Polytechnic, Amreli, Gujarat, India 2 Principal, Atmiya Institute of Technology and Science, Rajkot, Gujarat, India Abstract With the concern to global environment issues, researchers are encouraged to find alternate for scarce and rapidly diminishing fossil fuels. From the variety of options, fuels obtained from vegetable oils or animal fats have proven better alternate for petroleum fuels. Having its roots in agriculture, vegetable oils are capable to minimize overall СO addition to the atmosphere. Due to higher viscosity and low volatility compared to petroleum diesel, neat vegetable oils are used in diesel engines; some functional or longevity issues have been highlighted in the literature. In this study, experiments were carried out using fossil diesel and ϳаtrophа-diesel blends to evaluate the exhaust emissions and performance characteristics of diesel engine. A single cylinder, four stroke, constant speed, water cooled, variable compression ratio engine was useԁ for the experiments. The measured values were analyzeԁ for various parameters like brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake power (BP), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFc), brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) and emissions of СO2, СO and Hc. While operating the engine on ϳatropha-diesel blends, performance and emission parameters were found to be very close to petroleum diesel for lower blend concentrations. Keywords: Biodiesel, VCR engine, exhaust emissions INTRODUCTION The tightening norms on air pollution caused by the wide spread use of petroleum fuels, fading fossil fuels reserves and cultivation based market of India are the motivating forces to advance biodiesel as an alternate to petroleum diesel. Fuels made from renewable natural non-edible resources for use in conventional diesel engines are known as biodiesel. Biodiesel is eco-friendly fuel similar to petroleum diesel in combustion properties. Biodiesel obtained from vegetable oil is being used in USA and Europe to reduce air pollution and dependence on fossil fuel. JATROPHA (RATAN JYOT) BETTER ALTERNATE FOR DIESEL FUEL India, being larger importer of vegetable oils, concerning country’s economical aspect, edible oils should be avoided for production of biodiesel. Harvesting of plants like Jatropha curcas, pongamia, neem mahua, castor, linseed etc. can be promoted; and thereby India can become leading producer of such non-edible oils to supplement conventional diesel fuel. Many of these oils produced are yet to be utilized properly. Among these plants, India is keen on jatropha curcas, which can be grown in barren and wastelands. Jatropha seeds contain oil around 30–40%. India is having wasteland around 80–100 million hectares, which can be utilized for Jatropha plantation. Besides drastic reduction on paying huge amount on importing crude petroleum, promoting use of biodiesel in our country will lead to many benefits like green cover to wasteland, support to agriculture and rural economy and mainly drastic reduction in air pollution. The significant weak points of vegetable oils, as diesel fuels are related to its
- 15. Automobile Engineering & Applications Journal of (JoAEA) September–December 2016 www.stmjournals.com STM JOURNALS Scientific Technical Medical ISSN 2455-3360 (Online)