siddharth.gite.sip report epc m&m

ASPEE Agribusiness Management Institute
Navsari Agricultural University
Navsari, Gujarat
Summer Internship Report on
A Study on User Profile, Usage Pattern and
Income Generation from Protected Cultivation
Technology in south Indian region
Submitted By: - Siddharth M Gite
IInd SEM, AABMI NAU
Navsari, Gujarat
Submitted To: -Dr. Ruchira Shukla
Asso.Prof. AABMI, NAU
& Mr. Tejas Joshi,
Senior Manager, Strategic
Planning, Farm Equipment
Sector, Mahindra &
Mahindra Ltd.

SIDDHARTH M GITE (2070513006) Aspee Agribusiness
Management Institute
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of any task would be
incomplete without the mention of all those people who made it possible whose constant
guidance and encouragement crowns the efforts with success.
So, I express my thorough thanks to Dr. A.M.Bafna, Dean of ASPEE Agri Business
Management Institute Navsari, Navsari Agriculture University for allowing me to do the
project work I was interested to do and rendering the help in all academic matters, valuable
guidance and for grooming in this manner that enabled me to do justice with this project.
I would like to thanks Mr. Tejas Joshi, (Strategic Planning, Farm Equipment sector),
Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd., for giving me an opportunity to work with such a renowned
company and guiding me all while the project period.
Success is that old ABC – Ability, Behaviour and Courage. This important message I
learnt from ASPEE AGRIBUSINESS MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE. I express my deepest
sense of gratitude to my Major guide Dr.Ruchira Shukla, Associated Professor in
Marketing, Minor Guides Dr. Mehul G Thakkar Associated Professor in HRM ,
AABMI, Navsari who gave me valuable guidance and groomed me in this manner that
enabled me to do justice with this project And all faculty members of AABMI for all time
support during my training.
I express my sincere thanks to all the college professors for helping me throughout the
project by giving their valuable time and information. Their constant guidance and critical
evaluation of the project has helped me in successful completion of the project.
Finally, I extend my thanks to all the people who have helped and co-operated with me
during my project work.
Place: Navsari Siddharth M. Gite
Date : AABMI, NAU,Navsari

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Executive Summary
In today’s competitive world while entering in the market it is necessary to have good
knowledge of the potential of a particular market. Also it is necessary to retain the existing
customers apart from attracting new customers
I am working with Epc Mahindra is given me a very good exposure to the corporate
world and help me in understanding all the Marketing concepts practically. It has been a very
good experience for me which will be of prime importance in my future.
The protected cultivation industry in India is covered more than 20,000 ha area till a date and
this is growing at 12% annually; it is expected to reach 50,000 ha in next 5 years.
This report contains the details of the activities performed by me in the organization
as well as the various aspects of the organization that I have worked on. The Project is “To
study the user profile, usage pattern and Income generation from protected cultivation
technology”. It involved surveying the 46 user Farmers. Farmers were surveyed to get deep
insight into their mindset about use of Protected cultivation technology.
This project also involves the learning’s like forming Promotional strategies,
achieving marketing sales, Utilizing resources, Advertisement, and of the various training
events in different areas of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh.
In this Project the purposive sampling was used for the study. At the 1st stage, I have
selected 4 states, In the 2nd stage from each states, I have selected 2 district by convenience
sampling. And farmers were selected by purposive method to make a sample size of 40
Protected cultivation Technology user farmer.
It can be concluded that Farmers in India is waiting for the Brand image like
Mahindra in the Protected Cultivation Technology. This technology is a need of future by
seeing the changing climatic condition in today’s date. But as the technology is costly
farmers are mostly depended on Subsidy of Central and State Government.

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Major Finding:
1. Most of the user enters in this business for increase his income and for secondary
income source.
2. Because of Higher investment most of farmers are depended on subsidy from central
& state government.
3. The Business class peoples who has agricultural land enters in this business because
of higher income.
4. The scope for protected cultivation is increasing in India.
5. In the areas of south they don’t have a need to invest on red soil which cost in lacks to
the other state farmers.
6. It was found that people in South region were not constructing polyhouse from the
company, they were constructing on their own. And the cost of construction is as low
as around 6 lakhs / 1000 sq mt.
7. The Indian climatic conditions are good so the use of naturally ventilated poly house
is high.
8. In Maharashtra and Karnataka most of the farmers cultivating Rose, because the
climatic conditions are suitable and market place are nearby.
9. In Karnataka almost all users are taking cultivation of only rose and also nursery of
rose plantlets and taking higher income from that.
10. Only one lady was a greenhouse farmer in entire survey and she was taking capsicum
crop in polyhouse, which also gives good returns as compare to other flower
cultivation.
11. All users of protected cultivation technology have good financial condition.
12. Disease, Nematodes and Pest attack is major problem for the User.
13. Most of the farmers are good cultivars before using protected cultivation technology
so they don’t face many problems.
14. Many polyhouses in the pune area were given on lease to other.
15. The average income estimated from polyhouse is 9-10 lakhs/acre/ year approximately.
16. There is a need to provide marketing facilities for the produce from protected
cultivation technology
17. The central government contributes 50% for the subsidy and state government gives
further 15-25% subsidy as per their state policies.

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Chapter 1
Industry Profile
1.1 Global Scenario:
o There are more than 50 countries in the world where cultivation of crops is undertaken on a
commercial scale under protected cultivation.
o Netherland, China, AND Japan are most leading countries in the world covering 89,500 ha,
48,000 ha, and 40,000ha total area under protected cultivation respectively in last decade.
o Netherland is most leading exporter of greenhouses followed by Israel throughout the world.
o The total area under greenhouse in the world which was 2,75,00 ha as reported for the year
1999-2000.
1.2 Indian Protected cultivation technology Industry:
Use of protected cultivation is stated during 1980’s and it was mainly used for research
activities. The commercial utilization of protected cultivation technology started from a988
onwards. There have been satisfied steady growths in protected cultivation in 20’s area under
protected cultivation reached up to 500 ha in 20’s. Protected cultivation industry is become a
fast growing sector in last five year it reaching up to 20,000 ha area under total protected
cultivation.
Development of greenhouse industry in India is of recent origin. The industry was introduced
as a potential export oriented venture, mainly due to the liberalization policies of the union
government during 1990 and 1991. The new policy regime became popular as the new
economic policy aimed at reducing import restrictions on capital goods including
infrastructure and buildings such as greenhouse structures. The government also favoured
liberalizing imports of exotic planting materials and offering special incentives to encourage
export oriented production of commercial horticultural crops. These policies paved the way
for the recent rapid growth of the greenhouse industry in India.

