Harvard citing and referencing
- 1. Citing & Referencing the Harvard Way
- 2. What is referencing?Referencing is a system used to acknowledge the work or ideas of another person in your assignments. When you refer to someone else’s work, you must reference the source of the information.
- 3. Why reference?Demonstrates your reading and research
- 4. Acknowledge the work that has informed your arguments
- 5. Enable a reader to trace the source of information that you have used
- 7. Protect yourself against charges of plagiarism or cheatingInfoBites 2008/9
- 8. What is plagiarism?The Oxford English Dictionary (2006) describes plagiarism as;"The action or practice of taking someone else's work, idea, etc., and passing it off as one's own".Plagiarism often refers to textual information, but it may also be images, tables, graphical data, or even music. InfoBites 2008/9
- 9. Types of plagiarismComplete plagiarism When a piece of work consists of nothing but other people's work. Copy and Paste This is when information from another source is copied exactly and no credit is given to the creator.Word switch When text is copied from another source with a few of the words changed but the text is almost identical. Concealing sources You must reference a source every time you use it.InfoBites 2008/9
- 10. Types of plagiarism (cont.)Misinterpreting common knowledge Common knowledge (such as common algebraic equations and historical facts) can be used in your work but if it is not common knowledge you must reference it correctly. Collusion Using the same piece of work (or part of) as another student. Self plagiarism Using the same piece of work (or part of) for two different assignments. Accurate referencing protects against plagiarismInfoBites 2008/9
- 11. What is Harvard Referencing?Main system in use at the UniversitySometimes called the author date method2 main elementsReferences in the textBibliographyInfoBites 2008/9
- 12. Citing in the text - QuotingQuotingUsing the exact words from the text. Quotation marks should be used.Example Green (1999) writes that “we live in the shadow of the sixties. Of all the artificial constructs by which we delineate our immediate past, ‘the sixties’ have the greatest purchase on the mass imagination. They stand rightly or not, as the dominant myth of the modern era”.InfoBites 2008/9
- 13. There are a number of ways ofreferencing other people’s work, butthey all share some features.A citation is inserted at the appropriate point in your text to indicate the existence of related work.A full reference is given separately for each citation, to enable the reader to trace the corresponding work.
- 14. Elements of referencingInfoBites 2008/9CitationReference list
- 15. Citing in the text - SummarisingSummarisingTaking the key points from a book or article and expressing them in your own words.ExampleGreen (1999) argues that the sixties are the pivotal period of the modern world.InfoBites 2008/9
- 16. Citing in the text - ParaphrasingParaphrasingInterpreting an author’s ideas and expressing them in your own words. The same meaning written in a different way. Example For Green (1999), the idea of ‘the sixties’ has a very powerful hold on our contemporary culture.InfoBites 2008/9
- 17. Examplesa. In his discussion about wartime film, Chapman (1998) notes that the cinema was a valuable tool for propagandab. Chapman (1998) explains that cinema was a valuable tool for wartime propagandac. Cinema was a valuable tool for wartime propaganda (Chapman, 1998) Reference: Chapman, J. (1998) The British at war: cinema, state and propaganda 1939-1945. London: I.B. TaurisInfoBites 2008/9
- 18. The reference listAt the end of your work before appendicesMust contain everything that you have referenced in your assignmentListed in alphabetical order by author surname regardless of formatIf more than one work by same author, order by yearInfoBites 2008/9
- 19. Reference list - what to recordInfoBites 2008/9
- 20. How to Reference a BookAuthor's surname followed by a comma.Author's initials in capitals, with full-stop after each - and a final comma.Year of publication followed by full-stop.Full title of book in italics with capitalization of first word and proper nouns only - followed by full-stop unless there is a sub-title - follow by full stop.Edition number followed by the abbreviation "ed." - followed by full-stop.Place of publication: Town or city, follow by colon.Publisher - company name followed by full-stop.Russell, D.E. & Norvig, P., 2009. Artificial Intelligence: a modernapproach , 3rd ed., Prentice-Hall.
- 21. How to Reference a Journal ArticleAuthor's surname followed by a comma.Author's initials in capitals, with full-stop after each - and a final comma.Year of publication followed by full-stop.Full title of the article - not in italics - with capitalization of first wordand proper nouns only - followed by full-stop unless there is a sub-title.Full title of journal, in italics, with capitalization of key words – followed by comma.Volume numberIssue/Part number in brackets, followed by comma.Page range preceded by "pp.“Knuth, D.E. & Moore, R.W., 1975. An Analysis of Alpha-Beta Pruning,Artificial Intelligence 6(4), pp. 293-326.
- 22. How to Reference a WebsiteAuthorship or Source - followed by commaYear - followed by full-stop.Title of web document or web page - in italics - followed by "[Online]"Date of most recent update - within round brackets.Available at - followed by the URL (underlined)Date of most recent access - in square brackets - followed by full-stopCreaney, N., 2008. Legal Issues for IT Professionals [Online](Updated 26 September 2008) Available at: http://knol.google.com/k/-/-/1hzaxtdr9c09g/7# [Accessed 30 January 2009].