Online Library Training Module 1 Library Service.docx

Online Library Training Module
1
Library Services for Online Students
http://www.liv.ac.uk/library/ohecampus
Guide to Referencing and developing a Bibliography
Important Note for Law Students: Whilst these referencing
pages will be useful for most
students, Law students should note they are specifically
required to use the OSCOLA
referencing guidelines (Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal
Authorities), please see our
OSCOLA guide for detailed guidelines and examples
http://welcome.ohecampus.com/laureate/upload/LawSchoolCitat
ionGuide2009.pdf
Also see these online guides to the OSCOLA referencing format
https://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/citingreferences/index.html#oscola
Also see our pages on Refworks and other citation software for
managing your references

and developing your Bibliography.
What is referencing?
It is very important that whenever you find a reference you
immediately make a note of all
the relevant bibliographical (author, title etc) details. It can be
very difficult to retrace the
details later and you will need the information to cite the
references at the end of your
assignment or dissertation.
When you write your assignment or dissertation you are
required to refer to the work of other
authors. Each time you do so, it is necessary to identify their
work by making reference to it -
both in the text of your assignment (called 'in-text' referencing)
and in a list at the end of your
assignment (called a 'Reference List'). This practice of
acknowledging authors is known as
'referencing'.
References must be provided whenever you use someone else's
opinions, theories, data or
organisation of material. You need to reference information
from books, articles, videos, web
sites, images, computers and any other print or electronic
sources. A reference is required if
you:
• paraphrase (use someone else's ideas in your own words)
• summarise (use a brief account of someone else's ideas)
• quote (use someone else's exact words)

• copy (use someone else's figures, tables or structure)
http://www.liv.ac.uk/library/ohecampus�
ionGuide2009.pdf�
ionGuide2009.pdf�
https://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/citingreferences/index.html#oscola�
2
References enhance your writing and assist your reader by:
• showing the breadth of your research
• strengthening your academic argument
• showing the reader the source of your information
• allowing the reader to consult your sources independently
• allowing the reader to verify your data
Always remember to use referencing because if you use
someone else's work and don't
reference it correctly, it is plagiarism, which is a serious
offence of academic misconduct.
Please also see our Web pages on Plagiarism and how to avoid
it.

Note on use of encyclopedias (Wikipedia etc.)
The Board of Studies has taken a "middle way" policy on the
use of encyclopedias
(Wikipedia etc.). Use, and referencing, of an encyclopedia
(Wikipedia or any other) is
accepted as the initial reference that serves the student to get
acquainted with the subject.
But it must be followed with further research from "content
specific" sources and cannot be
accepted as the sole reference. The Board considered all
encyclopedias as "digested
content" which was summed up by someone else than the
student and thus, unless in very
specific cases, cannot be accepted as research fitting the
requirements of a University of
Liverpool taught postgraduate programme.
How to reference using the Harvard System
The Harvard system is an established method of referencing and
has advantages of
flexibility, simplicity, clarity and ease of use both for author
and reader.
There are two parts to referencing using the Harvard System:
• Citing in the text of your work - this means acknowledging,
within your text, the
sources that you have used.
• Your Bibliography (containing bibliographic citations) - these
are the details of the
sources you have used. You list them in alphabetical order at
the end of your work.
This is your reference list.

Citing in the text of your work
When you refer to another document you must acknowledge this
within the text of your work,
by citing the author's surname and the date of publication, and
where appropriate and
available, the page number.
You must include the page number when you:
3
Use a direct quotation from an original source
Summarise an idea from a particular page
Copy tables or figures
Provide particular details, such as a date
However, when your sentence summarises the main view
expressed in an article/book etc.
and this does not come from a particular page you are not
required to use page numbers,
e.g.
Artificial intelligence (AI) may be defined as the branch of
computer science that is
concerned with the automation of intelligent behaviour (Lugar,
2001).
Put short quotations (around twenty words or less) in inverted
commas within the text, e.g.
It can be seen that "Korean companies have been traditionally

