fiwalk With Me: Building Emergent Pre-Ingest Workflows for Digital Archival Records using Open Source Forensic Software
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This document discusses using open source digital forensics software to develop pre-ingest workflows for processing born-digital archival records. It proposes applying the digital investigation process model to analyze volume and file system metadata during accessioning. Specific tools mentioned include dd, AFF, The Sleuth Kit, and related utilities for disk imaging, extracting metadata and files to mitigate risks and support long-term preservation of digital records.
fiwalk With Me: Building Emergent Pre-Ingest Workflows for Digital Archival Records using Open Source Forensic Software
- 1. fiwalk With Me: Building Emergent Pre-Ingest Workflows for Digital Archival Records using Open Source Forensic Software Mark A. Matienzo, Yale University Library Code4lib 2011 mark@matienzo.org http://matienzo.org/ @anarchivist
- 2. Disclaimer The following presentation expresses opinions of my own and not of my employer, my coworkers, etc.
- 3. Digital forensics? http://www.flickr.com/photos/freeparking/480863346/
- 5. Locard’s exchange principle
- 6. Key Works urn:isbn:978-0201634976 urn:isbn:978-0321268174 urn:isbn:978-1932326376
- 8. Design Principles •Use digital forensics software and methodology to support accessioning of born-digital archival records •Mitigate risk of media deterioration and obsolescence •Prefer open source solutions whenever possible •Integrate into a larger, but yet-to-be-defined workflow •Use curation micro-services a guiding philosophy for implementation and further analysis
- 9. Applied Methodology •Use Carrier’s (2005) model of the digital investigation process: Preservation Searching Reconstruction •Volume and file system as main areas for analysis •Assume much of the state is already lost •Methods should approach or intend forensic soundness •Ethical issues (as raised in CLIR report) are out of scope
- 11. A Larger Workflow Phys. format inventory Detailed inventory Create desc metadata Enforce restrictions Document rcrdkeeping Disk imaging Intellectual/phys. arr. Add supplemental systems File format survey Lump/split dig.objects desc./annotations Draft submission agmt Assess access reqmts Declare rights/access Use viewers as needed Gather contextual info Complete submission restrictions Log use/access agreement w/ source Develop access tools Assess preserv. needs Migrate selected recs Collection Selection Selection Arrangement & Selection Accessioning Access development description Preservation Migrate objects/files JHOVE/DROID reports Checksum verification Emulation/virt. env. Physical & network media Preservation Dissemination Working storage storage storage
- 12. Open Source Forensics •Digital forensics is a high-stakes market •Proprietary forensics software is not easily extensible •Proprietary forensics software is often platform-specific •Cultural heritage institutions are still an emerging market for digital forensics •Our needs are different and still being defined
- 13. Microservices as Philosophy http://www.flickr.com/photos/gregmote/2797330534
- 14. Principles Preferences Practices • Granularity • Small and simple over • Define, decompose, large and complex recurse • Orthogonality • Minimally sufficient over • Top down design, bottom feature-laden up implementation • Parsimony • Configurable over the • Code to interfaces prescribed • Evolution • The proven over the • Sufficiency through a merely novel series of incrementally necessary steps • Outcomes over means UC Curation Center/California Digital Library, “UC3 Curation Foundations” https://confluence.ucop.edu/download/attachments/13860983/UC3-Foundations-latest.pdf
- 15. Accessioning Workflow Start accessioning Write-protect media Verify image process Media Record identifying Extract filesystem- Disk Meta- Retrieve media characteristics of and file-level images data media as metadata metadata Transfer package Package images Assign identifiers to Ingest transfer Create image and metadata for media package ingest Media FS/File Document Disk MD MD accessioning image process End accessioning process