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1.3 Brief about the Industry
 Cluster for protected cultivation:
Majority of clusters of India for protected cultivation mainly seeing uniformity in their
characteristics such as;
o Climate: Temperature, Rainfall, Humidity, Topography.
o Infrastructural facilities: Roadways, cargo, water resources, Post harvest
infrastructure.
o Market availability: Buyers, Traders, market yards, demand for product.
o Customer’s characteristics: Average land holding by individual, awareness about new
technology etc
o Governments policies: state policies (subsidy ratio) about protected cultivation,
implementation of funds etc
o Majority of area under protected cultivation:
1. Maharashtra & Karnataka: Rose & Gerbera
2. Tamil Nadu: Rose, Carnation
3. Gujarat: Gerbera and Capsicum.
4. Uttarakhand: Gerbera and lilium
5. Northeast states: Anthodium, Carnations, Orchids, capsicum
o Protected cultivation industry is present in various clusters;
o Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Uttarakhand, North east state,
And Andhra Pradesh are the leading states for protected cultivation.
o Punjab, Haryana, Rajsthan are the upcoming areas for protected cultivation.
o Bihar, M.P, and west Bengal are the backward states for protected cultivation.
o Major protected cultivation industry areas:
 Maharashtra: Pune, Nashik, Satara, Sangli
 Karnataka: Bangalore (Rural), Belgaum, Chikbellapur
 Gujarat: Sabarkantha, Surat
 Tamil Nadu: Ooty, Kodaikanal
 Uttarakhand: Dehardun, Udhamshingh nagar, Nainital
 North east states: East Sikkim, Imphal, Kokrahar
 Andhrapradesh: Hyderabad surrounding.
o Population of various types of greenhouses is as under:
Due to the mild climate, Indian growers need only simple poly-covered structures to a
protected cultivation of cut flowers.
 Naturally ventilated polyhouses: 72%
 Semi climate culture greenhouse (Fan and pad cooling):15%
 Shade nets: 8 to 10%
 Plastic low tunnels (poly tunnels): 5%

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 Usage pattern:
o About 80% to 82% area under total protected cultivation is under cut flower production.
o Following crops are mainly covered following area protected cultivation technology.
 Roses: 30 to35%
 Gerbera: 25 to 30%
 Carnation: 10 to12%
 Other cut flower: 5 to 7%
 Capsicum & other vegetables: 10 to 12%
 Seedling nurseries: 3 to 55
 Research & education: 1 to 2%
o Naturally ventilated, single vent structure mainly used for cut flower production in India.
o Ploy tunnels are mainly proffered for nurseries, hardening of tissue culture plants and
germination chamber.
o Flat tunnels are mainly preferred for vegetables cultivation i.e. capsicum, tomatoes, and
ornamental nurseries, and roses in some areas.
o Control atmosphere cooling fan pad system is mainly used for large scale plant material
(seedlings, tissue culture) suppliers and public sectors (research laboratories, agri institution).
 Cost estimates:
o Cost of erection is mainly depends upon location and transportation cost. The cost estimates
given by various farmers, fabricators are as under:
o Naturally ventilated = 450 to 700/ sq.m
o For 1 acre area cost is around 40lacks.
o Controlled atmosphere = 1400 to 1550/per sq.m
o Shade-net = 240 to 360 per sq.m
o Cost of erection of poly house depends upon location, availability of raw material for
erection, type of a poly house, quality of raw material and fabricator’s availability in the
region.
1.4 Growth of industry:
o Area under protected cultivation was majorly increased in last 4 to5 years.
o Area protected cultivation will be reaches up to 50,000 ha between next five years; 800 to
1000 ha for next year.
o Major key areas for protected cultivation are (growth per annum)
 Maharashtra: 80 to 1000 ha
 Karnataka: 70 to 80 ha
 Gujarat: 60 to 70 ha
 Uttarakhand: 60 to70ha
 North-east states: 100 to 120 ha
 Tamil Nadu: 70 to 80 ha
 As per for protected cultivation technology (CPCT), IARI, Pusa, New Delhi

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o Expected growth rate for protected cultivation of India will be 12% of total protected
cultivation area.
o Upcoming five years are most crucial for protected cultivation industry.
1.5 Major segment.
INTRODUCTION TO PROTECTED CULTIVATION:
1.5.1 Protected cultivation:
Protected cultivation practices can be defined as a cropping technique where in the micro
climate surrounding the plant body is controlled partially / fully as per requirement of the
plant species grown during their period of growth. With the advance in agriculture various
types of protected cultivation practices suitable for specific type of agro-climatic zones have
emerged among these prospective cultivation practices.
Protected cultivation offers distinct advantages of quality productivity and market price to the
growers.
Growers can substantially increase their income by protected cultivation of various
horticultural crops in the off-season as the crops produced during the normal season.
1.5.2Advantages of protected cultivation:
o The yield may be 10 to12% higher than that of outdoor cultivation depending upon the type
of green house, type of crop, environmental control facilities.
o Reliability of crop increases under greenhouse cultivation.
o Ideally suited for vegetables and flower crops.
o Year round production of floriculture crops.
o Off-season production of vegetables and fruit crops.
o Disease-free and genetically superior transplants can be produced continuously.
o Efficient utilization of chemicals, pesticides to control pest & diseases.
o Water requirement of crops very limited and easy to control.
o Maintenance of stock plants, cultivating grafted plant-lets and micro propagated plants-lets.
o Hardening of tissue cultured plants.
o Production of quality produced free of blemishes.
o Most useful in monitoring and controlling the instability of various ecological system.
o Modern techniques of hydroponics geoponics and nutrient film techniques are possible only
under greenhouse cultivation.

