Citing & Referencing - Harvard

Citing & Referencing
Harvard
Kirsty Thomson
Subject Librarian

Spring 2013

Today’s Workshop
• Why do you need to reference?
• What needs referenced?
• What is Harvard referencing, and how do you
do it?
• Tips and common mistakes.
• Getting more help.

Why do you need to reference?
• It’s part of academic writing – academic
research builds on existing knowledge.
• Shows that you’ve read, understood, and can
use other researchers’ observations.
• Avoids plagiarism:
– passing off someone else’s writing, ideas or
research as your own.

Background

http://www.flickr.com/photos/moonlightbulb/6307443777/

What year are you in?
0% 1. First year of an undergraduate (first)
degree.
0%
2. Other year of undergraduate degree.
0% 3. Postgraduate student.
0% 4. Research assistant/staff.

Roberts, K. (2004) Lovemarks: the future beyond
brands, New York: Powerhouse Books.

Rossiter, J.R. and Bellman, S. (2005) Marketing
communications: theory and applications,
Sydney: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Referencing ...
0% 1. I’ve never done referencing before.
2. I’ve done a bit of referencing, but not
0% with an author-date system like
Harvard.
0% 3. I’ve used Harvard/author-date a bit, but
I’m not confident.
0% 4. I’m used Harvard a lot; I’m here for a
refresher.

What needs referenced?


When to reference ...
• Need to reference:
– Quotes
– Facts
– Ideas } from somewhere/someone else.

• Need to give source even if you have put
information into your own words.
• Don’t need to reference established facts (things
that people studying your subject would always
know).

Would this need referenced?
“The average temperature in winter is lower than
in summer.”

0% 1. Yes
0% 2. No

Would this need referenced?
“Around a quarter of UK households are in fuel
poverty, spending more than 10% of their
income on heating costs.”
0% 1. Yes
0% 2. No

Harvard Referencing


What is Harvard Referencing?
• “Author-date” referencing system.
• Lots of different versions of Harvard:
– Heriot-Watt Library guidelines online at
http://www.hw.ac.uk/is/Harvardguide.pdf
– If your lecturer/course handbook tells you
to do something different, follow their
guidance.

Citations
• Citations are pointers in your writing telling
the reader you got your information from
somewhere else:
– According to Smith (1985) the inter-war period
was critical in the development of …
– Early work on bridge construction showed metal
welding was important (Smith 1893, Jones and
Phillips 1902) …
– A recent survey (Gordon 2011) found …

Reference list
• A list of all the sources you have cited your
assignment.
– given at the end of your work.
– in alphabetical order by author/editor.
– not separated into types of information (not books,
then journals, then websites.)

• Note: a bibliography lists all of the sources you
have read to help write your assignment, not just
those cited in the text.
– Bibliography and/or reference list? Ask your tutor!

Harvard - books


Books
• Will need:
– author(s)/editors(s).
– name of book.
– year of publication (not year of printing).
– name of company that published book.
– place the publisher is based.

• Citation:
– Author(s)/editor(s) surname and year of publication.
– … it has been shown (Ransom 2002) ….
– OR … Ransom (2002 , p.205) has shown …
– [Also page number? More on this later.]

• Reference list:
– Author(s)/Editor(s) surname and initials (date of
publication) Title, edition if not first, Place of
publication: Publisher.
– Ransom, D. (2002) The no-nonsense guide to fair
trade, Oxford: New Internationalist.

Author(s)/Editor(s) surname and initials (date of
publication) Title, edition if not first, Place of
publication: Publisher.

Naylor, J. (2004) Management, 2nd ed.,Harlow: Pearson
Education.

More than one author - two or three
• Give all authors in citation, in the same order
as on the book:
– e.g., Companies that discriminate lose talent
(Torrington, Hall and Taylor 2008).
• Reference list:
– Torrington, D., Hall, L. and Taylor, S. (2008) Human
resource management, 7th ed., Harlow: Prentice
Hall.

More than one author – four or more
• Use et al. (“and others”) in the citation, but give all
authors in reference list.

• Solomon et al. (2006) suggest that …
• [Not Solomon, Bamossy, Askegaard, and Hogg (2006)
suggest that …]

• Solomon, M., Bamossy, G., Askegaard, S. and Hogg,
M.K. (2006) Consumer behaviour: a European
perspective, 3rd ed., Harlow: Financial Times.

Page numbers in citations
• Different departments have different guidelines.
• Some only ask for page numbers when you are
quoting.
• Others want page numbers even if the
information is in your own words.

• SML – page numbers only needed for quotations.
• Others - ??? Check your assignment guidelines or
ask your tutor.

Books with editors (1)
• Does each chapter have a different author? If so,
use the chapter author(s) in the citation.
– Tiesdell (2010) provides an overview of…
– A major development challenge has been the Clyde
waterfront (Tiesdell 2010).
Title of chapter
• Reference like this:
– Tiesdell, S. (2010) ‘Glasgow: renaissance
on the Clyde?’, in Punter, J. (ed.). Urban Title of
design and the British urban renaissance, book
Abingdon: Routledge, pp.262-279.

Page numbers
for chapter

Books with editors (2)
• Sometimes a book has an editor but doesn’t have
chapters by different people. Cite these books
using the editor.

• Kohl won elections in 1983, 1987 and 1990
(Palmer 1996, p.200).

• Palmer, A. (ed.) (1996) Who’s who in world
politics: from 1860 to the present day, London:
Routledge.

No date? No author?
• No date – use n.d.
– Hendry (n.d.) describes….
– Hendry, S. (n.d.) Flora and fauna of Scotland,
Glasgow: Collins.

