Capacity Enhancement of MIMO-OFDM System in Rayleigh Fading Channel

IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE)
e-ISSN: 2278-2834,p- ISSN: 2278-8735.Volume 6, Issue 1 (May. - Jun. 2013), PP 49-58
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www.iosrjournals.org 49 | Page
Capacity Enhancement of MIMO-OFDM System in
Rayleigh Fading Channel
Atul Gautam1
, Manisha Sharma2
1
Department of Electronics & Communication, M.Tech Scholar, Lovely professional university, Punjab, India
2
Department of Electronics & Communication, Faculty of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Punjab,
India
Abstract: MIMO-OFDM system in Rayleigh Fading Channel is very popular technique for mobile
communication now a day’s for research. Here we want increase the capacity of MIMO-OFDM of system by
using adaptive modulation, Algebraic Space-Time Codes (ASTC) encoder for MIMO Systems are based on
quaternion algebras .we found that ergodic capacity has some limitation which reduce the system’s
performance to overcome this we use ASTC code . ASTC code are full rank, full rate and non vanishing constant
minimum determinant for increasing spectral efficiency and reducing Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) .
Keywords— Adaptive modulation ASTC code, Capacity, BER, Ergodic capacity, PAPR, Spectral Efficiency and
SNR
I. INTRODUCTION
NOW A day’s integration of Orthogonal Frequency di vi si on Multiplexing (OFDM) technique
with Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems has been an area of interesting and challenging
research in the field of broadband wireless communication. Multiple input multiple output (MIMO)
system using multiple transmit and receive antennas are widely recognized as the vital
breakthrough that will allow future wireless systems to achieve higher data rates with lim it ed
bandwidth and power resources, provided the propagation medium is rich scattering or Rayleigh
fading[1].On the other hand, traditionally, multiple antennas have been used to increase diversity to combat
channel fading. Hence, A MIMO system can provide two types of gains: spatial multiplexing or capacity gain
and diversity gain. If we need to use the advantage of MIMO diversity to overcome the fading then we need to
send the same signals through the different MIMO antennae. If we want to use MIMO concept for increasing
capacity then we need to send different set of data at the same time through the different MIMO antennae
without the automatic-repeat request of the transmission [2]. OFDM has many advantages, which make it an
attractive scheme for high-speed transmission links. However, one major difficulty is OFDM’s large Peak to
Average Power Ratio (PAPR). Those are created by the coherent summation of the OFDM subcarriers. When
N signals are added with the same phase, they produce a peak power that is N times the average power. These
large peaks cause saturation in the power amplifiers, leading to inter modulation products among the subcarrier
and disturbing out of band energy. Hence, it becomes worth while reducing PAPR. Towards this end there are
several proposals such as clipping, coding and peak windowing. Respectively, reduction of PAPR comes at a
price of performance degradation, mainly in terms of rate and BER. This paper proposes to use the ASTC
codes as powerful coding techniques for IEEE 802.11x OFDM standard combined with PAPR scheme [7].
ASTC codes can for out a good solution first to overcome the disadvantage of OFDM modulations and second
to keep a robustness regarding the BER performances. ASTC encoder is shaped from two well known algebraic
space time codes. The first one is called the Golden code (GC), which was proposed in 2004. It is a 2×2STBC
obtained using a division algebra, which is full rate, full diversity, and has a nonzero lower bound on its coding
gain, which does not depend on the constellation size. The second code is the TAST code (TC) a2×2space time
algebraic code obtained using the integer algebra, with rate R=nt =2 Symbol/uc, and diversity D= nt × nr =4,
where uc denotes the used code word [6].Adaptive modulation is a promising technique to increase the spectral
efficiency of a wireless communication system. In this paper we investigate the effectiveness of adaptive
modulation in maximizing the spectral efficiency of a MIMO multiuser downlink channel [11].Under an
average transmit power and instantaneous bit error rate (BER) constraint, the transmit parameters including the
sub channel transmit power and/or spectral efficiency are optimally adapted in the spatial and/or temporal
domain to maximize the average spectral efficiency (ASE). Two categories, the continuous rate and discrete
rate, of adaptive systems were considered. In the continuous rate category, we first consider the ASE
optimization problem with both power and spectral efficiency to be jointly adapted, which is referred to as a
variable rate variable power (VRVP) system. The optimal power and rate adaptation policy, as well as the ASE
expression, are derived. Following that, two special cases are studied, the variable rate (VR) system and the