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Adoption of protected cultivation technology, especially at small growers level, has not been
satisfactory. There are sporadic instances of its success in Maharashtra and Karnataka but its
benefit yet to reach in the northern parts of the country. There is a huge domestic market in
north India for high value crops. Apart from knowledge, skill and financial constraints, there
are discernible gaps across production to marketing, attributable to poor level of adoption of
protected cultivation.
1.5.3 Green house:
Green house are framed/ inflated structures covered with transparent and translucent material
large enough to grow crops under partially or fully controlled environment condition to get
optimum growth and productivity.
1.5.4 Classification of greenhouses:
The different types of greenhouses based on shape, utility, material, and construction are
briefly given below:
1.5.4.1 Greenhouse types based on shape:
For the purpose of classification, the uniqueness of cross section of the greenhouses can be
considered as a factor. The commonly followed types of greenhouses based on shape are:
o Lean to type greenhouse.
o Even span type greenhouse.
o Uneven span type greenhouse.
o Ridge and furrow type.
o Saw tooth type.
o Quonset greenhouse.
o Interlocking ridges and furrow type Quonset greenhouse.
o Ground to ground greenhouse.
1.5.4.2 Greenhouse type based on utility:
Classification can be made depending on the functions or utilities. Of the
different utilities, artificial cooling and heating are more expensive and elaborate. Hence
based on this, they are classified in to two types.
o Greenhouse for active heating.
o Greenhouse for active cooling.
1.5.4.3 Greenhouse types based on construction:
The type of construction predominantly is influenced by structural material, though the
covering materials also influence the type. Higher the span, stronger should be the material

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and more structural members are used to make sturdy tissues. For smaller spans, simple
designs like hoops can be followed. So based on construction, greenhouse can be classified as
o Wooden framed structure.
o Pipe framed structure.
o Truss framed structure.
1.5.4.4 Greenhouse type based on covering material:
Covering materials are the important component of the greenhouse structure. They have
direct influence on greenhouse effect, inside the structure and they alter the air temperature
inside. The types of frames and method of fixing also varies with covering material. Hence
based on the type of covering material they may be classified as
a) Glass glazing.
b) Fibre glass reinforced plastics glazing
o Plain sheet
o Corrugated sheet
c) Plastic film
o UV stabilized LDPE film
o Silpaulin type sheet.
o Net house
1.5.4.5 Based on cost of construction involved:
o High cost greenhouse
o Low cost green house
o Medium cost greenhouse
1.5.5 Major types of green house in India:
Keeping in view Indian climatic condition two types of greenhouses have been taken into
consideration under the government of India schemes (NHB, NHM, HMNESH) for subsidy
and they are naturally ventilated greenhouses and greenhouses with fan pad system cooling.
There is also provision of subsidy for low cost greenhouse made up of wooden and bamboo
structure.
1.5.5.1 Naturally ventilated greenhouse:
Best suited for area where temperature ranges between 15o C to 300 C. The structure should
have provision of sufficient number of openings foe ventilation. The percentage of ventilation
will be up to 60% of the floor area depending upon climatic conditions. The openings may be
side wall vent or roof vent or both to exchange air flow inside the green house.

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During the summer period the opening are provided need to ensure efficient air movement
and should be fully during winter period.
Features for naturally ventilated greenhouse:
o Designed for 120 kmph wind velocity.
o Mechanically operated top vent closing attachment.
o Collapsible shad nets / thermals screens under the roof.
o Telescopic insertion type foundation up to 600 mm depths.
o Tubular galvanised structure, fitted with G.I clamps and nut bolts.
o Total headroom of POLYHOUSES is 6/6.5 meter. With vent opening 800 to1000 mm.
o Aerodynamic structure having 2 meter. Wide corridor at four sides and joint gutters.
1.5.5.2 Greenhouse with fan pad cooling system:
o Quonset G.I structure with span of 8 metres and 11meters.
o Centre heights 5/5.5 meter.
o Provision of exhaust fan and evaporative cooling pads.
o Automotives controller or sensor for humidity and temperature.
o Ideal for research laboratory in extreme climatic conditions and unsuitable geographical
zones.
1.5.5.3 Features for shadow halls:
o Polythene on roof and shade net, inside and above the roof.
o All side covered with 30%, 60%, or 75% green shade net.
o Bay size 4m * 4m heights 4.5m to 5m
o Gutter heights-3m
o Up to 33% ventilation which can reduce temperature to 50 C to chat of ambience.
o Ideal for – anthodium and orchid, ornamental nursery and shadow loving plants.
1.5.5.4 Features of low cost poly tunnels/ shadow house:
o Span 11mtr. * 4mtr.
o Central heights 5 to 6mtr.
o Bay size 3mtr. And fmtr.
o Maximum headroom of 4 to 4.5 mtr
o Top covered with polythene four side ventilation with shade net
o Ideal for exotic vegetables.

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1.6 Major Players
 Netafim
 Waman
 Pipes & Flow
 Hariom
 Future agrotec
 Neelagrotec

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Chapter 2
Company Profile
EPC is a Mahindra group company, popularly known as EPC Irrigation. And is a pioneer of
micro-irrigation in India. Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. (M&M) has acquired majority stake in
EPC Industries Ltd through preferential issuance of equity shares. This transaction has
enabled M&M to enter Micro-Irrigation Sector. Started in 1986 with the initial French
Technology support, EPC had developed the capability to design and develop the irrigation
products of international standard, satisfying every need of Indian Farmers. EPC provides
complete solution for agriculture with a focus on Micro-Irrigation, Pumps & inter-related
requirements of fertigation & agronomic support. EPC is also planning to enter another allied
business activities in future. The company is registered in all major states under subsidy
program in India. EPC has a strong & widely spread network of large number of channel
partners & is supported by offices at strategic locations. EPC has also launched first of its
kind one stop shop for agro products & solutions (Agri Showroom) in Buldhana district of
Maharashtra, wherein farmers can find all agri input products & services under a single roof.

