Easy Learning BIO part 1
- 1. EASY Learning BIO （1）cmWJJ @ UTAR Foundation of Science2010
- 2. To the studentsBy encountering here the fundamental biological information isolated from textbooks, you will be able to rapidly determine which areas you have mastered and which areas require further effort on your part. Each chapter begins with a set of multiple-choice and fill-in-the-blank questions, with answers provided at the end of the chapter. The answers to these integrate the chapter details and so may provide the knowledge you lack. Alternatively, if you write your own essay answers and then check them against those given, you will get an idea of your mastery of the material. I hope that, by structuring and guiding your efforts, this form of active review will enable you to use your available review time with maximum efficiency.
- 3. 1001231151am48浪漫邂逅BIO致中四与中五的学生：学习莫只为考试而死读……不管学习Physics, Chemistry OR Biology，若想迅速入脑、掌握，建议遵守以下4项守则：· State· Compare· Categorize· Summarize【State】即【指出】，Eg：State the meaning（指出其意思）……【Compare】即【比较】，两者间比较出共同点和不同点。【Categorize】即【分配】，将二或以上数量的知识分配归类。【Summarize】即脑中整理所学、所见、所听……然后 Summarize 出 Mind Map 。
- 4. 1001261021am45一呼一吸间，生命点点滴滴。Form4 Textbook Page2:The word 'Biology' comes …… hence Biology is the study of life.Form4 Textbook Page14:A cell is the basic unit of structure in living organisms that can perform all the functions of life.Form4 Textbook Page42:In orfer for cells to continue their life's processes, the ……LIFE !!! 生命…《生物》是门大学问…宗旨是???学习生命！So,state the properties or characteristics of life =)
- 5. Characteristics of Life
- 6. COMPOSED OF CELLSAll living things are made up of at least one cell.Cell – Basic or smallest unit of lifeMembrane bound structure in which all life processes are carried outCELLS All organisms are organized at the cellular level.This organization enables organisms to carry out important life processes.
- 7. REACT AND RESPOND TO STIMULIStimulus – is anything that may cause an organism to react - Loud noises, hunger…Response - the reaction to something in the environment - Eat/hunt for food
- 8. Environment – All the surroundings of an organismHomeostasis – maintaining a stable internal environmentAdaptation – Change in traits over time that help an organism survive better in an environment; inheritable changes.
- 9. REPRODUCE· Asexual – single parent produces offspring identical to parent· Sexual – 2 parents produce unique offspring having characteristics or traits of each parent
- 10. Contain DNADeoxyribonucleic AcidGenetic material that contains the “blueprints” for each organismProvides directions for the making of proteinsOBTAIN & USE ENERGY Required to carry out life processes- making and breaking down food, movement of materials and building of cellsMetabolism – the sum of all the chemical processes in an organism
- 11. METABOLISMThe Sum of All Biochemical ProcessesObtain Nutrition Sun is the source of most energyProducers - Make foodConsumers - EatDecomposers – Absorb2. Digestion – Break down of large food particles into smaller pieces
- 12. Respiration–Mixing food with oxygen (O2)to release energy Food + O2 H2O + Waste EnergySynthesis –Process of putting together or building up Making more cells – Growth Repair of Replace old cellsExcretion – removal of wastes
- 13. GROWTH & DEVELOPMENTSurface to volume ratio limits how large a cell can growGROWTH – the increase in size of an organism.
- 14. Growth in Unicellular OrganismsIn single-celled organisms growthoccurs by an increase in cell size.Cell can either stay big or divide.