Capacity Enhancement of MIMO-OFDM System in Rayleigh Fading Channel
variable power (VP) system. The VR system fixes the power as constant while the VP system fixes the rate.
The closed form asymptotic expressions for the ASEs of these three adaptive systems are derived. The
asymptotic ASEs for VRVP and VR systems are the same and both achieve a full multiplexing gain. Compared
with the VRVP and VR systems, the asymptotic ASE for a VP system with different numbers of transmit and
receive antennas shows a constant signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) penalty, while a VP system equipped with the
same number of transmit and receive antennas is unable to achieve the full multiplexing gain. In the discrete
rate category, the power and rate adaptation policy and the ASE are also derived for VRVP, VR, and VP
systems. It is shown that the ASE results for the continuous rate systems act as tight upper bounds for their
discrete rate counterparts. In particular, for the discrete rate VR system, we obtained a closed form expression
for the ASE and show that there is a 2–3 dB SNR penalty compared to the continuous rate counterpart.
However, the advantages include a much simpler adaptation rule, a better BER performance, and a preserved
full multiplexing gain [6].We will refer to this class of schemes as adaptive QAM (A-QAM) with the following
nomenclature. We say an A-QAM scheme is XY-Z-L for X and Y representing the type of variation for rate
(equivalently, constellation size) and power, respectively .Three options are possible for this variation: ’C’
(Continuous), ’D’ (Discrete) and ’K’ (Constant). The Z corresponds to the type of BER constraint, which can
be ’I’ (Instantaneous) or A’ (Average). Finally, for discrete-power schemes, L is the allowed number of power
levels per constellation [11].The paper is organized as follows. Section II, system model is described. Section
III, ASTC encoder is described. Section IV, frequency-selective correlated rayleigh fading channel .Section V,
Adaptive modulation is described. In section VI, we present simulation result for different scenarios. Finally, a
conclusion is given in section VII.
II. System Model
A model of MIMO-OFDM system with NTx transmit antennas and NRx receive antennas is depicted in
the Figure 1. Let, xi, yi and ri be the transmitted signal, received signal and the Additive White Gaussian Noise
(AWGN) for the Ith
. The sub-carrier respectively and the system uses frequency selective channel. Then the
received signal can be given as,
Yi=HiSi+ri ; 0 ≤ i ≤ N S (1)
In Eq. (1), Ns represent the number of sub -carriers Hi is the channel response matrix of Ith
the sub-carrier that is
of size NTx*NRx. The Hi is a Gaussian random matrix whose realization is known at the receiver and it is given
as
1
0
exp( j*2 *i*1/ N )
L
i l S
l
H h 


  (2)
In Eq. (2) hl is assumed to be an uncorrelated channel matrix where each element of the matrix follows the
independently and identically distributed (IID) complex Gaussian distribution and L represents the tap of the
chosen channel (i.e. L-tap frequency selective channel) .It is assumed that a perfect channel state information
(CSI) is available at the receiver but not at the transmitter. The total available power is also assumed to be
allocated uniformly across all space-frequency sub-channels.

In MIMO-OFDM system Ergodic capacity is define as this is the time average capacity of a channel. It is
found by taking the mean of the capacity values obtained from a number of independent channel realizations.
Ergodic capacity is define by equation
Where
1
0
1
log( .Q )
S
Rx
N
N
iS
Tx
H
i i
c E I
N
n
Q H H





 
  
 



(3)
In above equation E (.) denotes the Ergodic capacity and INRx is identity matrix of NRx*NRx. Ρ is SNR per sub
carrier NTx is number of transmit antenna .figure 1 shows the block diagram of MIMO-OFDM system. We use
ASTC Encoder and Adaptive QAM (Quaderature Amplitude Modulation) for transmission. CP (Control
Programming) is an operating system originally created for 8 bit processor. FFT is an efficient algorithm to
compute the discrete Forier transform and its inverse.RF switch generally called Radio Frequency switch. PIN
Diode is generally used to make it operate at very high frequency. In this switch input signal is fed at one end
then this signal is split in no of output signal by demux. [1, 3]
III. ASTC CODES IN A FREQUENCY-SELECTIVE CHANNEL CONTEXT
We consider a coherent system over a frequency-selective correlated Rayleigh fading MIMO channel.
The overall schematic diagram of ASTC-MIMO-OFDM transceiver is depicted in Fig.1.The transmitted binary
source sequence bi of length L is modulated using the adaptive QAM-4 modulator. Each information sequence
at time ni.
1, (2n 1) (2n 1) (2n 1) (2n 1)3, 2, 1,i i i i i i
T
n n S S S S     
      (4)
Is encoded
by the ASTC encoder into two stream constellations represented by the code word XNc*Nt where Nt refers to
number of transmitted antennas and Nc is the number of used subcarriers. By their construction the channel was
under the Quasi-Static
Assumption, and does take into account neither the time variation nor the selectivity channel case. To spread
their power regarding the bit rate and the BER performance into the selective channel case with time variation,
we introduce the best perfect algebraic code known as Golden codes with other tow well famous algebraic space
time codes, TAST and DAST [6].
A. Golden Encoder
The code was proposed in 2004 by a STBC obtained using a division algebra, which is full rate, full
diversity, and has a nonzero lower bound on its coding gain, which does not depend on the constellation size.
The code word is written as:
( (1) (2)) ( (3) (4))1
( (3) (4)) ( (1) (2))5
i i i i
i
i i i i
n n n n
n
n n n n
X
     