- 17. Disk Imaging •dd: creates raw images •Related implementations: dc3dd, dcfldd, dd_rescue •Fast, but no mechanism to store imaging metadata •Advanced Forensic Format (AFF)/AFFLib •Cross platform, reasonably fast •Can store arbitrary metadata •Plenty of GUI-based imaging tools
- 18. AFF File Structure Garfinkel et al. 2006 (http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:2829932), p. 27
- 19. Accessioning Workflow Start accessioning Write-protect media Verify image F process Media AF Record identifying Extract filesystem- Disk Meta- Retrieve media characteristics of and file-level images data F media as metadata metadata Transfer package AF Package images Assign identifiers to Ingest transfer Create image and metadata for media package ingest F AF Media FS/File Document Disk MD MD accessioning image process End accessioning process
- 20. The Sleuth Kit •Open source C library, command line tools, and browser- based Perl application (Autopsy) for forensic analysis •Supports analysis of NTFS, FAT, HFS+, Ext2/3, UFS1/2 •Splits tools into layers: volume system, file system, file name, metadata, data unit (“block”) •Additional utilities to sort and post-process extracted metadata
- 21. Extracting Metadata & Files $ fls -m A: -a -f fat 2004-M-008.0018.aff 0|A:/_ublist1.wpd (deleted)|3|r/rrwxrwxrwx|0|0|202152|982818000|982881052|0|982881114 0|A:/publist.wpd|4|r/rrwxrwxrwx|0|0|202119|1285041600|982963054|0|982963226 0|A:/publistwkg.wpd|7|r/rrwxrwxrwx|0|0|205607|1285041600|982963038|0|982963237 0|A:/$MBR|45779|v/v---------|0|0|512|0|0|0|0 0|A:/$FAT1|45780|v/v---------|0|0|4608|0|0|0|0 0|A:/$FAT2|45781|v/v---------|0|0|4608|0|0|0|0 0|A:/$OrphanFiles|45782|d/d---------|0|0|0|0|0|0|0 $ fls -m A: -a -f fat 2004-M-008.0018.aff | mactime Wed Dec 31 1969 19:00:00 202152 ..c. r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 3 A:/_ublist1.wpd (deleted) 202119 ..c. r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 4 A:/publist.wpd 205607 ..c. r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 7 A:/publistwkg.wpd Thu Feb 22 2001 00:00:00 202152 .a.. r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 3 A:/_ublist1.wpd (deleted) Thu Feb 22 2001 17:30:52 202152 m... r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 3 A:/_ublist1.wpd (deleted) Thu Feb 22 2001 17:31:54 202152 ...b r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 3 A:/_ublist1.wpd (deleted) Fri Feb 23 2001 16:17:18 205607 m... r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 7 A:/publistwkg.wpd Fri Feb 23 2001 16:17:34 202119 m... r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 4 A:/publist.wpd Fri Feb 23 2001 16:20:26 202119 ...b r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 4 A:/publist.wpd Fri Feb 23 2001 16:20:37 205607 ...b r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 7 A:/publistwkg.wpd Tue Sep 21 2010 00:00:00 202119 .a.. r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 4 A:/publist.wpd 205607 .a.. r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 7 A:/publistwkg.wpd $ icat 2004-M-008.0018.aff 4 | fido.sh - OK,110,x-fmt/44,WordPerfect for MS-DOS/Windows Document,WordPerfect for Windows 6.x - 12,202119,"STDIN" $ icat 2004-M-008.018.aff 4 > publist.wpd
- 22. Extracting Metadata & Files $ fls -m A: -a -f fat 2004-M-008.0018.aff 0|A:/_ublist1.wpd (deleted)|3|r/rrwxrwxrwx|0|0|202152|982818000|982881052|0|982881114 0|A:/publist.wpd|4|r/rrwxrwxrwx|0|0|202119|1285041600|982963054|0|982963226 0|A:/publistwkg.wpd|7|r/rrwxrwxrwx|0|0|205607|1285041600|982963038|0|982963237 0|A:/$MBR|45779|v/v---------|0|0|512|0|0|0|0 0|A:/$FAT1|45780|v/v---------|0|0|4608|0|0|0|0 0|A:/$FAT2|45781|v/v---------|0|0|4608|0|0|0|0 0|A:/$OrphanFiles|45782|d/d---------|0|0|0|0|0|0|0 $ fls -m A: -a -f fat ~/Desktop/2004-M-008/data/2004-M-008.0018.aff | mactime Wed Dec 31 1969 19:00:00 202152 ..c. r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 3 A:/_ublist1.wpd (deleted) 202119 ..c. r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 4 A:/publist.wpd 205607 ..c. r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 