- 15. Growth in Multicellular OrganismsIn multi-celled organisms growth occurs by production of new cells· Increases the total number of cells in the organism· Increases total surface to volume ratio
- 16. DEVELOPMENTDevelopment – All the changes an organism undergoes as it grows and matures · Newborn puppies can’t see at birth· Human babies develop the ability to speak and walk
- 17. LIFE SPANAll organisms, and individual cells, have a specific life spanIncludes: Birth DeathStages in Human Life CycleBirth Infancy Childhood Adolescence Adulthood Advanced Adulthood Death
- 18. 1001271149am28星海茫茫…一颗被偷窥的星…生命的特征……现今的中学生，谁仍重视生命的价值?叛逆时期，放纵自己的肉体…禁果成熟后偷偷堕胎…人神共愤！现今的中学生…都忘了生命的本质……Biology is the study of life.By giving us a way of thinking critically about life, biology helps us understand how to deal with nature, and with our place in it.
- 21. Cell Components –The Nucleus – Cell Prime Minister and Info Storagea. Large, dense, spherical organelleb. Enclosed by double membrane (nuclear membrane)c. Has nucleoplasm, dark sphere (nucleolus)d. Chromatin (uncondensed chromosome) in nucleoplasme. Chromosomes carry genetic information that determine cell characteristic + functionf. Controls all cell activities2. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum – Highway + Ribosomes – Factory Workersa. RER – Network of folded membrane forming interconnected sacsb. Physically continuous with nuclear membranec. Has ribosomes attached to surfaced. Transports Made in Ribosome Proteins™ and encloses them in vesicles when exitinge. Ribosome – Compact spherical organelles attached to RER or free in cytoplasmf. Consists of 2 sub‐units (small+large) made of RNA+Proteing. Synthesises proteins based on chromosome info
- 22. 3. Cell Membrane – Checkpointa. Made of proteins + phospholipidsb. Boundary – separates cell from environmentc. Semi‐permeable, selective barrierd. Regulates substance movement in and out of cytoplasm4. MitoChondria – Power Planta. Spherical or cylindrical organellesb. Involved in cellular respirationc. Releases energy when food (eg glucose) is broken down with mitochondrion enzymesd. Energy stored in ATP (adenosine triphosphate – try saying that 10 times)5. Golgi Apparatus ‐ Factorya. Stack of flattened membranous sacsb. Processes, packages and transports carbohydrates, proteins, phospholipids and glycoproteinsc. Vesicles fuse with GA, stuff goes into GA, modified, sorted, packaged into vesiclesd. Vesicles bud off and travel to other organelles or plasma membrane
- 23. 6. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum – Fat and Poison Centera. Continuous with nuclear membraneb. Detoxifies toxins and produces lipids such as steroids7. Centrioles – North and South (Animal Only)a. Small cylindrical structures outside nucleus, composed of microtubulesb. Form spindle fibres in animal cell division ONLY8. Lysosomes – Stuff Smashera. Membrane‐bound sacs with hydrolytic enzymesb. Enzymes break down complex organic moleculesc. Eliminate old organelles for cell renewald. Certain lysosomes break down food in vacuoles and digest bacteria (break down cell wall)9. Chloroplasts – Solar Panels (Plant Only)a. Lens‐shaped, contain membranous structures with green pigment chlorophyllb. Chlorophyll traps sunlight and turns light energy to chemical energy in photosynthesis
- 24. 10. Vacuoles – The Refrigerator (Major in Plants/Minor in Animals)a. Fluid filled sac surrounded by tonoplast (semi‐permeable membrane)b. Fluid in vacuole is cell sap (water + dissolved substances)c. Typical plant cell has 1 large vacuole, young plant cell has many small vacuolesd. Freshwater microorganisms have contractile vacuoles + food vacuoles (Paramecium sp.)e. Contractile vacuoles regulate water balance11. Cell Walls – Big Walls (Plant Only)a. Rigid outer layer, surrounds plant cell plasma membranesb. Composed of cellulose, tough and fibrous carbohydratec. Permeable to all fluids, has tiny poresd. Gives shape and mechanical support for celle. Protects cell from exploding for too much water
- 25. Cells grow, change shape and differentiate in multicellular organisms.Mature cells carry out different functions, like different medical specialists are experts in their field, like a cardiologist in the heart, the neurologist in the brain, etc.They undergo specialization to carry out their functions more efficiently.Organisation is in this form: