Using and Developing with Open Source Digital Forensics Software in Digital Archives Programs
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Using open source digital forensics software to support archival work: - Open source software like The Sleuth Kit can extract metadata from disk images to support archival description and appraisal. - Yale tested software for acquiring disk images and analyzed over 49,000 files from 619 images to identify file types. - Metadata was extracted at the volume, file system, and file levels and can be represented in XML formats to support archival work. - While open source tools require development, they provide a free alternative to process born-digital records and extract descriptive metadata.
Using and Developing with Open Source Digital Forensics Software in Digital Archives Programs
- 1. Using and Developing with Open Source Digital Forensics Software in Digital Archives Programs Mark A. Matienzo Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library 2012 SAA Research Forum August 7, 2012
- 2. Is open source digital forensics software extensible enough and well-suited to support work in the archival domain?
- 3. Digital forensics in the archival domain • Increasing use of digital forensics tools/methodologies within the context of digital archives programs (Kirschenbaum et al. 2010) • Technology-focused work (John 2008; Woods & Brown 2009; AIMS Work Group 2012) • Methodology-focused work (Duranti 2009; Xie 2011)
- 4. Significant barriers to use of digital forensics in archives • Cost (Kirschenbaum et al. 2010; Daigle 2012) • Complexity (Kirschenbaum et al. 2010; Daigle 2012) • Digital archives as an emerging market for forensics
- 5. Potential of open source digital forensics software • Requires additional tool development work to be useful for archivists (Kirschenbaum et al. 2010) • Requires additional integration work (Lee et al. 2012)
- 6. Institutional Context • Focus on implementation of and development with open source digital forensics software at Yale University Library • Work must support accessioning, processing, and management of born-digital archival material • Primary focus are records received on legacy media
- 7. Design Principles • Use and develop with open source digital forensics software to support accessioning, arrangement, and description of born-digital archival records • Focus on first two phases (preservation and searching) of Carrier’s (2005) model of digital investigation process • Curation micro-services (Abrams, et al. 2010) as philosophical basis to guide development and implementation • Recognition of both disk images as digital object (Woods, Lee, and Garfinkel 2011) and objects within disk images as needing management • Intention of forensic soundness, but assume much of state is lost
- 8. Micro-services as Design Philosophy* Principles Preferences Practices • Granularity • Small and simple over • Define, decompose, large and complex recurse • Orthogonality • Minimally sufficient over • Top down design, bottom feature-laden up implementation • Parsimony • Configurable over the • Code to interfaces prescribed • Evolution • The proven over the • Sufficiency through a merely novel series of incrementally necessary steps • Outcomes over means *UC Curation Center/California Digital Library, 2010
- 9. Workflow Start accessioning Write-protect media Verify image process Media Record identifying Extract filesystem- Disk Meta- Retrieve media characteristics of and file-level images data media as metadata metadata Transfer package Package images Assign identifiers to Ingest transfer Create image and metadata for media package ingest Media FS/File Document Disk MD MD accessioning image process End accessioning process
