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![JoTSSN (2016) 1-6 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks
ISSN: 2454-6372(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Adapting the LTE Architecture to 5G: Challenges and
Possibilities
Mohamad Shafiul Alam1,
*, Md. Mirazur Rahman2
, A.S.M Shamsul Arefin3
1
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Northern University Bangladesh,
Dhaka, Bangladesh
2
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Primeasia University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
3
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
Abstract
Research directions indicate a behemoth shift will be required from the existing framework to
activate 5G in full swing. Current researches are intensively working in this field, however, it
will take significant time to reach the ultimate goal. Emphasis has been given on the factors
and challenges of 5G, solutions have been proposed accordingly, and some ideas about the
architecture have been achieved so far. The work shown in this study is not necessarily a
radical one, rather demonstrated the challenges, their possible solutions, and more
importantly the proposed solutions are precisely discussed in the context of the architecture. It
has been assumed that the whole architecture is closely adjacent to the existing 4G
architecture, except that all those elements in the same architecture will be far more capable
to enable 5G. Addressing the requirements in a very precise approach, addressing the
solutions, and finally locating exactly where they would be applied within the architecture is
the main objective.
Keywords: 5G, LTE, adaptation, macrocell, MIMO
INTRODUCTION
With the advancement of technologies in
cellular network, the fifth generation (5G) is
not just going to be a gradual evolution from
4G and previous ones, rather a massive shift
from the existing system. The eventual goal of
5G is to connect multiple devices under a
unified umbrella for any kind of beneficial
application. The application can be used to
design smart home, safe traffic supervision,
automated industry process as well as to
transfer bulk media files and to make video
calls.
5G networks will not be based on a single
specific network topology rather it will be the
adaptation of all earlier generations’ mobile
system with enhanced technologies like WiFi,
Internet of Things (IoT) and D2D
communications [1]. The specification of 5G
will include the development of flexible air
interface, high traffic capacity also in terms of
latency and reliability. Also development of
Narrow-Band IoTis required enabling huge
connectivity between devices. As the
technology is evolving the use of higher
spectrum for subscriber access is required but
side by side lower spectrum should exist
because the migration of user cannot be done
overnight.
The write up is a cumulative narration of the
requirements of 5G network. The business
modification and optimization works could be
done further to implement in real time. The
total system consists of multiple protocol
layers and merger of different transmission
and communication systems. Higher end smart
devices and higher bandwidth availability are
the key factors to support complex user
applications for voice and data communication
provided by the single service provider.
5G is not actually a new idea but the mixer of
all user imaginations and capacity in a single
frame. The freedom of user is unlimited. The
communication between devices should be
through different transmission media/
interfaces.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/journaloftelecommunicationvol3issue3-170218095728/85/Journal-of-Telecommunication-Switching-Systems-and-Networks-vol-3-issue-3-10-320.jpg)
![JoTSSN (2016) 7-15 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 7
Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks
ISSN: 2454-6372 (online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Network Selection with Load Balancing in Wireless
Heterogeneous Environment
Manish Sachdeva*, Kiran Ahuja
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, DAV Institute of Engineering and
Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
Abstract
Coexistence of various wireless radio access networks (RAN) and ability of mobile terminals
to switch between them efficiently makes an optimal selection of serving mobile networks for
groups of mobile-clients a major challenge with efficient load balancing. To overcome this
problem, more flexible heterogeneous wireless networks (HWN) are required with the
advantage of mobility, consistency, ubiquitous provision and improved spectral efficiency. In
this paper, network selection with load balancing criteria is proposed in HWN. In
heterogeneous environment, WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) and
WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) are considered. Network selection based on load
balancing is considered by quality of service (QoS) factors such as RSS (Received Signal
Strength), bandwidth, BER (Bit Error Rate), throughput and network load. Graphical results
show the efficient network selection with load balancing while prevailing required QoS for
100 users.
Keywords: Load balancing, quality of service (QoS), WiMAX, WLAN, HWN
INTRODUCTION
In new generation wireless networks
(NGWN), it is a challenging job to integrate
multiple wireless access technologies to
provide mobility and smooth accessibility to
mobile users with high-speed wireless
connectivity. This will be possible with the
implementation of heterogeneous wireless
access environment where different and
disparate radio access technologies (RATs) are
grouped together to provide best connectivity
for the user. HWN is essentially made up of
existing disparate radio access network (RAN)
technologies (e.g. WiMAX, Wi-Fi, WCDMA,
GPRS, EDGE, 3G, LTE, etc.). They usually
consist of multiple different architectures,
transmission solutions, and base stations of
varying power capacity. The constituent
networks are used for the purposes of
improving user experience, reducing
bottlenecks in RAN and core network (CN).
