Hormones and their functions.
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This document is an assignment on hormones within the pharmacology course, covering various aspects such as definitions, classifications, and functions of hormones produced by endocrine glands. It details steroid and non-steroid hormones, their modes of action, and the effects of adrenocorticosteroids, including relevant diseases and hormone therapies. The conclusion emphasizes the significance of hormones in life and the necessity of understanding their functions and related disorders.
Hormones and their functions.
- 1. Department of Pharmacy Assignment On Hormones Course code: BPH 4203 Course Title: Pharmacology-III Submitted by: Mehedi Shah Roll no:161328 Reg:1135110 Session:2015-2016 4th Year 2nd Semester Department of Pharmacy Pabna University of Science and Technology, Pabna. Submitted to: Ashish Kumar Sarker Assistant Professor Department of Pharmacy Pabna University of Science and Technology, Pabna. Submission Date: 20 March 2021
- 2. Topic No. Topic Name Page No. 01 What is Hormone? 03 02 What makes Hormones? 03 03 The Endocrine System 04 04 Classification of hormone 05 05 Steroid Hormone ➢ Biosynthesis ➢ Mode Of ACtion 06-08 06 Non Steroid hormone ➢ Mode Of Action 09 07 Water soluble vs. Lipid Soluble Hormone 10 08 AdeboHYpophyseal hormones ➢ Chemistry ➢ Physiologic action ➢ Regulation 11-12 09 Adrenocorticosteroid ➢ Types ➢ Physiological effect ➢ Disease Related to ➢ Adrenocorticosteroid 12-13 10 Hormone Therapy 14 11 conclusion 14
- 3. What is Hormone? A hormone is any member of a class of signaling molecules in multicellular organisms, that are transported to distant organs to regulate physiology and / or behavior. Hormones are required for the correct development of animals, plants and fungi. Hormones are your body's chemical messengers. They travel in your bloodstream to tissues or organs. They work slowly, over time, and affect many different processes, including • Growth and development • Metabolism - how your body gets energy from the foods you eat • Sexual function • Reproduction • Mood What makes the hormones? Endocrine glands, which are special groups of cells, make hormones. The major endocrine glands are the pituitary, pineal, thymus, thyroid, adrenal glands, and pancreas. In addition, men produce hormones in their testes and women produce them in their ovaries. Hormones are powerful. It takes only a tiny amount to cause big changes in cells or even your whole body. That is why too much or too little of a certain hormone can be serious. Laboratory tests can measure the hormone levels in your blood, urine, or saliva. Your health care provider may perform these tests if you have symptoms of a hormone disorder. Home pregnancy tests are similar - they test for pregnancy hormones in your urine.
- 6. Steroid Hormones : Steroid hormones are produced in adrenal cortex,testis,ovary and some peripheral tissues. All steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol and differ only in the ring structure and side chains attached to it.All steroid hormones are lipid soluble and water insoluble. Types: There are 3 types of steroid hormones.
- 7. Biosynthesis: Steroidogenesis entails processes by which cholesterol is converted to biologically active steroid hormones. Historically, steroid hormone synthesis only occurred in the steroidogenic glands (i.e., adrenal glands, gonads, and placenta)
- 8. Mode of Action : The action of steroid hormones are mediated by steroid hormone receptor, intracellular protein belonging to the nuclear family of transcription factor. These receptors mediate signal transduction through genomic and non-genomic action in context specific manner.
- 9. Non Steroid Hormones : Non-steroid hormones are made of amino acids. They are not fat soluble, so they cannot diffuse across the plasma membrane of target cells. Instead, a non-steroid hormone binds to a receptor on the cell membrane. The binding of the hormone triggers an enzyme inside the cell membrane. The enzyme activates another molecule, called the second messenger, which influences processes inside the cell. Most endocrine hormones are non-steroid hormones, including insulin and thyroid hormones. Mode of Action : Non-steroid hormones binds to a membrane receptor. They don’t enter the cell, sets off a series of reaction that activates an enzyme. Catalyzes a reaction that produces a second messenger molecule. Oversees additional intracellular changes to promote a specific response.
- 12. Regulation of Adenohypophyseal Hormones: Adenohypophyseal Hormones are regulated via different mechanism. They are discussed below : By Neurohormones secreted by Hypothalamus. Tropic Hormones from the anterior pituitary regulate other glands such as the thyroid, adrenal cortex, gonads. Hormone from these glands act by negative feedback to inhibit the release of both tropic and hypothalamic hormones. Neural signals elicited by sexual arousal,stress,anxiety,trauma,variation in the light-dark cycle and the sucking of a breast-fed infant also regulate hypothalamus hormones. Adrenocorticosteroid Adrenal corticosteroids are synthesized in the adrenal cortex. They are a group of steroid hormones produced by the cortex of the adrenal gland. They are involved in a wide range of physiological process, including stress response, immune response, regulation of inflammation etc. They are classified into 3 types : Mineralocorticoid: Aldosterone-electrolyte balance regulating, salt retaining activity. Glucocorticoid: cortisol- carbohydrate metabolism regulating immunity.
- 13. Adrenal androgens: Dehydroepiandrosterone(DHEAs) and androstenedione- androgenic – estrogenic activity. Physiological effect: Carbohydrate metabolism : protect glucose dependent tissue from starvation.Stimulate gluconeogenesis,glycogen synthesis in the fasting state. Protein Metabolism : protein breakdown,catabolic effects. Lipid Metabolism : Redistribution of body fat,induce lipolysis in adepocytes,lipogenesis. Electrolyte & water balance : Enhance the reabsorption of sodium and renal excretion of free water. Cardiovascular System : Enhance vascular reactivity to other vasoactive substance. Skeletal muscle : Normal function (steroid myopathy) CNS : Regulate Neuronal excitability. Anti-inflammatory & Immunosuppressive action : Alter immune response of lymphocyte,monocyte,basophil. Diseases related to adrenocorticosteroid Hormones: • Adrenocortical Insufficiency o Addisons’s disease (primary and secondary ) • Adrenocortical Hyperactivity o Congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (Androgen excess ) o Cushing’s syndrome (Hypercorticolism) o Conn’s syndrome (primary aldosteronism ) • Hypoaldosteronism
- 14. Hormone Therapy Luckily many hormonal conditions can be treated with hormone therapy. When it comes to hormone therapy to treat menopause symptoms, there are a number of options to consider. You can talk to your doctor about what is right for you as far as types, combinations and dosages, but there are generally four types to you can discuss: • Bioidentical hormones are identical to the hormones produced in the human body. These hormones include estrogens (estrone, estriol, estradiol), testosterone, and progesterone. • Hormones from other species are technically “natural” because they are not synthetically created but they are not “native” to human women. The most common example of this is Premarin, a complex mixture of about five estrogens from female horses. • Synthetic hormones are hormones that mimic the actions of hormones created by the human female body. Many synthetic estrogens are used in birth control pills and are usually well tolerated by most women. The original reason for the development of synthetic hormones was the create a variety of estrogen and progestin that would not be destroyed by stomach acid and stay in the bloodstream long enough to be effective. • Combination hormonal products combine both bioidentical hormones and synthetic hormones. Conclusion : Hormone is an important element in our life.So,having a brief knowledge of their biochemistry, mode of action,function and disease related to it is a must . This document is all about it.