- 10. Disk Image Acquisition • Requires a combination of hardware (drives/media readers, controller cards, write blockers) and software • In some cases, software depends on particular hardware • Software tested: FTK Imager (proprietary/gratis), hardware-specific solutions (FC5025 WinDIB; KryoFlux DTC/GUI; Catweasel Imagetool3) • Goal: sector image interpretable by multiple tools
- 12. Analysis Process • Multiple levels of analysis within digital forensics based on layers of abstraction (Carrier 2003) • Conceptual linkages with metadata extraction/analysis processes with digital curation/archival domain Carrier, 2003
- 13. Metadata Extraction • Use open source digital forensics software (Sleuth Kit, fiwalk) and other open source tools to characterize media, volume, file system, and file information • Attempt to repurpose this information as descriptive, structural, and/or technical metadata to support accessioning, appraisal, and processing
- 14. The Sleuth Kit •Open source C library, command line tools, and GUI application (Autopsy) for forensic analysis •Supports analysis of FAT, NTFS, ISO9660, HFS+, Ext2/3, UFS1/2 •Splits tools into layers: volume system, file system, file name, metadata, data unit (“block”) •Additional utilities to sort and post-process extracted metadata
- 15. Digital Forensics XML •Representation in XML of structured forensic information developed by Simson Garfinkel •Produced by tools including fiwalk (Garfinkel 2012), which uses Sleuth Kit for volume, file system, file, and application-level analysis •Easily extensible (local plugin development as focus) •Straight forward to process
- 16. Results
- 17. Disk Images •Acquired 1,039 disk images from across 69 accessions at Manuscripts and Archives 500 422 375 312 250 185 125 94 26 0 CDs 3.5” floppies DVDs 5.25” floppies Zip disks
- 18. Metadata Extraction •Ran metadata extraction on 812 images File Systems within Images 400 386 300 246 200 155 100 14 11 0 ISO9660 FAT12 Unidentified HFS+ FAT16
- 19. Metadata Extraction •Ran enhanced metadata extraction on 619 images (users plugins for fiwalk developed during research) •Performed analysis on 49,724 files within images •Successfully identified 43,729 files (147 unique file types) against PRONOM format registry •Identified 9 files as containing virus signatures (2 unique virus signatures)
- 20. image/tiff! Identified MIME Types by OPF FIDO (36320 total matches)! image/jpeg! 14000! application/msword! text/html! application/pdf! image/gif! image/tiff, 12429! image/bmp! image/x-pict! 12000! application/x-gzip! image/vnd.dwg! message/rfc822! application/postscript! application/zip! 10000! application/octet-stream! text/plain! video/mpeg! application/java-archive! image/jpeg, 8219! image/x-sgi-bw! text/xml! 8000! application/vnd.lotus-1-2-3! image/png! text/css! video/x-msvideo! video/quicktime! 6000! application/rtf! application/xml! application/msword, 5008! audio/mpeg! application/vnd.ms-powerpoint! application/javascript! 4000! image/vnd.dxf! text/html, 3558! audio/x-wav! application/pdf, 3111! audio/prs.sid! application/vnd.ms-excel! application/inf! video/x-ms-wmv! 2000! audio/x-ms-wma! application/xhtml+xml! 756! application/x-endnote-refer! 499!485!480!395! image/vnd.microsoft.icon! 280!208! 152!105!102!100! 89! 71! 58! 40! 23! 22! 17! 17! 15! 11! 10! 10! 10! 6! 6! 4! 4! 4! 3! 3! 3! 3! 2! 1! 1! application/x-shockwave-flash! 0! application/x-director! 1!
- 21. Software Development •Created Fiwalk plugins to perform additional analysis and evaluation of files/bitstreams within disk images •Virus identification plugin using ClamAV/pyclamd •File format identification against PRONOM format registry using Open Planets Foundation’s FIDO •Code (including additional plugins) available online: https://github.com/anarchivist/fiwalk-dgi/
