Modes of commuting, workplace choice and energy use at home
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The document outlines the evolution of domestic energy use in Great Britain from 1970 to 2012, highlighting changes in energy consumption and household behaviors. It discusses commuting patterns, the impact of working from home, and the increase in energy-efficient technologies in homes. This report serves as a resource for policymakers and researchers to understand the relationship between energy use, commuting choices, and household behavior over time.
Modes of commuting, workplace choice and energy use at home
- 1. Modes of commuting, workplace choice and energy use at home Dr Ben Anderson 25th June 2014 @dataknut
- 2. @dataknut: The Distribution of Domestic Energy-Tech in Great Britain: 2008 - 2011 Contents § Interlinked ‘choices’ and constraints § Commuting ‘choices’ § Working from/at home § A potential problem § Concluding thoughts 2
- 3. @dataknut: The Distribution of Domestic Energy-Tech in Great Britain: 2008 - 2011 Contents § Interlinked ‘choices’ and constraints § Commuting ‘choices’ § Working from/at home § A potential problem § Concluding thoughts 3
- 4. @dataknut: The Distribution of Domestic Energy-Tech in Great Britain: 2008 - 2011 What? § We use energy everywhere 4 Industry 293 Road transport 459 Air transport 144 Other transport 16 Housing 502 Commercial and public administra- tion 197 Non energy use 88 Other 25 represents a major opportunity to cut energy use and CO2 emissions. Much of the UK’s housing was built before the links between energy use and climate change were understood. Much of it was also built when there were very different expectations of thermal comfort. To put it simply, most families in 1970 lived in homes that would be cold by modern standards in winter – as cool as 12°C on average (see Table 6o, Appendix 1). There may have been ice on the insides of the windows, and nearly everyone accepted the need to wear thick clothes at home in winter. Few homes had central heating, and many families used coal for heating. Added to this, few families owned the household appliances everyone takes for granted today. The way energy is used in homes today is very different. Most homes have central heating, usually fuelled by natural gas, and most households have fridges, freezers and washing machines. Many households also own dishwashers, tumble dryers, PCs and games consoles. The Housing Energy Fact File aims to draw together most of the important data about energy use in homes in the UK since 1970. As well as describing the current situation, it also shows changes over the last 40 years. It is intended for policy- makers, researchers, and interested members of the public. (More detailed information about homes in England is available on DECC’s website, in the Cambridge Housing Energy Tool, see http://tinyurl.com/HousingFactFile.) The Fact File is one in a series of reports stretching back to the early 1970s, previously prepared for the Government by the Building Research Establishment. This report is a collaborative endeavour, prepared by Cambridge Architectural Research and Eclipse Research Consultants, with input from Loughborough University and UCL. A significant change in this year’s Fact File is a new chapter on Household Behaviour, from page 63. This examines how energy use in the home is The UK’s homes, and how they are used, has changed enormously since 1970. Graph 1a: Final energy consumption by sector 2012 (UK, TWh, Total 1,724 TWh) Industry 293 Road transport 459 Air transport 144 Other transport 16 Housing 502 Commercial and public administra- tion 197 Non energy use 88 Other 25 represents a major opportunity to cut energy use and CO2 emissions. Much of the UK’s housing was built before the links between energy use climate change were understood. Much of it was also built when there w very different expectations of thermal comfort. To put it simply, most families in 1970 lived in homes that would be cold modern standards in winter – as cool as 12°C on average (see Table 6o, Appendix 1). There may have been ice on the insides of the windows, and nearly everyone accepted the need to wear thick clothes at home in wint Few homes had central heating, and many families used coal for heating. Added to this, few families owned the