Photovoltaic (PV) cells convert sunlight into electric power and were invented in 1954 at Bell Labs. Mass production of PV cells began in the 1960s, lowering the cost per watt from $1000 to $3 by 2010. Designing and sizing an effective PV system requires calculating the predicted annual power distribution using tools like the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's PV Watts Calculator, which determines a system's energy production and cost savings. The environmental impact of a PV system can also be estimated using calculators available from the Environmental Protection Agency based on the system's energy production.