Spatial Modulation
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The document discusses the evolution and techniques of spatial modulation (SM) in wireless communication, highlighting significant milestones and methodologies from 2001 to 2012. It covers various aspects such as multiplexing gain, diversity gain, and specific coding techniques that improve error probability in GSM systems. Additionally, the document evaluates the performance improvements achieved through methods like convolutional coding and parity check codes, showing the effectiveness of these approaches in enhancing system performance.
![Generelised Spatial Modulation
This method was discussed recently in [5]
and in this system 1 symbol was sent by 2 or
more Antenna at the same time
In this method the number of antenna is not
limited but in general SM we have 2^N
antenna
Code Tran. symbol Active Ant. Num.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/sm-gsm-170228122642/85/Spatial-Modulation-28-320.jpg)
![[1] R. Mesleh, H. Haas, C. W. Ahn, and S. Yun, “Spatial modulation-a new low complexity
spectral efficiency enhancing technique,” in Communications and Networking in China, 2006.
ChinaCom’06. First International Conference on, pp. 1–5, IEEE, 2006. ,
[2] Y. A. Chau and S.-H. Yu, “Space modulation on wireless fading channels,” in Vehicular
Technology Conference, 2001. VTC 2001 Fall. IEEE VTS 54th, vol. 3, pp. 1668–1671, IEEE, 2001.
[3] R. Y. Mesleh, H. Haas, S. Sinanovic, C. W. Ahn, and S. Yun, “Spatial modulation,”
Vehicular Technology, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 2228–2241, 2008.
[4] J. Jeganathan, A. Ghrayeb, and L. Szczecinski, “Spatial modulation: optimal detection and
performance analysis,” Communications Letters, IEEE, vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 545–547, 2008. ,
[5 A. Younis, N. Serafimovski, R. Mesleh, and H. Haas, “Generalised spatial modulation,” in
Signals, Systems and Computers (ASILOMAR), 2010 Conference Record of the Forty Fourth
Asilomar Conference on, pp. 1498–1502, IEEE, 2010.
[6] R. Mesleh, M. D. Renzo, H. Haas, and P. M. Grant, “Trellis coded spatial modulation,”
Wireless Communications, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 9, no. 7, pp. 2349– 2361, 2010.
References](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/sm-gsm-170228122642/85/Spatial-Modulation-48-320.jpg)
![[7] E. Basar, U. Aygolu, E. Panayirci, and H. Poor, “New trellis code design for spatial modulation,” Wireless
Communications, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 2670–2680, 2011.
[8] E. Basar, U. Aygolu, E. Panayirci, and H. V. Poor, “Space-time block coded spatial
modulation,” Communications, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 823–832, 2011.
[9] E. Basar, U. Aygolu, E. Panayirci, and H. V. Poor, “Performance of spatial modulation in the presence of
channel estimation errors,” Communications Letters, IEEE, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 176–179, 2012.
[10] J. Wang, S. Jia, and J. Song, “Generalised spatial modulation system with multiple
active transmit antennas and low complexity detection scheme,” Wireless Communications, IEEE Transactions
on, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 1605–1615, 2012.
[11] M. D. Renzo and H. Haas, “Bit error probability of sm-mimo over generalized
fading channels,” Vehicular Technology, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 1124–1144, 2012.
[12] L. G. Ordónez, D. P. Palomar, and J. R. Fonollosa, “On the diversity, multiplexing, and array gain tradeoff
in mimo channels,” in Information Theory Proceedings (ISIT), 2010 IEEE International Symposium on, pp.
2183–2187, IEEE, 2010.
[13] D. Tse and P. Viswanath, Fundamentals of wireless communication. Cambridge university press, 2005.
[14] H. Rad, S. Gazor, and K. Shahtalebi, “Spatial-temporal-frequency decomposition for 3d mimo
microcellular environments,” in Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2004. Canadian Conference on, vol. 3, pp.
1229–1232, IEEE, 2004](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/sm-gsm-170228122642/85/Spatial-Modulation-49-320.jpg)
![[15] J. Mietzner, R. Schober, L. Lampe, W. H. Gerstacker, and P. A. Hoeher, “Multipleantenna techniques for
wireless communications-a comprehensive literature survey,” Communications Surveys & Tutorials, IEEE, vol. 11,
no. 2, pp. 87–105, 2009.
[16] J. Proakis and M. Salehi, Digital Communications. McGraw-Hill higher education, McGraw-Hill Education,
[17] J. Abouei, “Wireless communication,” tech. rep., 2011.