- 22. Gumshoe • Prototype based on Blacklight (Ruby on Rails + Solr) • Indexing code works with fiwalk output or directly from a disk image • Populates Solr index with all file-level metadata from fiwalk and, optionally, text strings extracted from files • Provides searching, sorting and faceting based on metadata extracted from filesystems and files • Code at http://github.com/anarchivist/gumshoe
- 24. Advantages •Faster (and more forensically sound) to extract metadata once rather than having to keep processing an image •Possibility of developing better assessments during accessioning process (significance of directory structure, accuracy of timestamps) •Integrating additional extraction processes and building supplemental tools is simple •Performance of tools correlates to complexity of analysis
- 25. Limitations • Use of tools limited to specific types of file systems • Additional software (particularly to document imaging process) requires additional integration and data normalization • DFXML is not (currently) a metadata format common within domains of archives/libraries and requires an domain-specific application profile • Extracted metadata maybe harder to repurpose for descriptive purposes based on level of granularity
- 26. Work in Progress • BitCurator project under development; early release available for testing: http://wiki.bitcurator.net • The Sleuth Kit and related tools under continuing development (Autopsy, fiwalk, etc.): http://sleuthkit.org • Additional testing, development integration under work at Yale and NYPL
- 27. Thanks! Mark A. Matienzo mark.matienzo@yale.edu http://matienzo.org @anarchivist
- 28. References • Abrams, S., et al. (2011). “Curation Micro-Services: A Pipeline Metaphor for Repositories.” Journal of Digital Information 12(2). http://journals.tdl.org/ jodi/article/view/1605 • AIMS Work Group (2012). AIMS Born-Digital Collections: An Inter-Institutional Model for Stewardship. http://www2.lib.virginia.edu/aims/whitepaper/ • Carrier, B. (2003). “Defining Digital Forensic Examination and Analysis Tools Using Abstraction Layers.” International Journal of Digital Evidence 1(4). • Carrier, B. (2005). File System Forensic Analysis. Boston and London: Addison Wesley. • Daigle, B.J. (2012). “The Digital Transformation of Special Collections.” Journal of Library Administration 52(3-4), 244-264. • Duranti, L. (2009). “From Digital Diplomatics to Digital Records Forensics.” Archivaria 68, 39-66. • Garfinkel, S. (2012). “Digital Forensics XML and the DFXML Toolset.” Digital Investigation 8, 161-174. • John, J.L. (2008). “Adapting Existing Technologies for Digitally Archiving Personal Lives: Digital Forensics, Ancestral Computing, and Evolutionary Perspectives and Tools.” Presented at iPRES 2008. http://www.bl.uk/ipres2008/presentations_day1/09_John.pdf • Kirschenbaum, M.G., et al. (2010). Digital Forensics and Born-Digital Content in Cultural Heritage Collections. Washington: Council on Library and Information Resources. • Lee, C.A., et al. (2012). “BitCurator: Tools and Techniques for Digital Forensics in Collecting Institutions.” D-Lib Magazine 18(5/6). • UC Curation Center/California Digital Library (2019). “UC3 Curation Foundations.” Revision 0.13. https://confluence.ucop.edu/download/attachments/ 13860983/UC3-Foundations-latest.pdf • Woods, K. and Brown, G. (2009). “From Imaging to Access: Effective Preservation of Legacy Removable Media.” In Archiving 2009. Springfield, VA: Society for Imaging Science and Technology. • Woods, K., Lee, C.A., and Garfinkel, S. (2011). “Extending Digital Repository Architectures to Support Disk Image Preservation and Access.” In JCDL ’11. • Xie, S.L. (2011). “Building Foundations for Digital Records Forensics: A Comparative Study of the Concept of Reproduction in Digital Records Management and Digital Forensics.” American Archivist 74(2), 576-599.
- 29. Sleuth Kit example $ fsstat -t 2004-M-088.0007.dd fat12