• No author or editor – use the title of the
book.
– Understanding SPSS (2009) describes....
– Understanding SPSS (2009) London: SPSS Press

Translations
• In Vondung’s The apocalypse in Germany
(2000, p.64), translated by S.D. Ricks, …
OR
• According to Vondung (2000, p.64) ...

• Vondung, K. (2000) The apocalypse in
Germany. Translated from German by S.D.
Ricks, Columbia: University of Missouri Press.

eBooks
• Osman Akan (2006, p.26) shows that …
OR
• It has been shown that … (Osman Akan 2006, p.26).

• Osman Akan, A. (2006) Open channel hydraulics,
Butterworth-Heinemann [online], available:
http://www.dawsonera.com/ [accessed 12 January
2009].

• (The author in this example has two surnames.)

Harvard - journals


Journals
• Will need:
– author(s) of article.
– title of article.
– title of journal.
– year of publication.
– volume, part and page numbers.
– (plus URL and date accessed for online articles).

Citing journal articles: paper
• The new trend towards conservation was key in
the preservation of Edinburgh Castle (Morris,
2007).
OR Name of author
• Morris (2007) states that … (not journal title)

• Morris, R.J. (2007) ‘The capitalist, the professor
and the soldier: the re-making of Edinburgh
Castle, 1850-1900’, Planning Perspectives, 22,
55-78. All page numbers (not just starting page)

More than one author
• Same rules as books.
• Citations:
– give all authors if two or three.
– use et al. in citation if there are four or more
authors.
• Reference list:
– give all authors.

Citing journal articles: online
• PDF – reference like a normal paper journal
article.
• HTML (webpage) – include URL and date you
visited page:
– Midgley, S.L.W. and Olsen, M.K. (2012) ‘Spectral
analysis of a four mode cluster state’, Laser Physics
[online], 22(7), 1271-1274, available:
http://www.springerlink.com/content/n37688347
8u74541/ [accessed 17 October 2012].

Other types of material

Examples in your handout
and
http://www.hw.ac.uk/is/
Harvardguide.pdf


In text citation - which is correct?
1. Successful management involves all members
0% of a business, not just the managers (John
Naylor 2004)
0%
2. Successful management involves all members
of a business, not just the managers (Naylor
2004)
0% 3. Successful management involves all members
of a business, not just the managers (2004 -
Naylor)

Journal article – which is correct?
1. Krams, I., Berzins, A., Krama, T., Wheatcroft, D. and
0% Rantala, M.J. (2009) Proceedings of the Royal Society B,
277(168), 513-518.
2. Krams, I., Berzins, A., Krama, T., Wheatcroft, D. and
0% Rantala, M.J. (2009) ‘The increased risk of predation
increases cooperation’, Proceedings of the Royal Society B,
277(168), 513-518.
0% 3. Krams, I., Berzins, A., Krama, T., Wheatcroft, D. and
Rantala, M.J. (2009) ‘The increased risk of predation
increases cooperation’, Proceedings of the Royal Society B.

Tips


Quotes
• Must make it clear that the words came from
somewhere else.

• Short quotes – use quotation marks:
– According to Royle (2000, p.167) “the British state was
strong because it was militarily effective and relatively
efficient at raising taxes.”
– According to Royle (2000, p.167) “the British state was
strong because it was … relatively efficient at raising taxes.”
• Ellipsis (three dots …) shows that you have
removed words from the original text.

• Longer quotes - space above and below the quote, indent quote
from left.

According to Solomon et. al. (2006, p.177):

The effectiveness of celebrities as communications sources often
depends upon their perceived credibility. Consumers may not trust
a celebrity’s motives for endorsing a product or they may question
the star’s competence to evaluate the product’s claims.

Therefore, it can be assumed ...

• Don’t waste word count on quotes - more marks if you demonstrate
understanding.
• Useful when you need to show the exact wording, or if you are
going to discuss the quote.

Secondary referencing
• Use secondary referencing when your source refers to
research done by someone else (which you can’t
locate) and you believe that your source’s
interpretation of the work is reliable.

• E.g., book by Jones talking about work done by Smith:
– According to Smith, cited in Jones (2008, p.17) …
– OR Jones (2008, p.17) citing Smith notes that …
– OR Smith’s landmark experiment ... (Smith cited in Jones
2008, p.17)
• Jones would appear in your reference list – not Smith.

Common mistakes (1)
• Not having all the required information for
your referencing.
• Doing citations but forgetting reference list.
• Not referencing information taken from
elsewhere – very serious; could be accused of
plagiarism.
• Inconsistency – make sure all your references
are in the same style.

Common mistakes (2)
• Too much information for publisher’s location.
– Only need to give town.
• Could also give country/region if you think the town is
unclear.
– Edinburgh: Blackwells.
– London, Ontario: Althouse Press.
– Not
• 6 York Place, Edinburgh: Blackwells.
• London, Ontario, Canada, N6G 1G7: Althouse Press.

Reference Management Software
• Reference Management Software can assist
you in writing references correctly.
• Adds citations to your text and automatically
creates a reference list.
• Information Services runs Power Hours on
using EndNote Web.

Useful book
• Cite them right: the essential
referencing guide by Richard
Pears & Graham Shields

• Slightly different version of
Harvard, but gives good
guidance.

Help with referencing
• Subject Librarians: http://bit.ly/VQ0C6R
– Mathematical & Computer Sciences, Built
Environment - Sarah Kelly
– Life Sciences - Marion Kennedy
– Engineering & Physical Sciences, Petroleum
Engineering - Kirsty Thomson
– Management & Languages, Edinburgh Business
School, Combined Studies - Catherine Ure
• Library Enquiry Desk
• libhelp@hw.ac.uk
• http://www.hw.ac.uk/is/Harvardguide.pdf

Citing & Referencing - Harvard

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