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Chapter 3
Project
The project was “To Study the User Profile, Usage Pattern and Income
Generation from Protected Cultivation Technology in south Indian region .” It involved
surveying the User Farmers of Protected Cultivation Technology. Farmers were surveyed to
get deep insight into their mindset about use of Protected Cultivation Technology. The other
domestic companies are trying to survive in the highly globalised market.
3.1 Needof study:
 FARMERS:
Whether the buyer is aware of the Mahindra products. Understanding user profile means to
capture the needs, goals, values, expectation, and habits of users.
The study covered the following issues which hopefully would be of use for the Company
in deciding the future strategies.
3.2 Objective:-
1. To study the User Profile.
 Demographics :- age, gender, education, other income source
 Problems/ Barriers :- experienced difficulties at the time of starting
 Goals/ Expectation :- to know the objective/ goals/ expectations from buying
greenhouse
2. To study the Usage Pattern.
 Types of protected cultivation
 Crops in protected cultivation
 Past cropping pattern & future plan
3. To study Income Generation from Protected Cultivation Technology
3.3 Significance:-

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The study will help to understand farmers By understanding User profile of protected
cultivation we will get idea about perception of owner’s towards protected cultivation in
different areas of India. By understanding Usage pattern of protected cultivation we will get
idea about best management practices, cost effectiveness. Threw the difference of income
generation in between Protected cultivation Technology and Open field the farmers can be
motivated to adopt the technology.
3.4 Review of Literature
This chapter is devoted to review the studies closely related to the present research work. In
order to have a clear and in-depth understanding of the research investigation to be carried
out and to choose the suitable analytical technique, work done by the various researchers
pertinent to the present study has been reviewed. The relevant studies have been reviewed in
chronological order under the following sub-headings.
The study related to economics of vegetable cultivation, resource use efficiency in vegetables
cultivation and protected cultivation of vegetables are reviewed.
Dixit (2007) studied the performance of leafy vegetables under protected environment and
open field condition. Green house crop yield several times more than the yield obtain from
the outdoor cultivation depending upon the cropping system and the degree of environmental
control. Because of environmental control, any crop can be grown at any time of the year and
even one type of crop can be raised round the year if needed. An experiment was conducted
on leafy vegetables i.e. spinach, amaranthus, fenugreek, and coriander at horticulture research
farm, Indira Gandhi Agricultural University Raipur. To see the performance of leafy
vegetables under protected cultivation and in the open field condition. As green house
cultivation is capital intensive , heavy financial investments are necessary especially in the
initial years to construct and equip with adequate environmental control devices. The initial
financial investment must be compensated by additional crop yield and export oriented crops.
The germination percentage was found 10-20% more in green house as compare to open
field. The yield was found to be more as compare to open field condition. The study revealed
that the green house cultivation showed superior yield attributing characters as compare to
open field condition.
Singh and Sirohi (2008/) examined that protected cultivation technology vegetable offers
distinct advantages of quality, productivity and favourable market price to the growers.

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Vegetable grower can substantially increase their income by protected cultivation of their
vegetablesin off season as the vegetables produced during their normal season generally do
not get good returns due to large availability of these vegetables in the markets. Off-season
cultivation of the cucurbit under low plastic tunnels is one of the most profitable
technologies under northern plains of India. Walk-in tunnels are also suitable and effective to
raise off-season nursery and off-season vegetable cultivation due to their low initial cost.
Insect proof net houses can be used for virus free cultivation of tomato, chilli, sweet pepper
and other vegitables mainly during the rainy season. Low cost green houses can be used for
high quality vegetablecultivation for long duration (6-10 months)mainly in peri-urban areas
of the country to fetch optimum prices of product. Polytranches have extremely useful for
growing vegetables under cold desert condition in upper reaches of Himalayas in the country.
The study reviewed above have highlighted that the vegetables are more economical as
compared to the commercial crops. The returns from the vegetables are more than that of the
other crops. From the vegetables point of view the return in tomato and capsicum are
maximum as compare to other crop. The present study, therefore attempts to study the user
profile, usage pattern and income generated from protected cultivation technology.

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Chapter 4
Research Methodology
As per the objective, face-to-face personal interview with structured questionnaire
was the final methodology adopted for the primary data collection of the study. The study
includes survey work to get the User profile, usage pattern and Income generation from
protected cultivation technology. A structured questionnaire was the tool for primary data
collection.
In the process of achieving the objectives of the study, it is very essential to follow a
systematic and scientific approach so as to present and interpret the results of the study or
investigation conducted. This chapter on methodology consists of the details of the
description of the study area, the sampling procedure, nature and sources of data, the
analytical tools and techniques employed.
In this Project Multi-stage sampling was used for the study. At the 1st stage, 4 states
were selected 2 district each purposively. In the 2nd stage from each state, 10 farmers were
selected by convenience method to make a sample size of 46.
4.1 Research Design:
After designing the objectives of the survey, the descriptive research designs with cross
sectional studies were taken. Further with the help of Questionnaire, different areas of
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh had been surveyed.
1. Nature and Source of data
2. Sampling design
4.2 Nature and sources of data
In according the objectives of the study, data was collected from both primary and secondary
sources.

