disaster cycle
Download as PPTX, PDF0 likes270 views
Major incidents are events that require extraordinary emergency response efforts due to the number, severity, or type of casualties. They present a serious threat to public health or cause significant disruption to healthcare services. Major incidents go through several phases from pre-impact preparation to post-impact recovery and mitigation. The response follows a similar process with commands established at different tiers - bronze at the incident site, silver for the entire scene, and gold remotely. At the scene, safety of responders, survivors, and the site take highest priority. Communications are critical and various methods are used including radios, phones, and visual signals. Casualties are triaged and treated according to priority levels before evacuation to hospitals based on their condition. Multiple
disaster cycle
- 3. What is a MAJOR INCIDENT?
- 6. Major Incident Definition • An incident where the – NUMBER, SEVERITY, or TYPE of LIVE casualties, or by its LOCATION, requires EXTRAORDINARY resources.
- 7. Major Incident Definition • An incident that presents a serious threat to the health of the community • An incident that disrupts the health service
- 8. Major Incident Classification Compensated Uncompensated
- 9. Major Incident Classification • Uncompensated Major Incident = DISASTER
- 10. PHASES OF DISASTER • Pre-impact phase • Impact phase • Post-impact phase
- 11. What is Disaster Management
- 12. PHASES OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT • Disaster Preparedness • Disaster impact • Disaster Response • Rehabilitation - Recovery • Disaster Mitigation
- 13. CSCATTT • Command and Control • Safety • Communication • Assessment • Triage • Treatment • Transport
- 15. Command and control. • Every group should have their Command. • Every response area should have their command. • All of that – all the disaster response systems should have higher command.
- 17. Tiers of Command Bronze • Bronze area is the area of immediate hazard and casualty rescue. • Its boundary is the Inner Cordon. • There may be more than one BRONZE area within an incident. Silver • Silver area is the entire scene. • Its boundary is the outer cordon. • There is only one silver area within an incident. Gold • Gold area is remote from the scene. • It may be identified by a local authority, regional, or national boundary. 17
- 18. 18
- 19. Safety On The Scene • Safety Priorities The following safety priorities should be observed: Self Scene Survivors (Injured & uninjured) 19
- 20. Safety On The Scene 1- Personal Safety Protective equipment: High visibility jacket Protective boots Hard hat Goggles or visors Ear defenders Gloves • Do Not approach the incident when hazards are known to exist without permission of the Bronze Fire Commander.
- 21. Safety On The Scene 2- Scene Safety • Safety inside the Bronze area is the responsibility of the Bronze Fire Commander especially in fire or toxic chemicals. • Safety inside the Silver area is the responsibility of the Police who will evacuate any population at risk. • If first on the scene, the Ambulance Commander will take Control until additional resources arrive. 21
- 22. Safety On The Scene 3- Survivor Safety Occasionally it will be necessary to move casualties if there is an immediate threat to life as fire or toxic chemicals. This will be done without the usual precautions (e.g. spinal immobilization). Measures must be taken to avoid additional casualties by preventing hypothermia, heat illness, exhaustion and dehydration. 22
- 23. Communications Communication is always the most problematic part of the plan. Communication with: • The staff • The other responders • The other health facilities • The authorities • The media • The families • The non-injured survivors 23
- 24. Communications • Communications are mainly performed using the radio. • The radio must be monitored at all times. Alternative Methods for communications: Face-to-face, runner (written message), megaphone, whistle, hand signals, pager, and mobile phones. 24
- 25. METHANE Report M: My name. Major incident STANDBY or DECLARED. E: Exact location. T: Type of incident. H: Hazards, present and potential. A: Access to scene, helicopter landing location. N: Number and severity of casualties. E: Emergency services, present and required.
- 26. Dealing with The Media • All major incidents will attract a media response. • The Silver Police Commander is responsible for managing the media. • Prepare a statement in advance if possible. • Do Not be drawn into suppositions regarding the cause and responsibility for the incident. • In television interview: Check your appearance: do you look professional? Always assume that you are on the air. Look straight at the interviewer, not the camera. 26
- 27. Triage
- 28. 28
- 29. 29
- 30. Treatment Treatment Priorities in Casualty Clearing Station (CCS): • Airway, and cervical spine control. • Breathing, and oxygen. • Circulation, and control of bleeding. 30
- 31. Major incident treatment limitations: Full spinal immobilization is impractical for all victims in a rail crash for example, even though they are exposed to the same injury. Oxygen is a limited source, so more than one patient can be given oxygen from the same cylinder. Defibrillation is appropriate only for a witnessed cardiac arrest, those with no vital signs should be pronounced dead. Intubation has a limited role at the scene. 31
- 32. Transport Casualty Evacuation Principles: ()إخالء The Silver Ambulance Commander and the Ambulance Loading Officer are responsible for the efficient use of available transport for patient evacuation. Immediate Priority 1 These casualties should be evacuated by emergency ambulance, if appropriate use ambulance helicopter. 32
- 33. Transport Urgent Priority 2 These casualties might need to be moved by emergency ambulance, but after Priority 1.
- 34. Transport Delayed Priority 3 These casualties often do not need to be moved by emergency ambulance, unless there are adequate resources for all patients.
- 35. Medical Personnel on the scene 1. Silver ambulance commander 2. Bronze ambulance commander 3. Casualty clearing station (CCS) officer 4. Communications officer 5. Equipment officer 6. Loading officer 7. Parking officer 8. Primary triage officer 9. Safety officer 10. Secondary triage officer 35