HWN also introduces intelligent IP traffic
routing and manages efficient load balancing
and resource allocation. In this HWN, more
than one user terminal will seamlessly and
dynamically roam between the different RATs
(Radio Access Technologies), so as to
maintain the most optimal network
connectivity for services. It is the key issue in
resource management for heterogeneous
wireless network to decide when a device
should perform a vertical handover and the
handover execution procedure [1]. With
multiple available wireless networks, modern
mobile devices like cell phones, PDA’s,
tablets, PCs, scan these different networks and
the user manually selects which network he or
she wants to use, this leads to unbalancing in
traffic load if all the users select the network
having higher strength and ignore other
available networks. Wireless traffic load can
be balanced to avoid congestion and
performance degradation in any of the
networks [2]. In past recent years mobile data
traffic has grown exponentially due to increase
in electronic gadgets like PCs, smart-phones,
tablets, laptops, smart watches, music players,
etc., and a single wireless network is no longer
capable to serve such a huge user equipment
efficiently. So, more than one wireless
network is required for the sufficient spectrum
efficiency, coverage and service for the users
which leads to increase in demand of HWN
(Figure 1).](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/journaloftelecommunicationvol3issue3-170218095728/85/Journal-of-Telecommunication-Switching-Systems-and-Networks-vol-3-issue-3-11-320.jpg)
![JoTSSN (2016) 16-20 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 16
Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks
ISSN: 2454-6372 (online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
2.9 GHz Plus Slotted Square Microstrip Patch Antenna
Rajesh Tiwari1
, Archana Lala1
, Vinod Kumar Singh2,
*, Anurag Saxena2
,
Nikhil Kumar Singh2
1
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, S. R. Group of Institutions, Jhansi,
Uttar Pradesh, India
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, S. R. Group of Institutions, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract
This paper contains microstrip patch antenna designed by way of coaxial feed technique. The
antenna is mainly intended to be used for WiMAX middle band (3.25–3.85 GHz) wireless
applications. The result shows that wide bandwidth of 68.46% is obtained covering the
frequency range from 2.32 to 4.73 GHz. The characteristics of the designed structure are
investigated by using MoM based on electromagnetic solver, IE3d. In the end, an extensive
analysis of the return loss, radiation pattern and gain of the proposed antenna has been
studied.
Keywords: Microstrip antenna, broadband, efficiency, bandwidth
INTRODUCTION
In numerous homes and offices, the cordless
phones free us from the short leash of handset
cords. Cell phones give us even more
independence such that we can communicate
with each other at any instance and in any
place. Wireless technology provides us access
to the internet without suffering from running
yards of unsightly and expensive cable. The
trend of these applications and technology has
radically decreased the weight and size.
Therefore, there is requirement for antennas of
small sized light-weighted, low profile with
good directivity and radiation pattern in the
horizontal plane [1–5]. Conventional
microstrip antennas generally have a
conducting patch printed on a grounded
microwave substrate having great components
like low profile, light weight, smooth
fabrication and conformability to mounting
hosts.
A mechanically thicker and strong substrate
will boost the power radiation, diminish
conductor loss and enhance impedance
bandwidth. However, it will also boost the
weight, dielectric loss, surface wave loss and
extraneous radiation from the probe feed. The
substrate dielectric constant acts a role similar
to that of substrate thickness. A low dielectric
constant for the substrate will increase the
fringing field at the patch periphery. This is
resulted that the radiated power of the antenna
will be also increased. Thus, a dielectric
constant of less than 2.55 is chosen unless a
smaller patch size is needed. An increase in
the substrate thickness has effects on the
antenna characteristics as decreasing the value
of the dielectric constant.
A high substrate loss tangent increases the
dielectric loss of the antenna, which results to
reduce the antenna efficiency. Patch width has
a minimum effect on the resonant frequency
and radiation pattern of the antenna. However,
it affects the input resistance and bandwidth to
a larger extent. A bigger patch width increases
the power radiated and therefore provides a
decreased resonant resistance, increased
bandwidth, and increased radiation efficiency.
A constraint against a larger patch width is the
creation of grating lobes in antenna arrays
[6–10].
