Lecture 09
- 1. The manufacture of hydrogen peroxide
- 2. Manufacturing Process • Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a weakly acidic, colourless liquid, miscible with water in all proportions. • It is the simplest peroxide (molecules containing two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to one another) and is commercially available in aqueous solution over a wide concentration range. • The main uses of hydrogen peroxide are in the preparation of other peroxides and as an oxidising agent. • The manufacturing process involves the catalysis of the reaction of H2 (obtained from processing natural Gas) with atmospheric O2 to give H2O2. Anthraquinone (Q) is used as a H2 carrier.
- 3. Manufacturing Process • Step1 - Hydrogenation • Palladium catalyses the reaction between H2 and anthraquinone to create anthrahydroquinone (H2Q): • Q + H2 → H2Q • Step 2 - Filtration • The palladium catalyst is filtered out of the solution. • Step 3 - Oxidation • The solution is oxidised by blowing air through the solution, forming the H2O2: • H2Q + O2 → Q + H2O2 • Step 4 - H2O2 Extraction • The hydrogen peroxide is removed in a liquid-liquid extraction column and concentrated by vacuum distillation.
- 4. INTRODUCTION • Hydrogen peroxide, a weakly acidic colourless liquid, was discovered by Thenard in 1818 and has been uses industrially since the mid-19th century. • Its scale of manufacture and use have increased markedly since about 1925 when electrolytic processes were introduced to the United States and industrial bleach applications were developed. • Now prepared primarily by anthraquinone autoxidation (where a molecule is oxidised by oxygen), hydrogen peroxide is used widely to prepare other peroxygen compounds and as a nonpolluting oxidising agent. • Some of its physical properties are shown in Table 1.
- 5. Uses of hydrogen peroxide • The major uses of peroxide in utilise its strongly oxidising nature to oxidise various chemical groups. • These oxidisable groups primarily include lignins, cyanides, sulphides and phenols (benzyl alcohols). • Hydrogen peroxide can react to form HO. or HOOor other species depending of the conditions chosen. • Pulp bleaching generally uses alkaline pH to generate HOO-: • H2O2 + HO- → HOO- + H2O
- 6. Physical properties of H2O2
- 7. Physical properties of H2O2 • Phenol destruction normally uses peroxide to generate free radicals. This can be achieved by either UV light or metallic catalysis.
- 8. Industrial uses of hydrogen peroxide • Some industrial uses of hydrogen peroxide are shown in Table 2.
- 9. Chemical Reactions of hydrogen peroxide • Some of the more significant reactions of hydrogen peroxide are listed below. • Decomposition 2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2 • Molecular addition H2O2 + Y → Y.H2O2 • Substitution H2O2 + RX → ROOH + HX • H2O2 + 2RX → ROOR + 2HX • • Oxidation H2O2 + W → WO + H2O • • Reduction H2O2 + Z → ZH2 + O2 • Where R, W, X, Y, Z represent various functional groups or molecules.
- 11. THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS • Hydrogen peroxide is manufactured using the anthraquinone process. • This process is a cyclic operation where the alkyl anthraquinone is reused. • The Synthesis Loop consists of sequential hydrogenation, filtration, oxidation and extraction stages (Figure 1). • A number of ancillary processes are also involved.
- 12. Step 1 - Hydrogenation • An alkyl anthraquinone is dissolved in two solvents, one nonpolar and the other polar. • Collectively the anthraquinone and solvents are called the working solution. • This working solution is recycled. • The working solution containing the dissolved anthraquinone is hydrogenated using hydrogen gas in a slurry-type hydrogenator using alumina loaded with a small amount of palladium catalyst. • Temperature is controlled to around 45C and the reactor is agitated to ensure good mixing of catalyst with working solution and hydrogen. • During hydrogenation the alkylanthraquinone is converted to both the alkylanthrahydroquinone and the tetrahydroalkyl anthrahydroquinone, although production of the tetra-form of the quinone is preferred because it can be more easily hydrogenated.
- 13. Step 1 - Hydrogenation • The hydrogenation stage is carefully controlled to avoid over-hydrogenation of the anthraquinone rings. • Basicity and moisture content are important for optimum catalyst and activity.