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a) Primary data
The primary data forms an important component of any research investigation. As the
study focuses on To study the user profile, usage pattern and income generation from
protected cultivation technology, it also focuses on the awareness level of Epc Mahindra.
Hence, greater thrust was given to collect information at farmers’ level. However, since the
Dealers/retailers are the to the end consumer, i.e. Farmer, knowing their opinion and problem
was also importance and hence primary data was collected from them as well. The primary
data was collected using a structured questionnaire encompassing a number of
variables/parameters which could explain their study of user profile usage, pattern and
income generation from protected cultivation technology etc.
b) Secondary data
As the research study focuses on the aspects such as user profile,usage pattern and
income generation from protected cultivation technology,quantities handled, the statistical
data etc. were very much required to take forward the project study. Hence, the secondary
data required were collected through various sources like company website, magazines,
internet sources, company leaflet and other sources. Various published reports provided
the information regarding the data about area, production, productivity of crops in different
states.
c) Researchmethod: - Field Survey Method.
d) Researchinstrument:
Questionnaire: Questionnaires were used for the collection of primary data. The
questionnaire was prepared viz. farmers. The questions are both open and close ended in
nature and multiple choice questions were involved in questionnaire. In open ended
questions farmers were free to answer and in multiple choice questions respondents
were offered various options to choose from. The questions were framed in simple language
with orderly arrangement, so that initially a good rapport can be developed between the
interviewer and the respondent..
Researchtechnique: Multi stage sampling was done. Both Qualitative and Quantitative
research techniques were used.
4.3 Sampling design:-

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In order to proceed with investigation as per the objectives stated, it was necessary to adopt
an appropriate sampling design.
a) Selection of states;
In the First stage, it was proposed to select states in India given by the company in this area.
It was decided to select four states in India based on the potential, hence, the states namely,
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh were selected.
b) Selection of villages
In second stage, 2 district from each state were selected based on the area given by company
dealers were selected for the study.
c) Selection of farmers
In order to initiate first hand information using primary source techniques on various
variables in the Users of protected cultivation technology, 10 sample respondents who were
using Protected cultivation technology in each state were selected on a purposive basis.
Hence, a total of 46 farmers were selected from 4 states of south India.
d) Sampling technique:
Mostly Non-random sampling technique was adopted. Also, purposive sampling technique
was used, to ensure most accessible population and to select population members who are
good source of accurate information
e) Area of Survey:
 South India:
 Maharashtra
 Karnataka
 Tamil Nadu
 Andhra Pradesh
g) Sample unit: -
Protected cultivation technology user crop growing farmers.

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h) Sample Size: -
46 Protected cultivation technology user farmer.
j) Sampling Structure: - The distribution of sample is as mentioned below:
User Farmer
Table no.4.1.1
Sr.
no.
Name of State No. of District selected No. of farmers selected
1 Maharashtra 2 16
2 Karnataka 2 10
3
.
Tamil Nadu 2 10
4
.
Andhra Pradesh 2 10
Total 8 46
K) Period of study:
Period of study was from 1st July 2014 to 10th August 2014. “To study the user
profile, usage pattern and income generation from protected cultivation technology in South
Indian region.
4.4 Limitations:-
 The survey and research has been done based on whatever information provided by
the Farmers. They may not be true in answering the questions. Some Farmers and
dealers even did not reply to some questions.
 It was tried to meet maximum possible the Farmers to increase the accuracy.
However, due to time and economical constraint 46 farmers where interviewed.
 The respondents were reluctant to answer some questions, as they took them as
personal and consequently increasing the possibility of error.
 The data was collected solely on the basis of information given by farmers selected in
the sample.

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 Many times farmers are not able to give much more time for survey.
 Sampling error may occur due to biasness in opinion.

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Chapter 5
Data Analysis and Interpretation
The data after collection has to be processed and analyzed in accordance with the
outline laid down for the purpose at the time of developing the research plan. This is essential
for a scientific study and for ensuring that we have all relevant data for making contemplated
comparison and analysis .Technically speaking , processing implies editing , coding ,
classification and tabulation of collected data so that they are amenable to analysis. The term
analysis refers to the computation of certain measures along with searching for pattern of
relationship that exist among the data groups. Thus, in the process of analysis relationships or
differences supporting or conflicting with original or new hypothesis, should be subjected to
determine with what validity data can be said to indicate any conclusion. The collected data
are tabulated and graphs are drawn for each question from the questionnaire as shown.
5.1 Data collection is analysed under the following heads:
 Profile of Farmers:
1. Age group of farmers
Table No. 5.1.1.2
Sr No Age No of Respondent Percentage (%)
1 15-20 1 2
2 20-30 8 17
3 30-40 31 68
4 40-50 5 11
5 50 above 1 2
6 Total 46 100

23 | P a g e
Graph No. 5.1.1.1 n=46
Conclusion
Above table and column chart shows the age group of user farmers. As per the
sample size of 46 farmers, according to which2% farmers lie in the age group of 15-20,
17% farmer’s lie in age group of 20-30, 68% farmer in the age group of 30-40 and 11%
farmer lie in age group of 40-50 and 2% lie above 50. Hence we can state that the
majority of farmers are middle age.
2. Education Level of Farmers
Table No.5.1.2.3
Sr No Qualification No of Responded Percentage (%)
1 Below SSC 1 2
2 SSC 8 18
3 HSC 7 15
4 Graduation 28 61
5 Post Graduation 1 2
6 Agril Plus 1 2
7 Total 46 100
2%
17%
68%
11% 2%
Age of farmers
15-20
20-30
30-40
40-50
above 50

24 | P a g e
Graph No. 5.1.2.2
Conclusion
According to the survey conducted of 46 user farmers, the above table and Column chart
show regarding their educational level. 61% are graduated, 18% of farmers have their
education SSC, 15% of farmers have completed their HSC, and 2% farmers were below SSC,
Post graduated and Agril and allied science education holders. Hence we can state that the
education level affect the usage of protected cultivation.
3. Land holding of Farmers in acre
Table No. 5.1.3.4
Sr No Landholding No of Respondent Percentage (%)
1 Below 5 acre 4 9
2 5-10 acre 34 74
3 10-20 acre 6 13
4 Above 20 acre 2 4
5 Total 46 100
2%
18%
15%
61%
2% 2%
farmersqualification.
below ssc
ssc
hsc
graduation
post graduation
agril & science
n=46

25 | P a g e
Graph No. 5.1.3.3
Conclusion
Above table and column chart shows the Land holding of farmers. As per the sample size of
46 user farmers, according to which 9% farmers are below 5 acre of land which comes in
category of marginal or small farmers, 74% farmers have land holding ranging from 5-10
acre also 13% farmers have land holding 10 to 20 acre and 4% farmer have land holding of
above 20 acre.Hence it can be stated that majority of farmers are small-medium farmers of
protected cultivation technology.
4. Type of Occupation:-
Table No. 5.1.4.5
Sr No Occupation No of Responded Percentage (%)
1 Only Farming 28 61
2 Farming and Business 15 33
3 Farming and services 3 6
4 Total 46 100
9%
74%
13%
4%
land holding in acres
less than 5 acres
5-10 acre
10-20 acre
more than 20