[18] A. Goldsmith, Wireless communications. Cambridge university press, 2005. ,
[19]T. Duman and A. Ghrayeb, Coding for MIMO Communication Systems. Wiley, 2008.
[20] V. Tarokh, N. Seshadri, and A. R. Calderbank, “Space-time codes for high data rate wireless
communication: Performance criterion and code construction,” Information Theory, IEEE Transactions
on, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 744–765, 1998.
[21] M. D. Renzo, H. Haas, and P. M. Grant, “Spatial modulation for multiple-antenna wireless systems:
a survey,” Communications Magazine, IEEE, vol. 49, no. 12,pp. 182–191, 2011.
[22]S. Song, Y. Yang, Q. Xionq, K. Xie, B.-J. Jeong, and B. Jiao, “A channel hopping
technique i: Theoretical studies on band efficiency and capacity,” in Communications, Circuits and
Systems, 2004. ICCCAS 2004. 2004 International Conference
on, vol. 1, pp. 229–233, IEEE, 2004.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/sm-gsm-170228122642/85/Spatial-Modulation-50-320.jpg)
Spatial Modulation
- 1. ARVIN MOEINI – 504151332 TEL505E – MOBILE & PERSONAL COMMUNICATION ELECTRONIC AND COMMUNICATION DEPARTMENT I STANBUL TECHNI CAL UNI VERSI TY
- 3. History 2001 First time “ Space modulation on wireless fading channels “ by A.Chau & S. Hang Yu - introduce SSK special form of SM 2006 Common Method “Spatial modulation-a new low complexity spectral efficiency enhancing technique,” by R. Mesleh, H. Haas - every moment just 1 active antenna -antenna numbers & symbol 2008 SM in OFDM “Spatial modulation,” by R. Mesleh, H. Haas , … -Compare with Alamouti OFDM & V-BLAST OFDM -Reduce 90% complexity in SM-OFDM 2010 Generalised SM “Generalised spatial modulation,” by A. Younis, N. Serafimovski, R. Mesleh, and H. Haas -Using Multi Active Antenna on every symbol slot
- 4. 2010 Trellis Code in SM “Trellis coded spatial modulation,” by R. Mesleh, M. D. Renzo... 2011 New Trellis Code “New trellis code design for SM,” by E. Basar, U. Aygolu,… -Using multi antenna and TCM –> TCSM -TCSM is better than TCM 2011 STBC-SM “Space-time block coded spatial modulation,” by E. Basar, U. Aygolu,… - Using SM in Space-time Block Coding - Coding gain and diversity together 2012 Multiple Active Ant. “Generalised spatial modulation system with multiple active transmit antennas and low complexity detection scheme,” by J. Wang, S. Jia,… -Higher Multiplexing gain than standard form
- 5. MIMO • First idea was 1970 • todays standards IEEE 802.11n (WiFi)IEEE 802.16e (WiMax) 3GPP 4G • using multiple antenna was paid attention from 2000 in universities and economic environments • It cause multiplexing gain, diversity gain, antenna gain and due to these data rate , error probability, signal to noise ratio and interferences was improved.
- 6. Multiple Antenna Systems Gain • Multiplexing gain • Diversity gain • Array gain
- 7. Multiplexing gain Spatial multiplexing (often abbreviated SM or SMX) is a transmission technique in MIMO wireless communication to transmit independent and separately encoded data signals, so-called streams, from each of the multiple transmit antennas Gains from incensement of data rate in comparison with SISO named multiplexing gain .
- 9. Best example for communication channel multiple person speak in a room TDM Speak by sort FDM speak by different voice frequency CDM Speak by different language SDM Speak in portioned sub rooms Use same method for multi user access TDMA FDMA CDMA SDMA Spatial multiplexing is a powerful method for increase channel capacity at high SNR R= Data rate at specific SNR r= Multiplexing gain
- 10. Diversity gain Repetitive Codes Max Diversity Diversity gain formula r = Multiplexing gain Pout= Outage probability Data rate > channel Capacity
- 12. MRC Xi = Transmitted Signal yi = Received Signal from i’th antenna ni = AWGN αi = fading complex coefficients Combination of 2 received signal at receiver
- 13. EGC Same as MRC Received signals χ K for being same phase SC Detect signal that have highest E/No at receiver between received signals
- 14. If we cannot use receive diversity or we need more diversity gain
- 15. Because of these problems open loop without feedback is preferred Space time coding Comparing 2 methods
- 16. MIMO MODEL Channel state information Channel fading coefficient changes by the time and its different along h11 h12 h21 .h22
- 17. SPACE TIME CODING Mobile station small difficult to use multiple antenna we choose method with high diversity gain First method with 2 antenna ALAMOUTI
- 18. SPACE TIME TRELLIS CODE Vahid Tarokh 1998 similar to convolutional codes or Trellis Coded Modulation transmit copies of trellis code by multiple antenna difference with block code is that these codes are memorable This method has more complexity compare with other methods
- 20. Main idea of SM is to mapping 1 block data bit into 2 unit data carrier
- 21. Antenna index log2NT Symbol log2M binary string data divided to log⌊ 2NT ⌋ + log2M Block codes SM TRANSMITTER First sub-block code select the antenna and active it then second sub-block select transmission symbol and transmit them. 6 bit data 32QAM – 2 Antenna 16QAM – 4 Antenna
- 22. SM CHANNEL Best model for wireless channel is Multipath Fading Channels, so we simulate this channel in our simulations The other point is that the wireless link (elements of H matrix) should be different with each other to have a clear detection at receiver .