     
  
 
   
(5)
Where
1 5
2


 And
1 5
2


 ,
1
1
i i
i i
 
 
  
  
B. TAST Encoder
As shown in [7] [9], the TAST code is a space time algebraic code obtained using the integer algebra,
with rate R = Nt = 2 Symbole/uc (used code word), and diversity D = Nt × Nr = 4. Each space time layer is
associated with his proper algebraic space ' in order to alleviate the problem of ISI (Inter-Symbol-Interferences).
The code word is expressed as:
( (1) (2)) ( (3) (4))1
( (3) (4)) ( (1) (2))2inX
    
    
  
  
  
(6)
Where,

2
exp(i ) 

 



C. DAST Encoder
The DAST code is a diagonal space time algebraic code obtained using the turned constellations of integer
algebra, with rate 1 Symbole/uc, and full diversity. The code word is described as’
. (M )
11
M
12
exp(i / 4)
Dast nt ntX H diag 


 

 
  
 

(7)
M is the rotation matrix of nt =2 degree. [7, 8]
IV. Frequency-Selective Correlated Rayleigh Fading Channel
Wide-Band systems are commonly a Frequency-Selective Correlated Rayleigh Fading Channels.
However the ASTC requires a nonselective flat fading channels belonging to narrow-band systems. To alleviate
this problem let focus on lattice representation of a Frequency-Selective Correlated Rayleigh Fading Channels.
We adopt here the Clarke channel model. The received signal is the sum of q waves; we take into account the
Doppler shifts effect. To obtain a correlated Rayleigh fading channel, the autocorrelation function of {hk
j
}
process is given by:
2
0
[h h ]
(j2 f q) j (2 f qT )
i j
h k k q
h c m s
r E
r exp  


(8)
Where Jo is the Bessel function with zero order, fm is the maximum Doppler shift and j is the antenna’s number.
If we guess that we have Nt (Nc+Ng) subcarrier used and the channel length is L ≤ Nt(Nc+Ng) we can represent
the channel in function of the correlated Rayleigh taps hk, where Ng refers to the number of guard subcarrier and
Nt to the number of transmitted antennas as follows
(9)
In order to use the ASTC codes properly, we need to convert the channel H into Nt × (Nc + Ng) non selective
sub-channels, The core idea is that the wide-band frequency selective MIMO channel by means of the MIMO-
OFDM processing is transferred to a number of parallel flat fading MIMO channels. In fact each code word xp
ni will be modulated within the NcNt sub-channels, without loss of generality, now we are assuming that all
subcarriers are used:
1
,1( )xp
c Nt c tz N F I N N
  (10)
This transforms the frequency domain vector xNcNt, 1 into the time domain. Where x represents the Kronecker
product and F−1 represent the IFFT Matrix defined as:
(11)

Where,
Second, to shelter the signal from the ISI (Inter-Symbol Interference) we add the cyclic prefix (CP) or what are
commonly called the guard interval, we can express this step mathematically by multiplying the signal z
0 Ng
Nt
NC
I
I
I

  
   
  
(12)
Where I is i.i.d matrix.
Eventually we transmit a OFDM symbol xp NcNt,1 over a selective correlated Rayleigh fading channel H, thus:
1
1 ,1. . .(F ). c t
p
c Nt N Ny H N I x 
   (13)
Where w is an Nt (Nc + Ng) white Gaussian noise vector. This calculation fits either with Joint Coding (JC) or
Per Antenna Coding (PAC) technique. In fact, in the (JC) method, the information bit stream is first encoded
and then converted into Nt parallel sub-streams of which each is modulated and mapped onto corresponding
antenna. Fig 1 illustrates the (JC) scheme. However in (PAC) scheme, the incoming bit stream is first
transformed to Nt parallel sub-streams and then encoding is performed per sub-stream. So, basically, the
transmitter consists of Nt OFDM transmitters among which the information bits are multiplexed. At the receiver
we consider the system is coherent over a selective correlated Rayleigh fading MIMO channel. First, the cyclic
prefix is removed. This is done by discarding the first NgNr samples of y,
2
1
(F I )rN
c
y y
N