It has been suggested that the length to width
ratio of the path has to be in the range of one
and two (1<L/W<2) to achieve a good
radiation efficiency. The resonant frequency
depends on patch length, and plays a crucial
role in the design parameters, because of the
inherent narrow bandwidth of the patch.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/journaloftelecommunicationvol3issue3-170218095728/85/Journal-of-Telecommunication-Switching-Systems-and-Networks-vol-3-issue-3-12-320.jpg)
![JoTSSN (2016) 21-24 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 21
Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks
ISSN: 2454-6372(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Visible Light Communication System with Various OFDM
Signaling Techniques for IM/DD Channels
Shally Gujral1
, Monika Tuteja1,
*, Kamajiit Bhatia2
, Harjitpal Singh3
1
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Anand College of Engineering and
Management, Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
2
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, CT Institute of Engineering,
Management & Technology, Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
3
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Giani Zail Singh Campus,
Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab, India
Abstract
Lightening using light emitting diodes is very energy efficient method for illumination. This
type of communication is known as visible light communication. Further, with the use of
OFDM technique, multiuser communication is also possible in VLC. But the problem with
OFDM is that it has both positive and negative amplitude, due to which it is not preferable for
direct detection channels. For making it worthy for VLC in all manners, various techniques
have been suggested like Dc-biased OFDM, asymmetrically clipped optical OFDM, pulse
amplitude modulated discrete multi-tone OFDM.
Keywords: Visible light communication (VLC), orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
(OFDM), intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD), asymmetrically clipped optical
OFDM (ACO-OFDM)
INTRODUCTION
In visible light communication, the two most
important electronic components are light
emitting diodes (LEDs) and photo diodes
(PDs). At the transmitter end, LED emits
incoherent light which is detected by
photodiodes at receiver end. But with these
two electronic components, the actual phase
and amplitude of light signal can’t be
modulated or detected. With IM/DD technique
used in visible light communication system,
the information is encoded into number of
photons at the transmitter and sent to receiver
at the same time. Various modulation schemes
like ON-OFF keying (OOK), pulse code
modulation (PCM), and sub carrier binary
phase shift keying (SC-BPSK) are available
which can be used for modulation of
information signal [1].
The use of orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing in VLC makes it perfect
communication system due to the strong
obstruction of OFDM to multipath
interference. But there is a major drawback of
OFDM based system that it is having a crest in
time domain which results in reduced power
efficiency in radio frequency based systems.
This disadvantage is turned to be an advantage
in optical LED system. This crest in time
domain is used to modulate the IM/DD signal.
It is chosen such that the LED operates in the
linear region of the current versus intensity
curve. Most of the research in the area of
visible light communication using OFDM has
been theoretical. The goal of the project is to
implement an experimental system. In this
experimental system, it is basically exploited
that how the high crest factor of OFDM can be
used for intensity modulation in optical LED
system.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RF AND
VLC
As now a day, there is very much use of LED
light bulbs everywhere, so, visible light
communication is at the top in the current
optical wireless communication scenario. Also
with OFDM, the problem of capacity shortage
in wireless data communication is resolved
[8]. As discussed earlier that amplitude shift
keying, pulse width and position modulation](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/journaloftelecommunicationvol3issue3-170218095728/85/Journal-of-Telecommunication-Switching-Systems-and-Networks-vol-3-issue-3-13-320.jpg)
![JoTSSN (2016) 25-34 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 25
Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks
ISSN: 2454-6372(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Articulation Point Technique in MANET
Neetendra Singh Dhakad*, Anjana Goen
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Rustamji Institute of Technology,
Border Security Force Academy, Tekanpur, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
Abstract
The mobile ad hoc network, which is a wireless network of special type and has a collection of
wireless hosts with wireless network interfaces, encompasses a temporary network, without
any established infrastructure or centralized administration. All wireless nodes will start
broadcasting again all the received broadcast messages. It is a common problem called as
blind broadcast. Every node may receive the same copy of the messages from all the
neighboring nodes. It is termed as unnecessary overhead. This broadcast overhead is reduced
by the connected dominating set approach. So, a virtual backbone which reduces the
communication overhead, increases the bandwidth efficiency, reduces channel bandwidth
consumption, decreases the energy consumption, increases network operation life, and
provides better resource management. Present work is to implement articulation-points
concept into MCDS problem and find out MCDS problem using articulation points. Now we
implement new algorithm that utilizes the articulation points, has been proposed and
evaluated. Here, selection of the maximum degree node is the right choice to start. Proposed
algorithm starts with computation of articulation points in a connected graph. This algorithm
assumes the existence of articulation points. The assumption is largely valid in view of the
dynamic topology of wireless ad hoc network. This is analyzed with simulation on NS-2
simulator.
Keywords: Ad-hoc network, connected dominating set, MCDS, minimum connected
dominating node, on-demand distance vector
INTRODUCTION
A mobile ad hoc network is a collection of
independent mobile nodes that can
communicate to each other via radio waves.