7 A:/publistwkg.wpd Thu Feb 22 2001 00:00:00 202152 .a.. r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 3 A:/_ublist1.wpd (deleted) Thu Feb 22 2001 17:30:52 202152 m... r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 3 A:/_ublist1.wpd (deleted) Thu Feb 22 2001 17:31:54 202152 ...b r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 3 A:/_ublist1.wpd (deleted) Fri Feb 23 2001 16:17:18 205607 m... r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 7 A:/publistwkg.wpd Fri Feb 23 2001 16:17:34 202119 m... r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 4 A:/publist.wpd Fri Feb 23 2001 16:20:26 202119 ...b r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 4 A:/publist.wpd Fri Feb 23 2001 16:20:37 205607 ...b r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 7 A:/publistwkg.wpd Tue Sep 21 2010 00:00:00 202119 .a.. r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 4 A:/publist.wpd 205607 .a.. r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 7 A:/publistwkg.wpd $ icat 2004-M-008.0018.aff 4 | fido.sh - OK,110,x-fmt/44,WordPerfect for MS-DOS/Windows Document,WordPerfect for Windows 6.x - 12,202119,"STDIN" $ icat 2004-M-008.018.aff 4 > publist.wpd
- 23. Extracting Metadata & Files $ fls -m A: -a -f fat 2004-M-008.0018.aff 0|A:/_ublist1.wpd (deleted)|3|r/rrwxrwxrwx|0|0|202152|982818000|982881052|0|982881114 0|A:/publist.wpd|4|r/rrwxrwxrwx|0|0|202119|1285041600|982963054|0|982963226 0|A:/publistwkg.wpd|7|r/rrwxrwxrwx|0|0|205607|1285041600|982963038|0|982963237 0|A:/$MBR|45779|v/v---------|0|0|512|0|0|0|0 0|A:/$FAT1|45780|v/v---------|0|0|4608|0|0|0|0 0|A:/$FAT2|45781|v/v---------|0|0|4608|0|0|0|0 0|A:/$OrphanFiles|45782|d/d---------|0|0|0|0|0|0|0 $ fls -m A: -a -f fat ~/Desktop/2004-M-008/data/2004-M-008.0018.aff | mactime Wed Dec 31 1969 19:00:00 202152 ..c. r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 3 A:/_ublist1.wpd (deleted) 202119 ..c. r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 4 A:/publist.wpd 205607 ..c. r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 7 A:/publistwkg.wpd Thu Feb 22 2001 00:00:00 202152 .a.. r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 3 A:/_ublist1.wpd (deleted) Thu Feb 22 2001 17:30:52 202152 m... r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 3 A:/_ublist1.wpd (deleted) Thu Feb 22 2001 17:31:54 202152 ...b r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 3 A:/_ublist1.wpd (deleted) Fri Feb 23 2001 16:17:18 205607 m... r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 7 A:/publistwkg.wpd Fri Feb 23 2001 16:17:34 202119 m... r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 4 A:/publist.wpd Fri Feb 23 2001 16:20:26 202119 ...b r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 4 A:/publist.wpd Fri Feb 23 2001 16:20:37 205607 ...b r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 7 A:/publistwkg.wpd Tue Sep 21 2010 00:00:00 202119 .a.. r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 4 A:/publist.wpd 205607 .a.. r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 7 A:/publistwkg.wpd $ icat 2004-M-008.0018.aff 4 | fido.sh - OK,110,x-fmt/44,WordPerfect for MS-DOS/Windows Document,WordPerfect for Windows 6.x - 12,202119,"STDIN" $ icat 2004-M-008.018.aff 4 > publist.wpd
- 24. Extracting Metadata & Files $ fls -m A: -a -f fat 2004-M-008.0018.aff 0|A:/_ublist1.wpd (deleted)|3|r/rrwxrwxrwx|0|0|202152|982818000|982881052|0|982881114 0|A:/publist.wpd|4|r/rrwxrwxrwx|0|0|202119|1285041600|982963054|0|982963226 0|A:/publistwkg.wpd|7|r/rrwxrwxrwx|0|0|205607|1285041600|982963038|0|982963237 0|A:/$MBR|45779|v/v---------|0|0|512|0|0|0|0 0|A:/$FAT1|45780|v/v---------|0|0|4608|0|0|0|0 0|A:/$FAT2|45781|v/v---------|0|0|4608|0|0|0|0 0|A:/$OrphanFiles|45782|d/d---------|0|0|0|0|0|0|0 $ fls -m A: -a -f fat ~/Desktop/2004-M-008/data/2004-M-008.0018.aff | mactime Wed Dec 31 1969 19:00:00 202152 ..c. r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 3 A:/_ublist1.wpd (deleted) 202119 ..c. r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 4 A:/publist.wpd 205607 ..c. r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 7 