household appliances everyone ta for granted today. The way energy is used in homes today is very different. M homes have central heating, usually fuelled by natural gas, and most households have fridges, freezers and washing machines. Many households also own dishwashers, tumble dryers, PCs and games consoles. The Housing Energy Fact File aims to draw together most o the important data about energy use in homes in the UK si 1970. As well as describing the current situation, it also sho changes over the last 40 years. It is intended for policy- makers, researchers, and interested members of the public (More detailed information about homes in England is available on DECC’s website, in the Cambridge Housing Ene Tool, see http://tinyurl.com/HousingFactFile.) The Fact File is one in a series of reports stretching back to early 1970s, previously prepared for the Government by th Building Research Establishment. This report is a collaborative endeavour, prepared by Cambridge Architectural Research and Eclipse Research Consultants, with input from Loughborough University and UCL. A significant change in this year’s Fact File is a new chapter on Household Behaviour, from page 63. This examines how energy use in the home is The UK’s homes, and how they are used, has changed enormously since 1970. Graph 1a: Final energy consumption by sector 2012 (UK, TWh, Total 1,724 TWh) DECC, 2013 (UK Housing Factfile) Presumably working from home fits here But travelling to work fits here And here And being ‘at work’ fits here And here § Our practices cut across sectors
- 5. @dataknut: The Distribution of Domestic Energy-Tech in Great Britain: 2008 - 2011 What we want to know… § Are ‘eco’ attitudes & behaviours – Correlated with ‘green’ commuting ‘choices’? – Correlated with working from home? § Does working from home – Increase energy consumption? 5
- 6. @dataknut: The Distribution of Domestic Energy-Tech in Great Britain: 2008 - 2011 Contents § Interlinked ‘choices’ and constraints § Commuting ‘choices’ § Working from/at home § A potential problem § Concluding thoughts 6
- 7. @dataknut: The Distribution of Domestic Energy-Tech in Great Britain: 2008 - 2011 Patterns of commuting over time § Commuting ‘choices’: prevalence 7 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 2009 2010 2011 2012 Car, van, motorcyle etc Gets a li= or taxi Public transport Walk, cycle, other Source: Own calculations of USOC (W1-3) weighted for non response and correcting for survey design Error bars = 95% Confidence intervals • 75% of those who walked/cycled at one wave were still doing so at the next • 14% had switched to car • 3% of those who used a car had switched to walking • 1.6% had switched to public transport
- 8. @dataknut: The Distribution of Domestic Energy-Tech in Great Britain: 2008 - 2011 Patterns of commuting over time § Commuting ‘choices’: distance from work 8 Source: Own calculations of USOC (W1-3) weighted for non response and correcting for survey design Error bars = 95% Confidence intervals 0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 2009 2010 2011 2012 Mean distance to workplace Car, van, motorcyle Gets a li= or taxi Public transport Walk, cycle, other
- 9. @dataknut: The Distribution of Domestic Energy-Tech in Great Britain: 2008 - 2011 ‘Eco-friendly’ Walk or cycle (‘active commute’) 9 Source: Own calculations of USOC (W1-3) weighted for non response and correcting for survey design Error bars = 95% Confidence intervals Public transport 0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% 25.0% 30.0% 2009 2010 2011 2012 Enviro Friendly Q4 (highest) Q3 Q2 Enviro Friendly Q1 (lowest) 0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% 25.0% 30.0% 2009 2010 2011 2012 Enviro Friendly Q4 (highest) Q3 Q2 Enviro Friendly Q1 (lowest)
- 10. @dataknut: The Distribution of Domestic Energy-Tech in Great Britain: 2008 - 2011 Equivalised household income Walk or cycle (‘active commute’) 10 Source: Own calculations of USOC (W1-3) weighted for non response and correcting for survey design Error bars = 95% Confidence intervals Public transport 0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% 25.0% 30.0% 35.0% 2009 2010 2011 2012 Equivalised household income Q4 (highest) Q3 Q2 Equivalised household income Q1 (lowest) 0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% 25.0% 2009 2010 2011 2012 Equivalised household income Q4 (highest) Q3 Q2 Equivalised household income Q1 (lowest)