The mobile nodes that are in radio range of
each other can directly communicate, whereas
others need the aid of intermediate nodes to
route their packets. Each of the nodes has a
wireless interface to communicate with each
other. These networks are fully distributed, and
can work at any place without the help of any
fixed infrastructure as access points or base
stations. Figure 1 shows a simple ad-hoc
network with three nodes. Node 1 and node 3
are not within range of each other; however the
node 2 can be used to forward packets between
node 1 and nodes 2. The node 2 will act as a
router and these three nodes together form an
ad-hoc network. A CDS of a graph G=(V,E) is
defined as a subset V‘⊆V such that each node in
VV‘ is adjacent to at least one node in V’ and
the graph induced by V’, i.e. G(V’) is a
connected sub graph of G. The nodes in the
CDS are called as dominators and the rest of the
nodes of the network are called as dominatees.
With the help of CDS, routing can be easier.
During routing, broadcasting responsibilities lie
only on the CDS nodes. So, only the CDS
nodes maintain the routing information. To save
the storage space and reduce the traffic during
communication, it is desirable to construct a
CDS with minimum cardinality. The problem
of finding the CDS with minimum cardinality is
called minimum connected dominating set
(MCDS) problem, which is NP-complete [1].
Therefore, researchers are only interested for
polynomial time distributed algorithms for
finding out MCDS in WSN. The quality of the
CDS is evaluated by its approximation factor,
which is the ratio of its size of the constructed
CDS to the size of the MCDS. Also, in the
energy constrained wireless networks, to extend
the battery life and optimize power
consumption, speedy switches between disjoint
CDSs are carried out [2]. For these types of
networks, we should construct the CDSs with](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/journaloftelecommunicationvol3issue3-170218095728/85/Journal-of-Telecommunication-Switching-Systems-and-Networks-vol-3-issue-3-14-320.jpg)
Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks vol 3 issue 3
- 1. Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems & Networks (JoTSSN) September–December 2016 ISSN 2454-6372 (Online) www.stmjournals.com STM JOURNALS Scientific Technical Medical
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- 4. Gargi Asha Jha Manager (Publications) PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM Internal Members External Members Bimlesh Lochab Assistant Professor Department of Chemistry School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India Dr. Rajiv Prakash Professor and Coordinator School of Materials Science and Technology Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi Uttar Pradesh, India Dr. Rakesh Kumar Assistant Professor Department of Applied Chemistry BIT Mesra, Patna, Bihar, India Prof. S. Ramaprabhu Alternative Energy and Nanotechnology Technology Laboratory, Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai Tamil Nadu, India Himani Pandey Isha Chandra Senior Associate Editors Dr. Yog Raj Sood Dean (Planning and Development) Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur Himachal Pradesh, India Prof. Chris Cannings Professor, School of Mathematics and Statistics University of Sheffield, Sheffield United Kingdom Dr. D. K. Vijaykumar MS, MCh (Surgical Oncology), Professor and Head Department of Surgical Oncology Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre Ponekkara, Cochin, Kerala, India Dr. Durgadas Naik Associate Professor (Microbiology) Management and Science University, University Drive, Seksyen13 Selangor, Malaysia Prof. José María Luna Ariza Department of Computer Sciences and Numerical Analysis Campus of Rabanales University of Córdoba, Spain Dr. Khaiser Nikam Professor, Library and Information Science Department of Library and Information Science University of Mysore Mysore, India Quaisher J Hossain Senior Editor Group Managing Editor Dr. Archana Mehrotra Managing Director CELNET, Delhi, India Meenakshi Tripathi Shivani Sharma Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Director Shambhavi Mishra Associate Editors Sugandha Mishra
- 5. Prof. Priyavrat Thareja Director Principal Rayat Institute of Engineering and Information Technology Punjab, India Dr. Baldev Raj Director, National Institute of Advanced Studies Indian Institute of Science campus Bangalore Karnataka, India Former Director Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu, India Dr. Pankaj Poddar Senior Scientist Physical and Materials Chemistry Division, National Chemical Laboratory Pune, Maharastra India Prof. D. N. Rao Professor and Head Department of Biochemistry All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi, India Dr. Nandini Chatterjee Singh Additional Professor National Brain Research Centre Manesar, Gurgaon Haryana, India Dr. Ashish Runthala Lecturer, Biological Sciences Group Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Rajasthan, India Dr. Bankim Chandra Ray Professor and Ex-Head of the Department Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering National Institute of Technology, Rourkela Odisha, India Prof. Yuwaraj Marotrao Ghugal Professor and Head Department of Applied Mechanics Government College of Engineering Vidyanagar, Karad Maharashtra, India Dr. Hardev Singh Virk Visiting Professor, Department of Physics University of SGGS World University Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, India Former Director Research DAV Institute of Engineering and Technology Jallandhar, India Dr. Shrikant Balkisan Dhoot Senior Research Scientist, Reliance Industries Limited, Mumbai, India Former Head (Research and Development) Nurture Earth R&D Pvt Ltd., MIT Campus Beed Bypass Road, Aurangabad Maharashtra, India STM JOURNALS ADVISORY BOARD