- 23. SM RECEIVER For detecting Tx from Rx additive noise, receiver should know channel impulse response completely for all links between transmitter and receiver. In general ( NR × NT ) impulse response should be estimated at receiver. ML (maximum likelihood) detector measure the distance between received signals and detect the closest one. • Measure the NR × NT × M distances
- 26. Detection Method for Transmitted Signals at Receiver
- 28. Generelised Spatial Modulation This method was discussed recently in [5] and in this system 1 symbol was sent by 2 or more Antenna at the same time In this method the number of antenna is not limited but in general SM we have 2^N antenna Code Tran. symbol Active Ant. Num.
- 30. Performance Improvement of SM In this project we use Monte Carlo method for calculation of error probability and these tests continue until errors number reach 100 .
- 32. SM simulation Rayleigh Flat fading 1 active antenna MAP Detector its necessary to know antenna index so we have We have 2 errors in this systems 1- error related to transmitted symbol 2- error in antenna index estimator both of them are separated from each other and they don’t have any effect to each other Total error is the sum of these 2 errors
- 33. Comparing SM performance with 4 and 8 antenna
- 34. GSM simulation Development kind of SM multiple active antenna in our simulation 2 active Tx and 4 active Rx Also all active antenna transmit 1 similar symbol if we send with multiple antenna we also use spatial diversity decrease error probability in other hand we have more errors because of more active transmit antenna
- 35. GSM performance
- 36. GSM error probability calculation These 2 error are independent so we have
- 37. problems No chance for using diversity for detection antenna number This problem is due to that Detection of active antenna numbers is used by channel fading coefficient So we provide methods to improve the Antenna error probability
- 38. Improvement SM performance On this project we focused on reducing the error probability of antenna detection because the methods to reducing symbol error like increasing transmit antenna are not so efficient This project methods for improving these system •Using convolutional codes •Parity check code
- 39. Convolutional coding The best point of spatial modulation is spectral gain enhancement so we should choose coding method that does not change spectral gain. Trellis CodingCodingK bit K+1 bit
- 40. No change to spectral gain and bandwidth but the problem is that points are very close and it’s difficult to detect Error Probability ↑ Convolutional Coding GSM Coding ch an ne l GSM decoding Viterbi algorithm
- 41. Convolutional Code (2, 1, 3) Viterbi algorithm First state of Viterbi algorithm Repetitive state of Viterbi algorithm
- 42. We have good result but complexity of system in coding and decoding section was increased so we provide another method for this system.
- 43. Parity check code In GSM if there is an error in antenna detection usually it occurs just in 1 antenna so we find a way to improve error channel detection probability because we don’t have any information about it acts just through channel information matrix So we cannot use diversity simple method for detecting 1 bit error parity check code idea adding 1 bit parity to symbol for antenna info Number of 1 odd even Add 1 (to be even) Add 0 Receiver Num of 1 even No Error √ or 2,4 χ
- 44. Using more antenna at transmitter
- 45. Small modulations have better performance So we can use these method for using small size modulation
- 46. We also can improve the system performance by increasing the number of receiver antenna , you can see in the figure comparison of 4-Rx and 5-Rx of GSM and MIMO .