- 11. @dataknut: The Distribution of Domestic Energy-Tech in Great Britain: 2008 - 2011 Self/employment situation Walk or cycle (‘active commute’) 11 Source: Own calculations of USOC (W1-3) weighted for non response and correcting for survey design Error bars = 95% Confidence intervals 0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% 25.0% 30.0% 2009 2010 2011 2012 NS-‐SEC1 NS-‐SEC 2 NS-‐SEC 3 NS-‐SEC 4 NS-‐SEC 5 NS-‐SEC 1: Managerial/Professional NS-‐SEC 2: Intermediate NS-‐SEC 3: Smaller employers & own account NS-‐SEC 4: Lower supervisory & technical NS-‐SEC 5: Semi-‐rouZne, rouZne & never worked/LT unemployed
- 12. @dataknut: The Distribution of Domestic Energy-Tech in Great Britain: 2008 - 2011 Walk or cycle (‘active commute’) 12 Source: Cross-sectional logistic regression models using USOC (W1-3) weighted for non response and correcting for survey design Wave 1 item on why prefer to use car omitted Error bars = 95% Confidence intervals -‐0.6 -‐0.4 -‐0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 Equivalised Income quarZle 2 (q1) Equivalised Income q3 Equivalised Income q4 Social rent (Owned) Other/private rent Walk or cycle (occupaZon included) Walk or cycle -‐1 -‐0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 In poor health Disabled Environmentally Friendly quarZle 2 Environmentally Friendly q3 Environmentally Friendly q4 Self employed NS-‐SEC: Intermediate (Managerial/ NS-‐SEC: Smaller employers & own NS-‐SEC: Lower supervisory & NS-‐SEC: Semi-‐rouZne, rouZne & Distance from work Degree Walk or cycle (occupaZon included) Walk or cycle
- 13. @dataknut: The Distribution of Domestic Energy-Tech in Great Britain: 2008 - 2011 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% lack of or no cycle lanes weather traffic, congesZon, or roadwork poor info about public transport personal disability concerns over personal safety find public transport unpleasant combine trip with other journeys other reason cost of public transport/taxis unreliable public transport too far or long journey vehicle essenZal for job poor connecZons not possible by public transport % rated as most important % menZoning Reasons for car/van use: constraints? 13 Source: USOC Wave 1 only weighted for non response and correcting for survey design Error bars = 95% Confidence intervals
- 14. @dataknut: The Distribution of Domestic Energy-Tech in Great Britain: 2008 - 2011 Contents § Interlinked ‘choices’ and constraints § Commuting ‘choices’ § Working from/at home § A potential problem § Concluding thoughts 14
- 15. @dataknut: The Distribution of Domestic Energy-Tech in Great Britain: 2008 - 2011 Stasis and churn… § Working from/at home – Includes the self-employed 15 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0% 2009 2010 2011 2012 Mainly at or from home Premises Other (travelling, client's locaZon etc) Source: Own calculations of USOC (W1-3) weighted for non response and correcting for survey design Error bars = 95% Confidence intervals • 70% of those who worked from home at one wave were still working from home at the next • 20% were now ‘other’ • 1% of those at premises at one wave were working from/at home at the next • 5% of ‘other’ were now mainly at home
- 16. @dataknut: The Distribution of Domestic Energy-Tech in Great Britain: 2008 - 2011 Eco effects? § Working from/at home – Includes the self-employed 16 Source: Own calculations of USOC (W1-3) weighted for non response and correcting for survey design Error bars = 95% Confidence intervals 0.0% 1.0% 2.0% 3.0% 4.0% 5.0% 6.0% 7.0% 8.0% 9.0% 10.0% 2009 2010 2011 2012 Enviro Friendly Q4 (highest) Q3 Q2 §
- 17. @dataknut: The Distribution of Domestic Energy-Tech in Great Britain: 2008 - 2011 Income effects? § Working from/at home – Includes the self-employed 17 Source: Own calculations of USOC (W1-3) weighted for non response and correcting for survey design Error bars = 95% Confidence intervals 0.0% 2.0% 4.0% 6.0% 8.0% 10.0% 12.0% 14.0% 2009 2010 2011 2012 Equivalised household income Q4 (highest) Q3 Q2 Equivalised household income Q1 (lowest)