- 6. Dr. Rakesh Kumar Assistant Professor Department of Applied Chemistry Birla Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, India Prof. Subash Chandra Mishra Professor Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering National Institute of Technology, Rourkela Odisha, India Dr. Shankargouda Patil Assistant Professor Department of Oral Pathology KLE Society's Institute of Dental Sciences Bangalore, Karnataka, India Prof. Sundara Ramaprabhu Professor Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai, Tamil Nadu India Dr. Baskar Kaliyamoorthy Associate Professor Department of Civil Engineering National Institute of Technology, Trichy Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India STM JOURNALS ADVISORY BOARD
- 7. Editorial Board Dhayaneswaran Y R&D Team Leader - Electrical/ Mechatronics Lakshmi Machine Works Limited, Coimbatore. Vasantha Jayakantha Raja R Assistant Professor (Research) Centre for Nonlinear Science and Engineering School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering SASTRA University. Wiselin Gnansigamony Professor & Head Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Dr.Sivanthi Aditanar College of Engineering, Tiruchendur. Santosh Dattatray Bhopale Electronics Engineering Department, Tatyasaheb Kore Institute of Engineering & Technology, Warananagar. Dinesh Kumar Associate Professor & HOD, Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engineering, VITS, HYDERABAD. Jaswinder Singh Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Beant College of Engineering & Technology, Gurdaspur, India. Rameshwar Kawitkar Professor, Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Sinhgad College of Engineering, Pune. Chandrabhushana Rao Kota Fiete,Mieee, Lmiste,Lmsemce, Department Of Ece, Jntuk-Ucev Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh. Sanjeev Dewra Associate Professor & Head of Electronics & Communication Engineering Department.Shaheed Bhagat Singh State Technical Campus, Ferozepur, Punjab. Arjav A. Bavarva Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication, School of Engineering, RK University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India.
- 8. It is my privilege to present the print version of the [Volume 3, Issue 3] of our Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks (JoTSSN), 2016. The intension of JoTSSN Journal is to create an atmosphere that stimulates vision, research and growth in the area of TelecommunicationEngineering. Timely publication, honest communication, comprehensive editing and trust with authors and readers have been the hallmark of our journals. STM Journals provide a platform for scholarly research articles to be published in journals of international standards. STM journals strive to publish qualitypaperinrecordtime,makingitaleaderinserviceandbusiness offerings. The aim and scope of STM Journals is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high level learning, teaching andresearchinalltheScientific,TechnicalandMechanicaldomains. Finally, I express my sincere gratitude to our Editorial/ Reviewer board, Authors and publication team for their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the form of authoring write ups/reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the journals.With regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish qualityResearch/Reviewsfindingsfor our customersbase. Ihopeyouwillenjoyreadingthisissue andwewelcomeyourfeedbackonanyaspectof theJournal. Dr.ArchanaMehrotra ManagingDirector STM Journals Director's Desk STM JOURNALS
- 9. 1. Adapting the LTE Architecture to 5G: Challenges and Possibilities MohamadShafiulAlam, Md. MirazurRahman, A.S.M Shamsul Arefin 1 2. Network Selection with Load Balancing in Wireless Heterogeneous Environment Manish Sachdeva, Kiran Ahuja 7 3. 2.9 GHz Plus Slotted Square Microstrip Patch Antenna Rajesh Tiwari, Archana Lala, Vinod Kumar Singh, Anurag Saxena, Nikhil Kumar Singh 16 4. Visible Light Communication System with Various OFDM Signaling Techniques for IM/DD Channels Shally Gujral, Monika Tuteja, Kamajiit Bhatia, Harjitpal Singh 21 5. Articulation Point Technique in MANET Neetendra Singh Dhakad, Anjana Goen 25 ContentsJournal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks
- 10. JoTSSN (2016) 1-6 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1 Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks ISSN: 2454-6372(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com Adapting the LTE Architecture to 5G: Challenges and Possibilities Mohamad Shafiul Alam1, *, Md. Mirazur Rahman2 , A.S.M Shamsul Arefin3 1 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Northern University Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh 2 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Primeasia University, Dhaka, Bangladesh 3 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh Abstract Research directions indicate a behemoth shift will be required from the existing framework to activate 5G in full swing. Current researches are intensively working in this field, however, it will take significant time to reach the ultimate goal. Emphasis has been given on the factors and challenges of 5G, solutions have been proposed accordingly, and some ideas about the architecture have been achieved so far. The work shown in this study is not necessarily a radical one, rather demonstrated the challenges, their possible solutions, and more importantly the proposed solutions are precisely discussed in the context of the architecture. It has been assumed that the whole architecture is closely adjacent to the existing 4G architecture, except that all those elements in the same architecture will be far more capable to enable 5G. Addressing the requirements in a very precise approach, addressing the solutions, and finally locating exactly where they would be applied within the architecture is the main objective. Keywords: 5G, LTE, adaptation, macrocell, MIMO INTRODUCTION With the advancement of technologies in cellular network, the fifth generation (5G) is not just going to be a gradual evolution from 4G and previous ones, rather a massive shift from the existing system. The eventual goal of 5G is to connect multiple devices under a unified umbrella for any kind of beneficial application. The application can be used to design smart home, safe traffic supervision, automated industry process as well as to transfer bulk media files and to make video calls. 