A:/publistwkg.wpd Thu Feb 22 2001 00:00:00 202152 .a.. r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 3 A:/_ublist1.wpd (deleted) Thu Feb 22 2001 17:30:52 202152 m... r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 3 A:/_ublist1.wpd (deleted) Thu Feb 22 2001 17:31:54 202152 ...b r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 3 A:/_ublist1.wpd (deleted) Fri Feb 23 2001 16:17:18 205607 m... r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 7 A:/publistwkg.wpd Fri Feb 23 2001 16:17:34 202119 m... r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 4 A:/publist.wpd Fri Feb 23 2001 16:20:26 202119 ...b r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 4 A:/publist.wpd Fri Feb 23 2001 16:20:37 205607 ...b r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 7 A:/publistwkg.wpd Tue Sep 21 2010 00:00:00 202119 .a.. r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 4 A:/publist.wpd 205607 .a.. r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 7 A:/publistwkg.wpd $ icat 2004-M-008.0018.aff 4 | fido.sh - OK,110,x-fmt/44,WordPerfect for MS-DOS/Windows Document,WordPerfect for Windows 6.x - 12,202119,"STDIN" $ icat 2004-M-008.018.aff 4 > publist.wpd
- 25. Extracting Metadata & Files $ fls -m A: -a -f fat 2004-M-008.0018.aff 0|A:/_ublist1.wpd (deleted)|3|r/rrwxrwxrwx|0|0|202152|982818000|982881052|0|982881114 0|A:/publist.wpd|4|r/rrwxrwxrwx|0|0|202119|1285041600|982963054|0|982963226 0|A:/publistwkg.wpd|7|r/rrwxrwxrwx|0|0|205607|1285041600|982963038|0|982963237 0|A:/$MBR|45779|v/v---------|0|0|512|0|0|0|0 0|A:/$FAT1|45780|v/v---------|0|0|4608|0|0|0|0 0|A:/$FAT2|45781|v/v---------|0|0|4608|0|0|0|0 0|A:/$OrphanFiles|45782|d/d---------|0|0|0|0|0|0|0 $ fls -m A: -a -f fat ~/Desktop/2004-M-008/data/2004-M-008.0018.aff | mactime Wed Dec 31 1969 19:00:00 202152 ..c. r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 3 A:/_ublist1.wpd (deleted) 202119 ..c. r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 4 A:/publist.wpd 205607 ..c. r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 7 A:/publistwkg.wpd Thu Feb 22 2001 00:00:00 202152 .a.. r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 3 A:/_ublist1.wpd (deleted) Thu Feb 22 2001 17:30:52 202152 m... r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 3 A:/_ublist1.wpd (deleted) Thu Feb 22 2001 17:31:54 202152 ...b r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 3 A:/_ublist1.wpd (deleted) Fri Feb 23 2001 16:17:18 205607 m... r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 7 A:/publistwkg.wpd Fri Feb 23 2001 16:17:34 202119 m... r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 4 A:/publist.wpd Fri Feb 23 2001 16:20:26 202119 ...b r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 4 A:/publist.wpd Fri Feb 23 2001 16:20:37 205607 ...b r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 7 A:/publistwkg.wpd Tue Sep 21 2010 00:00:00 202119 .a.. r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 4 A:/publist.wpd 205607 .a.. r/rrwxrwxrwx 0 0 7 A:/publistwkg.wpd $ icat 2004-M-008.0018.aff 4 | fido.sh - OK,110,x-fmt/44,WordPerfect for MS-DOS/Windows Document,WordPerfect for Windows 6.x - 12,202119,"STDIN" $ icat 2004-M-008.018.aff 4 > publist.wpd
- 26. Accessioning Workflow Start accessioning Write-protect media Verify image K process Media TS Record identifying Extract filesystem- Disk Meta- Retrieve media characteristics of and file-level images data media as metadata K metadata Transfer package TS Package images Assign identifiers to Ingest transfer Create image and metadata for media package ingest Media FS/File Document Disk MD MD accessioning image process End accessioning process
- 27. fiwalk •C++ program with Python module for processing images •Outputs results in plain text key/value pairs, XML, CSV, or ARFF (for Weka data mining software) •Developed to support automated forensic processing by breaking it into three steps: extract, represent, process •Pluggable file-level metadata extraction (expects key/ value pairs) •Makes development easy and fast