- 47. Conclusion In this project we provide 3 methods to improve the performance of GSM using convolutional coding and parity check code methods •in the first method we added convolutional coding to the GSM structure and we saw 2.5dB improvement in the performance of this method. •In the second method we just have some changes in transmitted symbol and we have 0.7 dB improvement with low complexity in our system. •In the third one by increasing the number of antenna at transmitter we have 0.7dB gain and at receiver we saw 2dB at average SNRs and our complexity increases by the antenna number. According our necessity and facilities each of these methods can be useful and improve our system performance
- 48. [1] R. Mesleh, H. Haas, C. W. Ahn, and S. Yun, “Spatial modulation-a new low complexity spectral efficiency enhancing technique,” in Communications and Networking in China, 2006. ChinaCom’06. First International Conference on, pp. 1–5, IEEE, 2006. , [2] Y. A. Chau and S.-H. Yu, “Space modulation on wireless fading channels,” in Vehicular Technology Conference, 2001. VTC 2001 Fall. IEEE VTS 54th, vol. 3, pp. 1668–1671, IEEE, 2001. [3] R. Y. Mesleh, H. Haas, S. Sinanovic, C. W. Ahn, and S. Yun, “Spatial modulation,” Vehicular Technology, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 2228–2241, 2008. [4] J. Jeganathan, A. Ghrayeb, and L. Szczecinski, “Spatial modulation: optimal detection and performance analysis,” Communications Letters, IEEE, vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 545–547, 2008. , [5 A. Younis, N. Serafimovski, R. Mesleh, and H. Haas, “Generalised spatial modulation,” in Signals, Systems and Computers (ASILOMAR), 2010 Conference Record of the Forty Fourth Asilomar Conference on, pp. 1498–1502, IEEE, 2010. [6] R. Mesleh, M. D. Renzo, H. Haas, and P. M. Grant, “Trellis coded spatial modulation,” Wireless Communications, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 9, no. 7, pp. 2349– 2361, 2010. References
- 49. [7] E. Basar, U. Aygolu, E. Panayirci, and H. Poor, “New trellis code design for spatial modulation,” Wireless Communications, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 2670–2680, 2011. [8] E. Basar, U. Aygolu, E. Panayirci, and H. V. Poor, “Space-time block coded spatial modulation,” Communications, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 823–832, 2011. [9] E. Basar, U. Aygolu, E. Panayirci, and H. V. Poor, “Performance of spatial modulation in the presence of channel estimation errors,” Communications Letters, IEEE, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 176–179, 2012. [10] J. Wang, S. Jia, and J. Song, “Generalised spatial modulation system with multiple active transmit antennas and low complexity detection scheme,” Wireless Communications, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 1605–1615, 2012. [11] M. D. Renzo and H. Haas, “Bit error probability of sm-mimo over generalized fading channels,” Vehicular Technology, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 1124–1144, 2012. [12] L. G. Ordónez, D. P. Palomar, and J. R. Fonollosa, “On the diversity, multiplexing, and array gain tradeoff in mimo channels,” in Information Theory Proceedings (ISIT), 2010 IEEE International Symposium on, pp. 2183–2187, IEEE, 2010. [13] D. Tse and P. Viswanath, Fundamentals of wireless communication. Cambridge university press, 2005. [14] H. Rad, S. Gazor, and K. Shahtalebi, “Spatial-temporal-frequency decomposition for 3d mimo microcellular environments,” in Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2004. Canadian Conference on, vol. 3, pp. 1229–1232, IEEE, 2004
- 50. [15] J. Mietzner, R. Schober, L. Lampe, W. H. Gerstacker, and P. A. Hoeher, “Multipleantenna techniques for wireless communications-a comprehensive literature survey,” Communications Surveys & Tutorials, IEEE, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 87–105, 2009. [16] J. Proakis and M. Salehi, Digital Communications. McGraw-Hill higher education, McGraw-Hill Education, [17] J. Abouei, “Wireless communication,” tech. rep., 2011. [18] A. Goldsmith, Wireless communications. Cambridge university press, 2005. , [19]T. Duman and A. Ghrayeb, Coding for MIMO Communication Systems. Wiley, 2008. [20] V. Tarokh, N. Seshadri, and A. R. Calderbank, “Space-time codes for high data rate wireless communication: Performance criterion and code construction,” Information Theory, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 744–765, 1998. [21] M. D. Renzo, H. Haas, and P. M. Grant, “Spatial modulation for multiple-antenna wireless systems: a survey,” Communications Magazine, IEEE, vol. 49, no. 12,pp. 182–191, 2011. [22]S. Song, Y. Yang, Q. Xionq, K. Xie, B.-J. Jeong, and B. Jiao, “A channel hopping technique i: Theoretical studies on band efficiency and capacity,” in Communications, Circuits and Systems, 2004. ICCCAS 2004. 2004 International Conference on, vol. 1, pp. 229–233, IEEE, 2004.