5G networks will not be based on a single specific network topology rather it will be the adaptation of all earlier generations’ mobile system with enhanced technologies like WiFi, Internet of Things (IoT) and D2D communications [1]. The specification of 5G will include the development of flexible air interface, high traffic capacity also in terms of latency and reliability. Also development of Narrow-Band IoTis required enabling huge connectivity between devices. As the technology is evolving the use of higher spectrum for subscriber access is required but side by side lower spectrum should exist because the migration of user cannot be done overnight. The write up is a cumulative narration of the requirements of 5G network. The business modification and optimization works could be done further to implement in real time. The total system consists of multiple protocol layers and merger of different transmission and communication systems. Higher end smart devices and higher bandwidth availability are the key factors to support complex user applications for voice and data communication provided by the single service provider. 5G is not actually a new idea but the mixer of all user imaginations and capacity in a single frame. The freedom of user is unlimited. The communication between devices should be through different transmission media/ interfaces.
- 11. JoTSSN (2016) 7-15 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 7 Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks ISSN: 2454-6372 (online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com Network Selection with Load Balancing in Wireless Heterogeneous Environment Manish Sachdeva*, Kiran Ahuja Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, DAV Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, India Abstract Coexistence of various wireless radio access networks (RAN) and ability of mobile terminals to switch between them efficiently makes an optimal selection of serving mobile networks for groups of mobile-clients a major challenge with efficient load balancing. To overcome this problem, more flexible heterogeneous wireless networks (HWN) are required with the advantage of mobility, consistency, ubiquitous provision and improved spectral efficiency. In this paper, network selection with load balancing criteria is proposed in HWN. In heterogeneous environment, WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) and WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) are considered. Network selection based on load balancing is considered by quality of service (QoS) factors such as RSS (Received Signal Strength), bandwidth, BER (Bit Error Rate), throughput and network load. Graphical results show the efficient network selection with load balancing while prevailing required QoS for 100 users. Keywords: Load balancing, quality of service (QoS), WiMAX, WLAN, HWN INTRODUCTION In new generation wireless networks (NGWN), it is a challenging job to integrate multiple wireless access technologies to provide mobility and smooth accessibility to mobile users with high-speed wireless connectivity. This will be possible with the implementation of heterogeneous wireless access environment where different and disparate radio access technologies (RATs) are grouped together to provide best connectivity for the user. HWN is essentially made up of existing disparate radio access network (RAN) technologies (e.g. WiMAX, Wi-Fi, WCDMA, GPRS, EDGE, 3G, LTE, etc.). They usually consist of multiple different architectures, transmission solutions, and base stations of varying power capacity. The constituent networks are used for the purposes of improving user experience, reducing bottlenecks in RAN and core network (CN). HWN also introduces intelligent IP traffic routing and manages efficient load balancing and resource allocation. In this HWN, more than one user terminal will seamlessly and dynamically roam between the different RATs (Radio Access Technologies), so as to maintain the most optimal network connectivity for services. It is the key issue in resource management for heterogeneous wireless network to decide when a device should perform a vertical handover and the handover execution procedure [1]. With multiple available wireless networks, modern mobile devices like cell phones, PDA’s, tablets, PCs, scan these different networks and the user manually selects which network he or she wants to use, this leads to unbalancing in traffic load if all the users select the network having higher strength and ignore other available networks. Wireless traffic load can be balanced to avoid congestion and performance degradation in any of the networks [2]. In past recent years mobile data traffic has grown exponentially due to increase in electronic gadgets like PCs, smart-phones, tablets, laptops, smart watches, music players, etc., and a single wireless network is no longer capable to serve such a huge user equipment efficiently. So, more than one wireless network is required for the sufficient spectrum efficiency, coverage and service for the users which leads to increase in demand of HWN (Figure 1).