26 | P a g e
Graph No. 5.1.4.4
Conclusion
Above table and column chart shows the Occupation of farmers. As per the sample size of 46
user farmers, according to which that 61% farmers have only farm they are totally depended
on their farm. Remaining 33% farmers are doing farmers as well as business, and 6% of the
users were doing service as well as farming. However, all the 46 farmers have adopted
Protected cultivation Technology.
5. Annual Income of Users:-
Table No. 5.1.5.6
Sr No Annual Income No of Respondent Percentage (%)
1 1-2 lack 4 9
2 2-4 lack 8 17
3 4-6 lack 10 22
4 6-10 lack 13 28
5 Above 10 lack 11 24
6 Total 46 100
61%
33%
6%
farmersoccupation.
Farming
Farming & Business
Farming and Service

27 | P a g e
Graph No. 5.1.5.5
Conclusion
Above table and chart shows the Annual Income of user farmers from open field crops and
other sources like business and service. As per the sample size of 46 user farmers, according
to which 9% farmers get 1-2 lack annually,17% farmers get 2-4 lack, while 22% get 4-6 lack
and 28% of farmer get 6-10lacks, and 24% farmers get above 10 lack annually.
6. Actual Land Under Protected Cultivation Technology:-
Table No. 5.1.6.7
Sr No Land Under Protected
Cultivation
No of Responded Percentage (%)
1 Below 0.5 acres 8 18
2 0.5 acres 11 24
3 Below 1 acres and above 0.5 acres 2 5
4 1acres 7 15
5 1.5 acres 5 11
9%
17%
22%28%
24%
annaul income of the farmersfromopen field
crops and other sources
1-2lacks
2-4lacks
4-6lacks
6-10lacks
above 10 lacks

28 | P a g e
6 2acres 6 13
7 3acres 2 4
8 4acres 1 2
9 5acres 2 4
10 7acres 1 2
11 22acres 1 2
12 Total 46 100
Graph No. 5.1.6.6
18%
24%
5%15%
11%
13%
4%
2% 4% 2% 2%
Actual area under protected cultivation
below 0.5 acres
0.5 acres
below 1 acres but above 0.5 acres
1 acres
1.5 acres
2 acres
3 acres
4acres
5acres
7acres
22acres

29 | P a g e
Conclusion
Above table and chart shows the Information about actual Land under Protected cultivation
technology user farmers. As per the sample size of 46 user farmers, according to which
concluded that 24% farmer has below 0.5 acre land, 18 % user farmer has below 0.5 acres
land under protected cultivation. 15% user farmer has 1 acre area and 13 % has above 2 acre
area under protected cultivation technology. This shows that most of the farmers have some
land of their total land under protected cultivation technology.
7. Type of Protected Cultivation Technology
Table No. 5.1.7.8
Sr No Type of PCT No of Responded Percentage (%)
1 Poly house 46 100
2 Net house and others 0 0
3 Total 46 100
Graph No. 5.1.7.7
100%
0%
type of protected cultivation
polyhouse
net house and others

30 | P a g e
Conclusion
Above table and chart shows the type of protected cultivation technology by farmers. As per
the sample size of 46 user farmers, according to which concluded that most of farmers uses
Polyhouse i.e. 100%, and Net house and other is used by not used till now by farmers.
8. Loan taken for Protected cultivation technology.
Table No. 5.1.8.9
Sr No Loan No of Responded Percentage (%)
1 Taken 45 98
2 Not taken 1 2
3 Total 46 100
Graph No. 5.1.8.8
Conclusion
Above table and chart shows the Farmers who has taken and not taken loan for constructing
protected cultivation technology. As per the sample size of 46 user farmers, according to
which concluded that 98% farmers has taken Loan for constructing Protected cultivation
98%
2%
loan taken or not for polyhouse
yes
no

31 | P a g e
technology and 2 % farmer had not taken the loan for constructing the Protected cultivation
Technology.
9. Subsidy Taken for PCT:
Table No. 5.1.9.10
Sr No Subsidy No of Responded Percentage (%)
1 Taken 45 98
2 Not taken 1 2
3 Total 46 100
Graph No. 5.1.9.9
Conclusion
Above table and chart shows the Farmers who has taken subsidy As per the sample size of 46
user farmers, according to which concluded that 98% of farmers got subsidy for constructing
the Protected cultivation technology. And 2% has not got the subsidy.
98%
2%
subsidy taken for polyhouse by user
yes
no

32 | P a g e
5.2 Cultivation of crops by farmers:-
Table no:-5.2.11
Sr No Name Of User Farmer Crop Under Protected
Cultivation
Company Of Protected
Cultivation Technology
1 Pradip Rane Rose Waman
2 Rajesh Saheb Rose Shrihari
3 Badve Company Rose Badve company
4 Omsai/ Sutar Saheb Rose Omsai
5 Vilas Lande Rose Shriroj
6 Manoj Deshpande Rose Shrihari
7 Sandip Take Rose Waman
8 Prashant Dalvi Rose Waman
9 Paresh Rose Shriroj
10 Dagdu Kavankar Rose Waman
11 Sabuwala.Agro Biotech Rose Sabuwala company
12 Santosh Dinkar Rose Shrihari
13 Sanjay Jadhav Rose Waman
14 Ashok Adhavi Rose Shrihari
15 Algade Sir Rose Waman
16 Ramesh Tame Rose Waman
17 Florance Flora Farm Rose, Gerbera, Carnation Own
18 H.B Mahalaxaman Gerbera Own
19 R. L Ramchandra Gauda Gerbera RKVY
20 Srinivas Godas Gerbera, Carnation RKVY
21 Chenna Godas Gerbera RKVY
22 Lokesh Mohan Gerbera RKVY