  (14)
Where £2 is defined as [0NcNgINg ] matrix. Second, the FFT is performed. Together, give results as
1 1
,1 3{(F I ) (F I )}c t t r t r
p
N N N N N Nx y
 
 
   (15)
Where £3 is commonly called the circulant matrix defined as:
3 2 1H  
(16)
The decision vector for each four symbols is then decoded at time (ni, ni+1) using a sub-optimum
decoder like a Zero Forcing or MMSE decoder. In the optimum decoder for the algebraic space time code was
the Shnorr-Echnerr or Sphere-Decoder, but the the ZF or the MMSE still a good candidate for such codes,
because they reduce the computational load regarding the Shnorr-Echnerr or the Sphere-Decoder without
significant performance loss:
1
4,1
p
p x 


  (17)
Where,
In this case we decode each 2 symbols together, thus we slice the received x4,1
Dast
into x2, 1
Dast
[7,9,10].
V. Adaptive Modulation
A. Continuous Policy
To obtain the optimum CC-A adaptation policy for MIMO multiplexing we have to tackle a calculus of
variations problem with two isoperimetric constraints. We denote by fRi(ˆλ), fSi(ˆλ) : Rm
→ R any nonnegative
rate and power candidate adaptation laws for the ith eigen channel and by Ri(ˆλ) and Si(ˆλ) the optimum laws i.e.

those that maximize the ASE. The power laws are normalized to the target average power. ST. Mathematically,
the MIMO multiplexing design problem is expressed as follows.
{f },{f }
1
max [ ( )]
Ri Si
m
Ri
i
E f




 (ASE) (18)
Subject to
1
1 1
1
1 [ ( )] 0
[ ( )(1 ( , ,......., , ,......., ))] 0
m
Si
i
m
Ri i R Rm S Sm
i
E f
E f f f f f



  




 

  
 


(19)
Where the conditional BER (normalized to the target BER, BERT) for the ith Eigen channel is defined as
1
[BER ( ,H) | ]H i
T
i E
BER
  
 
 (20)
With BERi (ˆλ, H) the instantaneous BER given the predicted and the true CSI. Under the Gaussian
approximation the conditional BER can be computed from the signal-to-noise plus interference ratio (SINR),
thus, using the usual exponential expression for MQAM,
( )
( ,H)1 8
exp( )
55 2 1Ri
i
i H
f
T
SINR
E
BER 

 

 
  
  
(21)
It will be shown at the end of this section that this Gaussian approximation is quite accurate due to the particular
form of the optimum adaptive policy. Introduction and after some algebra it is straightforward to obtain
2
2
( )
( ,H)
( ) 1/
i ii Si
i
ij Sj
j i
f
SINR
f
 


  

  

 

  
(22)
With ˆΥ ∼ ˆΞ and the average SNR defined as y=ST /σ2n.According to Appendix A, the conditional BER
expression in (6) can be accurately computed by (8) at the top of the page, where xk are the zeros of the NP the-
order Laguerre polynomial and Lxk the associated weight factors used for Gauss-Laguerre quadrature
integration. Specifically, in expression Λj = 1 for m = 2 and for m > 2
1, ,
( )
( ) ( )
m
sj
j
l l i j
sj sl
f
f f

 

 
 
 

 (23)
Which must be interpreted as a limit1 when fSl = fSj . To perform expectation over the predicted channel gain
ˆλ, note that ˆλ = (1 − χ)ξ with ξ the m-dimensional vector ξ = (ξi) of unordered eigen values of 1/(1 − χ)ˆH ˆH
H ∼ HHH. Consequently, the joint probability density function (pdf) pˆλ(ˆλ) is easily obtained from the Wishart
pdf pξ(ξ) given in which can be expressed as:
2
(a) per(b)
,
1
( ) ( 1) (a ,b )
!
i ia b d
per j i
j i i i
a b j di
p A e
m

  
  
 

  
(24)
Where d.= |NT − NR|, a = (ai) and b = (bi ) represent permutation vectors of {1, . . . , m}, the function per(·) is 0
or 1, respectively, depending on whether the permutation is even or odd, and Aj(ai, bi) is defined as the (j + 1)th
coefficient of the following polynomial:
1 1
(a 1)!(b 1)!
(x)L (x)
(a 1 d)!(b 1 d)! i i
d d di i
a b
i i
x L  
 