- 14. Step 2 - Filtration • The working solution that now contains hydrogenated anthraquinone is then filtered to remove any trace levels of catalyst. • If the catalyst is not removed then it will decompose the hydrogen peroxide in later stages, reducing yields and causing potential hazards.
- 15. Step 3 - Oxidation • The working solution is oxidised by blowing air through it. • The tetrahydroalkylanthrahydroquinone is oxidised, forming hydrogen peroxide in an organic phase. • No catalyst is used and hence this step is often referred to as auto-oxidation.
- 16. Step 4 - H2O2 Extraction • Since the hydrogen peroxide is present in an organic phase and the product is required in aqueous phase, demineralised water is added to the top of a 35 metre high liquid-liquid extraction column. • The water flows down the column over perforated trays while the working solution is pumped up the column. • The extractor design and operation ensures a maximum contact of water with the working solution.
- 17. Step 4 - H2O2 Extraction • The water reaches the bottom of the extractor and contains 25-35% w/w crude hydrogen peroxide, whilst the working solution that leaves the top of the extractor is free of hydrogen peroxide and is pumped back to the hydrogenator. • This working solution now contains the original alklyanthraquinone and tetrahydroalkylanthraquinone. • The crude hydrogen peroxide is subsequently purified and vacuum distilled to concentrations of up to 70% w/w. • This concentrated product is stabilised against unwanted decomposition by adding proprietary stabilisers and then pumped to product storage tanks for final testing.
- 18. UTILITIES • The Synthesis Loop and peroxide processing stages are dependent on a number of ancillary processes. • Hydrogen Plant • This plant processes natural gas through a steam reforming stage and subsequent high temperature shift catalytic stage to produce high purity hydrogen gas. • The gas is finally purified in a pressure swing absorber before being used by the hydrogenator. • Details of this process can be found in the manufacture of methanol.
- 19. UTILITIES • Demineralised Water • High purity water is used to feed the extractor, concentrator as well as the package boiler. • Conventional degassing followed by cation and anion exchange beds is used to purify town water for use in the peroxide process. • Package Boiler • A small boiler generates steam for use in concentrating crude peroxide from 25-35% to 35- 70%
- 20. UTILITIES • Waste Gas System • The oxidiser can produce an exit gas containing trace levels of solvents. The solvent entrained gas is fed to a bed of activated carbon where the solvents are absorbed onto the carbon. The activated carbon is purged with nitrogen gas and the solvent is stripped off and recovered for reuse in the synthesis loop. • Calciner Systems • A calciner is used to regenerate spent catalyst on a periodic basis. The catalyst is removed from the regenerators, washed and then roasted to remove any other organics that might be present. These organics, if not removed, will block the catalytic sites on the catalyst and lower its activity.
- 21. UTILITIES • Fire System • The hydrogen peroxide manufacturing process uses natural gas, hydrogen and organic solvents, all of which are highly flammable. • The site is equipped with a deluge system with foam injection. • In addition, the local fire brigade has been provided with a foam tender. • Working Solution Regeneration • Hydrogenation generates not only peroxide-producing anthrahydroquinones but also some by-products. • These by-products include anthraquinone species that can be converted back to useful quinones by regeneration. • During the regeneration process, a side-stream of working solution is fed through a bed of dehydrogenation catalyst. • The regeneration converts epoxidised anthraquinones and tetrahydroanthraquinones to their corresponding anthraquinones.
- 22. ROLE OF THE LABORATORY • The purpose of the laboratory is to provide information on the process performance and to carry out quality control testing of hydrogen peroxide. • Proprietary equipment is used to measure the synthesis loop operation at each stage of the process. • This information is used by operations personnel to control the loop. • Utility testing is carried out in support of on-line process instrumentation.
- 23. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS • The process is inherently very friendly to the environment. The major sources of waste are liquid wastes from decant water cooling tower blowdown and demineralisation plant wash water. • Both of these effluents are pH adjusted before being pumped to the waste water treatment plant. • Their benign nature and the presence of part per million levels of peroxide make them easy to treat. • Gaseous emissions of solvents are minimised through the waste gas system and by having solvent storage tanks vented to activated carbon scrubbers. • Liquid solvent waste is incinerated as necessary.