33 | P a g e
23 N. L Ramchandra Gauda Gerbera Own
24 Hanumant Gauda Gerbera RKVY
25 Ragvendra Bramhans Gerbera Pipes and flow
26 Kantraj Rose Own
27 Grijashankar Rose Own
28 Suresh Reddy Rose Waman
29 Chandrashekar Rose Own
30 Jairam Reddy Rose Shrihari
31 Antram Shetty Rose Own
32 Ramkrishnappa Rose Shrihari
33 Miss.Suguna Capsicum Shrihari
34 Krishna.Reddy Rose Shrihari
35 Maa. Floritech Rose, Shemanti. Shrihari
36 Chandrashekar Rose Own
37 Giriprasad Rose Own
38 Anvant Rose Own
39 Krishna. Rose Own
40 Manaswami/Hanumant Rose Own
41 Nagraj. Rose Own
42 Kartik. Rose Own
43 Ramesh Marigold Own
44 Lakshmi Balkrishna Rose Own
45 Murali. Marigold Own
46 Ratanappa. Rose Own

34 | P a g e
5.3 Income Generated from Protected Cultivation Technology (PCT):-
Table No:-5.3.12
Sr No Name Of User Farmer Area Of PCT Annual Income PCT (Rs)
1 Pradip Rane 1Acres 14lacks
2 Rajesh Saheb 1.5Acres 16lacks
3 Badve Company 5Acres 70-80lacks
4 Omsai/ Sutar Saheb 1.5Acres 16lacks
5 Vilas Lande 2Acres 20lacks
6 Manoj Deshpande 2Acres 20lacks
7 Sandip Take 2Acres 18-20lacks
8 Prashant Dalvi 4Acres 25lacks
9 Paresh 3Acres 30lacks
10 Dagdu Kavankar 0.75Acres 10-12lacks
11 Sabuwala.Agro Biotech 2Acres 25-30lacks
12 Santosh Dinkar 1.5Acres 18lacks
13 Sanjay Jadhav 0.875Acres 9-10lacks
14 Ashok Adhavi 1.5Acres 18lacks
15 Algade Sir 5Acres 30-35lacks
16 Ramesh Tame 1.95Acres 18lacks
17 Florance Flora Farm 7Acres 6-7 crores
18 H.B Mahalaxaman 0.5Acres 8lacks
19 R. L Ramchandra Gauda 1Acres 11lacks
20 Srinivas Godas 3Acres 20lacks
21 Chenna Godas 2Acres 15lacks
22
Lokesh Mohan
1Acres
12lacks

35 | P a g e
23 N. L Ramchandra Gauda 2Acres 15lacks
24 Hanumant Gauda 1Acres 12lacks
25 Ragvendra Bramhans 1Acres 11lacks
26 Kantraj 0.5Acres 6-7lacks
27 Grijashankar 0.5Acres 6-7lacks
28 Suresh Reddy 0.5Acres 6-7lacks
29 Chandrashekar 2Acres 15lacks
30 Jairam Reddy 0.5Acres 6lacks
31 Antram Shetty 0.5Acres 7lacks
32 Ramkrishnappa 1Acres 12lacks
33 Miss.Suguna 0.5Acres 6lacks
34 Krishna.Reddy 1Acres 10lacks
35 Maa. Floritech 22Acres 2-3crores
36 Chandrashekar 0.5Acres 6lacks
37 Giriprasad 0.25Acres 4-5lacks
38 Anvant 0.5Acres 7lacks
39 Krishna. 0.25Acres 4-5lacks
40 Manaswami/Hanumant 0.5Acres 8lacks
41 Nagraj. 0.5Acres 7-8lacks
42 Kartik. 0.425Acres 5-6lacks
43 Ramesh 0.25Acres 4lacks
44 Lakshmi Balkrishna 0.375Acres 5lacks
45 Murali. 0.25Acres 4lacks
46 Ratanappa. 0.375Acres 5lacks

36 | P a g e
5.4 Farmers Survey
Example of Visit Report
AT/Post:-TALEGAON DABHADI, TAL:-MAVAL, DIS:-PUNE, STATE:-
MAHARASHTRA
Farmer’s information
At/p: Talegoan Dabhade Tal: Maval Dist: Pune.
Name: Paresh. P
Age: 30
Education: 12th
Contact no: 9011009647
Occupation: farming
Agriculture area: 5acre
Crops: wheat, maize, soybean.
Area under protected cultivation: 3acre
Crops in PCT: Rose (bordo, top secret)
Experience of agriculture: 10 yr.
Experience of protected cultivation: 4-5 yr.
What bring them in this business? The area of talegoan is declared as a floriculture park so,
by seeing other farmers are investing in protected cultivation they also started.
Why this business? In open cultivation the income is less, and new technology, to increase
income.
Objective: to increase income.
Family background: The families totally depend on agriculture, from ancestors.
Types of protected cultivation: single naturally ventilated polyhouse.
Company for construction: Sriroj.
Year of establishment: 2009.

37 | P a g e
Expenditure
Cost of construction: 1.20 crores.
Land preparation:
Red soil: 200 to 250 trolleys, 2.5-3 lacks.
Cow dung 45 trolley: 50000/-
Bed preparation: 20 to 30 thousand.
Soil sterilization: 3- 4 thousand.
Planting: 2-3 lacks for planting.
Estimation:
Rs.6-8/plant
Total:
Chances of mortality of 400-500 plants
Labor: 40000/- per month
Spraying: 10-15 thousand/ month
Production: 40-50 thousand flowers / month/acre.
Income of polyhouse: 2-3lacks (3-4 Rs. / flower)
Funding: Loan taken from bank of Maharashtra.
Fertilizers: cost of fertilizer used for land preparation:
DAP 50 Kg Rs. 1300/-
Potash 25 Kg Rs.500/-
SSP 100 Kg Rs.1000/-
Problems:
1. Farmers from Nasik sale their flowers at lower rates so the rate is getting down in
market and income average lower down.
2. Sometimes disease attack on plants, virus attack.
3. Marketing problem is seen .