   
(25)

Where Ldn (x) is the generalized Laguerre polynomial. It is shown in that the marginal pdf pξ (ξ) can be
represented as follows:
2(m 1) d
( ) e j
j
j d
p B
  
 


  (26)
With Bj defined as the (j + 1) Th coefficient of the following polynomial
2
1
1
1 (i 1)!
(L (x))
(i 1 )!
m
d d
i
i
x
m d



 
 (27)
In general, solving the problem stated is hard due to the coupling between Eigen channels introduced through
both the conditional BER (imperfect CSI induced interference) and the statistical dependence between the
components of ˆλ. However, under certain approximations it is possible to find an accurate closed-form
adaptation policy for MIMO multiplexing with an average BER constraint and imperfect CSI. To analyze the
behavior of optimum A-QAM MIMO multiplexing we distinguish two scenarios according to the quality of the
available CSI: good quality (χ relatively small) and bad quality (χ relatively high). [11, 12]
VI. Results And Disscussions
As Fig 2 show how ergodic capacity change with respect to SNR value and number of transmitting
antenna (nt). here we use MATLAB SIMULINK R2010 for calculating Ergodic capacity. If we compare our
result with first reference paper result than there is good improvement in Ergodic capacity when using less
number of antenna but when we using more number of transmit antenna then at very small value of SNR ,
ergodic capacity increase rapidly. Hence we are able to overcome the limitation of ergodic capacity with small
number of antenna by using ASTC encoder. We see that at nt =1 when we increase SNR the value of ergodic
capacity also increase w.r.t. SNR. It does not come study state as in the result of first reference paper. Fig
number 3 shows the individual variation of ergodic capacity with number of transmit antenna. When number of
transmit antenna nt=30 its value above the 120 which mean that we enhance the channel capacity by using
ASTC encoder and adaptive QAM
Fig. 2 SNR versus Ergodic Capacity

Fig. 3: Ergodic capacity versus no. of transmit antenna
In Fig 4. The y axis vertices variable 10-0 actually represent the 10-0
BER and so on. If we increases the SNR
then BER is reduce .it also shows in figure when SNR increases the value of BER decrease. At the 20 SNR the
value our BER is below the 10-30
which tell us that we improve the system performance. In Figure 5, we have a
plot of the spectral efficiency of adaptive modulation versus average SNR in dB. We do not take into account
whether or not the bits are the correct ones that were sent or not. Because we have set the target BER to a value
that we believe the system must operate under, the adaptation system will try to achieve that level of
performance Note that at low SNR value, the system achieves 2 bits per symbol, and QPSK is primarily used.
However, when the SNR increases, the throughput also improve steadily, which indicates that we are beginning
to use more spectrally efficient modulation schemes. The curve begins to level out at close to 30 dB, as 64QAM
becomes the modulation scheme used most often and QPSK is rarely used. when SNR improves, the system is
more able to choose more efficient modulation schemes by using adaptive QAM. Fig. 6 shows the performance
of system by using ASTC encoder and without also tell that by using ASTC encoder we increase our system
capacity w.r.t. SNR vs BER graph analysis.
Fig. 4 System performance w.r.t. SNR vs. BER

Fig. 5 Spectral Efficiency for Perfect Adaptive Modulation vs. Average SNR for a Rayleigh Channel
Fig. 6 System performance by using ASTC encoder w.r.t. SNR vs BER
VII. Conclusion
Ergodic channel capacity has some limitation in MIMO OFDM system therefore it is necessary to
improve this because it affects the system performance. To improve this we use ASTC encoder because it has
properties full rank full, full rate, and non vanishing determinant for increasing rate. ASTC is also able to reduce
the major difficulty of OFDM’s Large Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR).As a result we find that the ASTC
codes like a good compromise between a PAPR reduction scheme and BER performance. Our results also show
that adaptive modulation for MIMO OFDM system is much more sensitive to imperfect CSI that MIMO beam
forming. We can analyze MIMO-OFDM system and use various algorithms to optimize channel capacity.
Acknowldgement
I would like to thank my friends Anupam Kumar ,Amandeep , Ajay Sharma , Manoj Kumar , Kapil
Sharma , Pankaj Sharma , Abhradip Paul and all my family member and my teachers who help me.

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Capacity Enhancement of MIMO-OFDM System in Rayleigh Fading Channel