- 12. JoTSSN (2016) 16-20 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 16 Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks ISSN: 2454-6372 (online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com 2.9 GHz Plus Slotted Square Microstrip Patch Antenna Rajesh Tiwari1 , Archana Lala1 , Vinod Kumar Singh2, *, Anurag Saxena2 , Nikhil Kumar Singh2 1 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, S. R. Group of Institutions, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India 2 Department of Electrical Engineering, S. R. Group of Institutions, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India Abstract This paper contains microstrip patch antenna designed by way of coaxial feed technique. The antenna is mainly intended to be used for WiMAX middle band (3.25–3.85 GHz) wireless applications. The result shows that wide bandwidth of 68.46% is obtained covering the frequency range from 2.32 to 4.73 GHz. The characteristics of the designed structure are investigated by using MoM based on electromagnetic solver, IE3d. In the end, an extensive analysis of the return loss, radiation pattern and gain of the proposed antenna has been studied. Keywords: Microstrip antenna, broadband, efficiency, bandwidth INTRODUCTION In numerous homes and offices, the cordless phones free us from the short leash of handset cords. Cell phones give us even more independence such that we can communicate with each other at any instance and in any place. Wireless technology provides us access to the internet without suffering from running yards of unsightly and expensive cable. The trend of these applications and technology has radically decreased the weight and size. Therefore, there is requirement for antennas of small sized light-weighted, low profile with good directivity and radiation pattern in the horizontal plane [1–5]. Conventional microstrip antennas generally have a conducting patch printed on a grounded microwave substrate having great components like low profile, light weight, smooth fabrication and conformability to mounting hosts. A mechanically thicker and strong substrate will boost the power radiation, diminish conductor loss and enhance impedance bandwidth. However, it will also boost the weight, dielectric loss, surface wave loss and extraneous radiation from the probe feed. The substrate dielectric constant acts a role similar to that of substrate thickness. A low dielectric constant for the substrate will increase the fringing field at the patch periphery. This is resulted that the radiated power of the antenna will be also increased. Thus, a dielectric constant of less than 2.55 is chosen unless a smaller patch size is needed. An increase in the substrate thickness has effects on the antenna characteristics as decreasing the value of the dielectric constant. A high substrate loss tangent increases the dielectric loss of the antenna, which results to reduce the antenna efficiency. Patch width has a minimum effect on the resonant frequency and radiation pattern of the antenna. However, it affects the input resistance and bandwidth to a larger extent. A bigger patch width increases the power radiated and therefore provides a decreased resonant resistance, increased bandwidth, and increased radiation efficiency. A constraint against a larger patch width is the creation of grating lobes in antenna arrays [6–10]. It has been suggested that the length to width ratio of the path has to be in the range of one and two (1<L/W<2) to achieve a good radiation efficiency. The resonant frequency depends on patch length, and plays a crucial role in the design parameters, because of the inherent narrow bandwidth of the patch.