38 | P a g e
Chapter 6
Findings
1. Most of the user enters in this business for increase his income and for secondary
income source.
2. Because of Higher investment most of farmers are depended on subsidy from central
& state government.
3. The Business class person who has agricultural land enters in this business because of
higher income.
4. The scope for protected cultivation is increasing in India.
5. In the areas of south they don’t have a need to invest on red soil which cost in lacks to
the other state farmers.
6. The Indian climatic conditions are good so the use of naturally ventelated poly house
is high.
7. In Maharashtra and Karnataka most of the farmers cultivating Rose, because the
climatic conditions are suitable and market place are near by.
8. In Karnataka almost all users are taking cultivation of only rose and also nursery of
rose plantlets and taking higher income from that.
9. Only one lady was a greenhouse farmer in entire survey and she was taking capsicum
crop in polyhouse, which also gives good returns as compare to other flower
cultivation.
10. All users of protected cultivation technology has having good financial condition.
11. Disease, Nematodes and Pest attack is major problem for the User.
12. Most of the farmers are good cultivars before using protected cultivation technology
so they don’t face many problems.
13. There is a need to provide marketing facilities for the produce from protected
cultivation technology
14. The central government contributes 50% for the subsidy and state government gives
further 15-25% subsidy as per their state policies.

39 | P a g e
Suggestions
1. It was found that people in South were not constructing polyhouse from the company,
they were constructing on their own. And the price was 6 lacks / 1000 sq mt. which is
low, so there is need to come out with low cost polyhouse solutions with good quality
to expand the market and enter into the market.
2. Many needy farmers are not aware of the Government schemes of subsidy which can
be utilized by farmers so company should create awareness to motivate farmers for
adoption.
3. More emphasis should be given on off seasonal crops, which will increase income of
the growers.
4. Field demonstrations and agronomic help by expert should be provided to the farmers.
5. Company should develop demonstration poly houses at few places such as Pune and
Thali block this may help for exposing farmers to this technology.
6. Complete solution from construction, financing, subsidy, Agronomic help,
consultancy, till the marketing of the produce by the company can emerge a new
business segment in protected cultivation technology.

40 | P a g e
Chapter 7
Conclusion
It can be concluded that Farmers in India is waiting for the Brand image like
Mahindra in the Protected Cultivation Technology. The Protected cultivation requires time to
time maintenance and the quality material has to be used during construction of the structure
as the structure is important basically and Mahindra can give that. The polythene used by the
farmers are of low price and hence they are not durable or of low quality which is got tore
easily. This technology is a need of future by seeing the changing climatic condition in
today’s date. The farmers using this technology bears less risk of changing climate. The
temperature is maintained is per the requirement of the crop.
The investment is higher at a single time but it gives higher returns too. There should be daily
inspection has to be taken by farmers in their field. Labor requirement is also higher and skill
full labors are mostly preferred by user farmer.
The technology gives higher returns on investment but proper culturing practices should be
followed. The failure in this business may be due to farmers laziness and practices .it will not
be due to climatic conditions since the cultivation is fully controlled and it depends upon how
we control and manage it.
As the technology is costly farmers are mostly depended on Subsidy of Central government,
State Government and Bank Loans.

41 | P a g e
Bibliography
1. www.nhb.gov.in
2. www.nhm.nic.in
3. www.agriask.com
4. www.iari.res.com
5. ResearchMethodology by C.R. Kothari.

42 | P a g e
Questionnaire
Q. 1) Name of the farmer/ user
_____________________________________________________
Q .2)Address
___________________________________________________________________________
i) Village __________________ii) Taluka _________________iii) State
__________________
Q.3) Contact number? ___________________________________
Q.4) Sex of farmer/ user?
1) Male 2) Female
Q.5) Age of the farmer/ user?
1) 15-20 2) 20-30 3) 30-40 4) 40-50 5) above 50
Q.6) Qualification of farmer/ user?
1) Below SSC 2) SSC 3) HSC 4) Graduation 5) Post Graduation 6) Agril and allied
science.
Q.7) Occupation of farmers/ user?
1) Only farming 2) farming & business 3) farming & service
Q.8) Total land holding? In hector.
1) Less than 2 hector 2) More than 2 but less than 5
3) More than 5 but less than 10 4) More than 10
Q. 9 Total Area under irrigation out of available area? In acre
1) Less than 2 acre 2) More than 2 but less than 5 acre
3) More than 5 but less than 10 acre 4) More than 10 acre
Q.10 Annual Income of farmer/ user?
1) 1-2 lacks 2) 2-4 lacks 3) 4-6 lacks 4) 6-10 lacks 5) Above 10 lacks.
Q.11 Total area under protected cultivation out of available area?
_____________________________________

43 | P a g e
Q.12 Which type of protected cultivation technology do you use?
__________________________________________________________
Q.13 In which year PCT was installed and how many years experience of the technology in
use?
___________________________________________________________________________
___
Q.14 Why protected cultivation technology?
___________________________________________________________________________
Q.15 which crops do you take in open field?
1) Crop _______________and Area ____________ yield ____________
Q.16 which crops do you grow in your poly/ green house?
Crop _______________and Area ____________ yield ____________
Crop _______________and Area ____________ yield ____________
Q.17 Income generated from protected cultivation?
__________________________________________
Q. 18 Do you face any problems in PCT?
______________________________________________________________________
Q.19 who inspired you to start/ use a protected cultivation technology?
1) Friends & relatives 2) progressive farmer/ user 3) university 4) govt. subsidy
Q. 20 Was there any internal desire to start protected cultivation?
1) Yes (if yes, then why) 2) No
Q.21 from which company do you constructed the green / poly house?
______________________________________________________________________
Q.22 how much the cost of construction was?
_______________________________________________________________________

44 | P a g e
Q.23 was the construction done by taking loan?
1) Yes (how much, from whom, and at what interest rates?) 2) No
Q.24 is there any subsidy provided by central/ state government?
1) Yes (then how much) 2) No
_________________________________________________________________
Q.25 Have you achieved your breakeven point in protected cultivation technology
investment?
1) Yes (after how many years) 2) No
Q.26 Have you heard about Mahindra samrriddhi making polyhouses?
____________________________________________________________

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