- 18. @dataknut: The Distribution of Domestic Energy-Tech in Great Britain: 2008 - 2011 Work status effects? § Working from/at home – Includes the self-employed 18 Source: Own calculations of USOC (W1-3) weighted for non response and correcting for survey design Error bars = 95% Confidence intervals -‐10.0% 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 2009 2010 2011 2012 NS-‐SEC 5 NS-‐SEC 4 NS-‐SEC 3 NS-‐SEC 2 NS-‐SEC1 NS-‐SEC 1: Managerial/Professional NS-‐SEC 2: Intermediate NS-‐SEC 3: Smaller employers & own account NS-‐SEC 4: Lower supervisory & technical NS-‐SEC 5: Semi-‐rouZne, rouZne & never worked/LT unemployed
- 19. @dataknut: The Distribution of Domestic Energy-Tech in Great Britain: 2008 - 2011 -‐0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 Environmentally Friendly quarZle 2 (Q1) Environmentally Friendly q3 Environmentally Friendly q4 Self employed NS-‐SEC: Intermediate (Managerial/ Professional) NS-‐SEC: Smaller employers & own account NS-‐SEC: Lower supervisory & technical NS-‐SEC: Semi-‐rouZne, rouZne & never worked/LT unemployed Degree Disabled Who is most likely to work from home? 19 Model: Cross-sectional logit model using USOC (W1-3) weighted for non response and correcting for survey design Error bars = 95% Confidence intervals Adding detailed occupation removes -‐1.2 -‐1 -‐0.8 -‐0.6 -‐0.4 -‐0.2 0 0.2 0.4 Equivalised Income quarZle 2 (q1) Equivalised Income q3 Equivalised Income q4 Detached House SemiDetached Terraced Flat Number of rooms
- 20. @dataknut: The Distribution of Domestic Energy-Tech in Great Britain: 2008 - 2011 Effect on energy consumption? 20 § Understanding Society – Waves 1-3 § Longitudinal regression model – Household energy costs wave 2 & wave 3 – Eco-attitudes/behaviours from wave 1 – Work location (at or mainly from home) – Work situation (NS-SEC) – Plus a wide range of household level controls • Accommodation type, occupants, tenure, whether moved
- 21. @dataknut: The Distribution of Domestic Energy-Tech in Great Britain: 2008 - 2011 -‐20% -‐15% -‐10% -‐5% 0% 5% 10% 15% Works mainly from or at home Environmentally Friendly quarZle 2 (Q1) Environmentally Friendly q3 Environmentally Friendly q4 Self employed NS-‐SEC: Intermediate (Managerial/Professional) NS-‐SEC: Smaller employers & own account NS-‐SEC: Lower supervisory & technical NS-‐SEC: Semi-‐rouZne, rouZne & never worked/LT unemployed Urban Overall energy cost (ln), n = 35,449 Electricity cost (ln), n = 20,851 Gas cost (ln), n = 16793 Effect on energy consumption 21 Source: Own calculations of USOC (W1-3) weighted for non response and correcting for survey design Error bars = 95% Confidence intervals
- 22. @dataknut: The Distribution of Domestic Energy-Tech in Great Britain: 2008 - 2011 Contents § Interlinked ‘choices’ and constraints § Commuting ‘choices’ § Working from/at home § A potential problem § Concluding thoughts 22
- 23. @dataknut: The Distribution of Domestic Energy-Tech in Great Britain: 2008 - 2011 ‘Average’ reported consumption 23Data: Mean monthly water bill expenditure Source: Own calculations from ESRC SPRG 2011 ‘Patterns of water’ survey &linked billing data and Living Costs & Food Survey, 2010
- 24. @dataknut: The Distribution of Domestic Energy-Tech in Great Britain: 2008 - 2011 Microlevel consumption… 24Reported in a survey Measured
- 25. @dataknut: The Distribution of Domestic Energy-Tech in Great Britain: 2008 - 2011 What I suspect we will see… 25Source: Own calculations from ESRC SPRG 2011 ‘Patterns of water’ survey and linked billing data, colours denote different water companies Reported in a survey Measured
- 26. @dataknut: The Distribution of Domestic Energy-Tech in Great Britain: 2008 - 2011 Concluding thoughts 26 § Commuting ‘choice’ – Key constraints: distance, occupation, vehicle needed for job, poor public transport – But eco-friendliness plays a big role § Those who work from home tend to be – Professionals & self-employed with larger homes, more eco-friendly, disabled but also occupational dimensions § This appears to increase their domestic energy use by c. 6% – But electricity/gas effects difficult to separate § BUT – We need much more reliable consumption data – We’d like to know if this is heat/light/kettle/computing/fridge/cooking etc – We’d like to know when this demand occurs
- 27. @dataknut: The Distribution of Domestic Energy-Tech in Great Britain: 2008 - 2011 Thank you § Questions? – b.anderson@soton.ac.uk – @dataknut § http://www.energy.soton.ac.uk/esrc-sdai-attitudes 27