- 30. Sleuth Kit example $ fsstat -t 2004-M-088.0007.dd fat12 $ fls -a -m A: 2004-M-088.0007.dd 0|A:/DRURY|3|r/rrwxrwxrwx|0|0|1281|1284955200|871048826|0|0 0|A:/BEARD.897|4|r/rrwxrwxrwx|0|0|2392|1284955200|871054862|0|0 0|A:/_P}WP{2 (deleted)|5|r/rrwxrwxrwx|0|0|2392|0|871054894|0|0 0|A:/$MBR|45779|v/v---------|0|0|512|0|0|0|0 0|A:/$FAT1|45780|v/v---------|0|0|4608|0|0|0|0 0|A:/$FAT2|45781|v/v---------|0|0|4608|0|0|0|0 0|A:/$OrphanFiles|45782|d/d---------|0|0|0|0|0|0|0
- 31. Sleuth Kit example $ fsstat -t 2004-M-088.0007.dd fat12 $ fls -a -m A: 2004-M-088.0007.dd 0|A:/DRURY|3|r/rrwxrwxrwx|0|0|1281|1284955200|871048826|0|0 0|A:/BEARD.897|4|r/rrwxrwxrwx|0|0|2392|1284955200|871054862|0|0 0|A:/_P}WP{2 (deleted)|5|r/rrwxrwxrwx|0|0|2392|0|871054894|0|0 0|A:/$MBR|45779|v/v---------|0|0|512|0|0|0|0 0|A:/$FAT1|45780|v/v---------|0|0|4608|0|0|0|0 0|A:/$FAT2|45781|v/v---------|0|0|4608|0|0|0|0 0|A:/$OrphanFiles|45782|d/d---------|0|0|0|0|0|0|0 $ icat 2004-M-088.0007.dd 4 | file - /dev/stdin: (Corel/WP)
- 32. Sleuth Kit example $ fsstat -t 2004-M-088.0007.dd fat12 $ fls -a -m A: 2004-M-088.0007.dd 0|A:/DRURY|3|r/rrwxrwxrwx|0|0|1281|1284955200|871048826|0|0 0|A:/BEARD.897|4|r/rrwxrwxrwx|0|0|2392|1284955200|871054862|0|0 0|A:/_P}WP{2 (deleted)|5|r/rrwxrwxrwx|0|0|2392|0|871054894|0|0 0|A:/$MBR|45779|v/v---------|0|0|512|0|0|0|0 0|A:/$FAT1|45780|v/v---------|0|0|4608|0|0|0|0 0|A:/$FAT2|45781|v/v---------|0|0|4608|0|0|0|0 0|A:/$OrphanFiles|45782|d/d---------|0|0|0|0|0|0|0 $ icat 2004-M-088.0007.dd 4 | file - /dev/stdin: (Corel/WP) $ icat 2004-M-088.0007.dd 4 | strings | head -n 6 WPCN Courier 10cpi HP LaserJet+ HPLASERJ.PRS Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics Yale University
- 33. Sleuth Kit example $ fsstat -t 2004-M-088.0007.dd fat12 $ fls -a -m A: 2004-M-088.0007.dd 0|A:/DRURY|3|r/rrwxrwxrwx|0|0|1281|1284955200|871048826|0|0 0|A:/BEARD.897|4|r/rrwxrwxrwx|0|0|2392|1284955200|871054862|0|0 0|A:/_P}WP{2 (deleted)|5|r/rrwxrwxrwx|0|0|2392|0|871054894|0|0 0|A:/$MBR|45779|v/v---------|0|0|512|0|0|0|0 0|A:/$FAT1|45780|v/v---------|0|0|4608|0|0|0|0 0|A:/$FAT2|45781|v/v---------|0|0|4608|0|0|0|0 0|A:/$OrphanFiles|45782|d/d---------|0|0|0|0|0|0|0 $ icat 2004-M-088.0007.dd 4 | file - /dev/stdin: (Corel/WP) $ icat 2004-M-088.0007.dd 4 | strings | head -n 6 WPCN Courier 10cpi HP LaserJet+ HPLASERJ.PRS Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics Yale University $ tsk_recover -a 2004-M-088.0007.dd /tmp Files Recovered: 2
- 34. Sample DFXML Output <?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?> <dfxml version='1.0'> <metadata xmlns='http://www.forensicswiki.org/wiki/Category:Digital_Forensics_XML' xmlns:xsi='http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance' xmlns:dc='http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/'> <dc:type>Disk Image</dc:type> </metadata> <creator version='1.0'> <!-- provenance information re: extraction - software used; operating system --> </creator> <source> <image_filename>2004-M-088.0018.dd</image_filename> </source> <volume offset='0'><!-- partitions within each disk image --> <fileobject><!-- files within each partition --></fileobject> </volume> <runstats><!-- performance and other statistics --></runstats> </dfxml>
- 35. Sample DFXML Output <fileobject> <filename>_ublist1.wpd</filename> <partition>1</partition> <id>1</id> <name_type>r</name_type> <filesize>202152</filesize> <unalloc>1</unalloc> <used>1</used> <inode>3</inode> <meta_type>1</meta_type> <mode>511</mode> <nlink>0</nlink> <uid>0</uid> <gid>0</gid> <mtime>2001-02-22T22:30:52Z</mtime> <atime>2001-02-22T05:00:00Z</atime> <crtime>2001-02-22T22:31:54Z</crtime> <libmagic>(Corel/WP)</libmagic> <byte_runs> <byte_run file_offset='0' fs_offset='16896' img_offset='16896' len='512'/> </byte_runs> <hashdigest type='md5'>d7bc22242c0a88fd8b68712980d5ab28</hashdigest> <hashdigest type='sha1'>64bf2bdf82e33fcda50158804483ac611e753db5</hashdigest> </fileobject>