- 28. Sample fiwalk Output <?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?> <fiwalk xmloutputversion='0.3'> <metadata> <!-- metadata about the disk image --> <creator> <!-- fiwalk provenance metadata (runtime environment, etc.) --></creator> <source> <image_filename>2004-M-008.dd-0018.001</image_filename> </source> <!-- fs start: 0 --> <volume offset='0'> <!-- volume metadata --> <fileobject> <filename>_ublist1.wpd</filename> <!-- more metadata about specific files within the image --> </fileobject> <fileobject/><!-- one for each file --> </volume> <runstats> <!-- runtime statistics --> </runstats> </fiwalk>
- 29. Sample fiwalk Output <fileobject> <filename>_ublist1.wpd</filename> <partition>1</partition> <id>1</id> <name_type>r</name_type> <filesize>202152</filesize> <unalloc>1</unalloc> <used>1</used> <inode>3</inode> <meta_type>1</meta_type> <mode>511</mode> <nlink>0</nlink> <uid>0</uid> <gid>0</gid> <mtime>982881052</mtime> <atime>982818000</atime> <crtime>982881114</crtime> <libmagic>(Corel/WP)</libmagic> <byte_runs> <run file_offset='0' fs_offset='16896' img_offset='16896' len='512'/> </byte_runs> <hashdigest type='md5'>d7bc22242c0a88fd8b68712980d5ab28</hashdigest> <hashdigest type='sha1'>64bf2bdf82e33fcda50158804483ac611e753db5</hashdigest> </fileobject>
- 30. Accessioning Workflow Start accessioning Write-protect media Verify image process Media Record identifying Extract filesystem- Disk Meta- Retrieve media characteristics of and file-level images data media as metadata al k metadata Transfer package fiw Package images Assign identifiers to Ingest transfer Create image and metadata for media package ingest Media FS/File Document Disk MD MD accessioning image process End accessioning process
- 31. Why fiwalk? •Faster (and more forensically sound) to extract metadata once rather than having to keep processing an image •Develop better assessments during accessioning process (directory structure significant? timestamps accurate?) •fiwalk’s output is something like a METS structMap •Building non-invasive assessment tools takes less time
- 33. Gumshoe •Prototype application •Blacklight (Ruby on Rails + Solr) & Python indexing code •Indexing code works with fiwalk output or directly over a disk image (using fiwalk’s Python bindings) •Populates Solr index with all file-level metadata from fiwalk and text strings extracted from files •Code at http://github.com/anarchivist/gumshoe •Demo at http://xgumshoex.heroku.com/
- 35. AFF4 •Emerging format, with tools still under development •Better for a distributed environment •Friendlier to micro-services philosophy •Clearer object and metadata model (RDF-based) •Container format is Zip64 •Cohen and Schatz 2010 (doi:10.1016/j.diin.2010.05.015) show hash based imaging as a more efficient alternative
- 36. Sample AFF4 Metadata @prefix D1: <urn:aff4:652e4027-27fab2941> @prefix G1: <urn:aff4:19857a87-a190b2f87> @prefix G2: <urn:aff4:0a1fc78a-927bfacef> @prefix S1: <urn:aff4:652e4027-ffff01199> @prefix I1: <urn:aff4:9003027a-11199ffff> @prefix aff4: <http://afflib.org/2009/aff4/#> @prefix dcterms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> G1: { D1: aff4:serialNumber "zx322o91" D1: aff4:hash "3897450fa18094b13"^^aff4:md5 } G2: { S1: aff4:name "aff4imager" S1: aff4:vendor <http://aff.org/> S1: aff4:asserts G1: S1: aff4:type aff4:AcquisitionTool. S1: aff4:version "0.2" I1: aff4:type aff4:Image. I1: aff4:hash "3897450fa18094b13"^^aff4:md5 I1: dcterms:creator S1: } Adapted from Schatz and Cohen 2010 (doi:10.1007/978-3-642-15506-2_16), pp. 234-236
- 37. Accessioning Workflow Start accessioning Write-protect media Verify image F 4 process Media AF Record identifying Extract filesystem- Disk Meta- Retrieve media characteristics of and file-level images data media as metadata metadata Transfer package F 4 AF Package images Assign identifiers to Ingest transfer Create image and metadata for media package ingest F 4 F 4 F 4 AF AF AF Media FS/File Document Disk MD MD accessioning image process End accessioning process
- 38. Further Toolsets http://www.flickr.com/photos/oskay/5369749968/
- 40. Thank You mark@matienzo.org http://matienzo.org/ twitter: @anarchivist This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.