- 13. JoTSSN (2016) 21-24 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 21 Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks ISSN: 2454-6372(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com Visible Light Communication System with Various OFDM Signaling Techniques for IM/DD Channels Shally Gujral1 , Monika Tuteja1, *, Kamajiit Bhatia2 , Harjitpal Singh3 1 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Anand College of Engineering and Management, Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India 2 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, CT Institute of Engineering, Management & Technology, Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India 3 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Giani Zail Singh Campus, Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab, India Abstract Lightening using light emitting diodes is very energy efficient method for illumination. This type of communication is known as visible light communication. Further, with the use of OFDM technique, multiuser communication is also possible in VLC. But the problem with OFDM is that it has both positive and negative amplitude, due to which it is not preferable for direct detection channels. For making it worthy for VLC in all manners, various techniques have been suggested like Dc-biased OFDM, asymmetrically clipped optical OFDM, pulse amplitude modulated discrete multi-tone OFDM. Keywords: Visible light communication (VLC), orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD), asymmetrically clipped optical OFDM (ACO-OFDM) INTRODUCTION In visible light communication, the two most important electronic components are light emitting diodes (LEDs) and photo diodes (PDs). At the transmitter end, LED emits incoherent light which is detected by photodiodes at receiver end. But with these two electronic components, the actual phase and amplitude of light signal can’t be modulated or detected. With IM/DD technique used in visible light communication system, the information is encoded into number of photons at the transmitter and sent to receiver at the same time. Various modulation schemes like ON-OFF keying (OOK), pulse code modulation (PCM), and sub carrier binary phase shift keying (SC-BPSK) are available which can be used for modulation of information signal [1]. The use of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing in VLC makes it perfect communication system due to the strong obstruction of OFDM to multipath interference. But there is a major drawback of OFDM based system that it is having a crest in time domain which results in reduced power efficiency in radio frequency based systems. This disadvantage is turned to be an advantage in optical LED system. This crest in time domain is used to modulate the IM/DD signal. It is chosen such that the LED operates in the linear region of the current versus intensity curve. Most of the research in the area of visible light communication using OFDM has been theoretical. The goal of the project is to implement an experimental system. In this experimental system, it is basically exploited that how the high crest factor of OFDM can be used for intensity modulation in optical LED system. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RF AND VLC As now a day, there is very much use of LED light bulbs everywhere, so, visible light communication is at the top in the current optical wireless communication scenario. Also with OFDM, the problem of capacity shortage in wireless data communication is resolved [8]. As discussed earlier that amplitude shift keying, pulse width and position modulation
- 14. JoTSSN (2016) 25-34 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 25 Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks ISSN: 2454-6372(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com Articulation Point Technique in MANET Neetendra Singh Dhakad*, Anjana Goen Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Rustamji Institute of Technology, Border Security Force Academy, Tekanpur, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India Abstract The mobile ad hoc network, which is a wireless network of special type and has a collection of wireless hosts with wireless network interfaces, encompasses a temporary network, without any established infrastructure or centralized administration. All wireless nodes will start broadcasting again all the received broadcast messages. It is a common problem called as blind broadcast. Every node may receive the same copy of the messages from all the neighboring nodes. It is termed as unnecessary overhead. This broadcast overhead is reduced by the connected dominating set approach. So, a virtual backbone which reduces the communication overhead, increases the bandwidth efficiency, reduces channel bandwidth consumption, decreases the energy consumption, increases network operation life, and provides better resource management. Present work is to implement articulation-points concept into MCDS problem and find out MCDS problem using articulation points. Now we implement new algorithm that utilizes the articulation points, has been proposed and evaluated. Here, selection of the maximum degree node is the right choice to start. Proposed algorithm starts with computation of articulation points in a connected graph. This algorithm assumes the existence of articulation points. The assumption is largely valid in view of the dynamic topology of wireless ad hoc network. This is analyzed with simulation on NS-2 simulator. Keywords: Ad-hoc network, connected dominating set, MCDS, minimum connected dominating node, on-demand distance vector INTRODUCTION A mobile ad hoc network is a collection of independent mobile nodes that can communicate to each other via radio waves. The mobile nodes that are in radio range of each other can directly communicate, whereas others need the aid of intermediate nodes to route their packets. Each of the nodes has a wireless interface to communicate with each other. These networks are fully distributed, and can work at any place without the help of any fixed infrastructure as access points or base stations. Figure 1 shows a simple ad-hoc network with three nodes. Node 1 and node 3 are not within range of each other; however the node 2 can be used to forward packets between node 1 and nodes 2. The node 2 will act as a router and these three nodes together form an ad-hoc network. A CDS of a graph G=(V,E) is defined as a subset V‘⊆V such that each node in VV‘ is adjacent to at least one node in V’ and the graph induced by V’, i.e. G(V’) is a connected sub graph of G. The nodes in the CDS are called as dominators and the rest of the nodes of the network are called as dominatees. With the help of CDS, routing can be easier. During routing, broadcasting responsibilities lie only on the CDS nodes. So, only the CDS nodes maintain the routing information. To save the storage space and reduce the traffic during communication, it is desirable to construct a CDS with minimum cardinality. The problem of finding the CDS with minimum cardinality is called minimum connected dominating set (MCDS) problem, which is NP-complete [1]. Therefore, researchers are only interested for polynomial time distributed algorithms for finding out MCDS in WSN. The quality of the CDS is evaluated by its approximation factor, which is the ratio of its size of the constructed CDS to the size of the MCDS. Also, in the energy constrained wireless networks, to extend the battery life and optimize power consumption, speedy switches between disjoint CDSs are carried out [2]. For these types of networks, we should construct the CDSs with
- 15. Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems & Networks (JoTSSN) September–December 2016 ISSN 2454-6372 (Online) www.stmjournals.com STM JOURNALS Scientific Technical Medical