characterized by long-term
contracts" (Chang, 2003, p.77), which has affected...
The following formats would also be acceptable:
Chang (2003, p.77) stated that "Korean companies have been
traditionally characterized by
long-term contracts and seniority-based management".
Chang (2003: 77) stated that "Korean companies have been
traditionally characterized by
long-term contracts and seniority-based management".
Long quotations should typically be indented in a separate
paragraph, in a smaller font and
without quotation marks. Cite the author and date in the same
font and in brackets at the
right margin of the page, under the quotation, e.g.:
Despite the fact that advanced computer technology, including
Client/Server and distributed-
object computing, and Internet/WEB technology, provides
reliable and relevant mechanisms
and tools for Product Data Management in the large, companies
still deal with intricate and
non flexible corporate information systems.
(Zarli & Richaud, 1999: 2)
However the following formats would also be acceptable if you
wish to continue an argument
directly from the quotation:
"Despite the fact that advanced computer technology, including
Client/Server and
distributed-object computing, and Internet/WEB technology,
provides reliable and relevant
mechanisms and tools for Product Data Management in the
large, companies still deal with
intricate and non flexible corporate information systems" (Zarli
& Richaud, 1999, p.2),
therefore it can be seen that...
"Despite the fact that advanced computer technology, including

Client/Server and
distributed-object computing, and Internet/WEB technology,
provides reliable and relevant
mechanisms and tools for Product Data Management in the
large, companies still deal with
intricate and non flexible corporate information systems" (Zarli
& Richaud, 1999: 2),
therefore it can be seen that...
Secondary Referencing
There may be times when you want to quote a piece of work
that has been referred to in
something you have read - this is called 'secondary referencing'
as you have not read the
original work. Strictly speaking you should try and read the
original work, but this may not be
4
possible. If you still want to refer to the work you must make it
clear in your text that you
have not read the original but are referring to it from a
secondary source.
For example:
The results of the research found that.... (Smith, 1980 cited in
Jones, 1986, p.5).
OR

The results of the research found that.... (Smith, 1980 cited in
Jones, 1986: 5).
For example:
The results of the research by Smith (1980 cited in Jones, 1986,
p.5) found that...
OR
The results of the research by Smith (1980 cited in Jones, 1986:
5) found that...
When citing the reference in the reference list, cite only the
work that you have read. In the
example above you would include only the source you have
read, that is, the work by Jones
(1986).
How to cite works with more than one author
When a book or document you want to cite has three or less
authors, cite all the authors.
If there are more then three authors cite the first author only
followed by “et al” (from Latin
meaning "and others").
For citing one to three authors:
(Two authors)
Marks and Yardley (2004) explained that....
(Three authors)
Marks, Thompson and Yardley (2004) explained that....
OR
(Two authors)
Research has found that....(Marks and Yardley, 2004).
(Three authors)
Research has found that....(Marks, Thompson and Yardley,
2004).
In your reference list, the publication would be listed as:
(Two authors)
Marks, D. & Yardley, L. (2004) Research methods for clinical
and health psychology.

London: Sage.
(Three authors)
Marks, D., Thompson, B. & Yardley, L. (2004) Research
methods for clinical and health
psychology. London: Sage.
For citing four or more authors, use 'et al.'
Harris et al. (2006) have argued that
OR
It has been argued that....(Harris et al., 2006)
5
In your reference list, a publication with four authors would be
listed with all authors shown,
you should list these in the same order they appear on the
publication:
Harris, A., Robinson, K., Smith, P. & Turner, G. (2006)
Management skills. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
If you include a reference in your bibliography with more than
four authors, use the et al. e.g.
Harris, A. et al. (2006) Management skills. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
How to cite two works by an author published in the same year
There may be times when you have to cite two publications by
an author published in the
same year. To do this, you need to distinguish between the

items in the text and the
reference list by allocating letters.
For example:
The results of the survey showed that the standard of living was
higher in the coastal regions
(Williams, 2004a, p.4). Further research revealed that
employment figures were also higher
(Williams, 2004b, p.10).
OR
The results of the survey showed that the standard of living was
higher in the coastal regions
(Williams, 2004a: 4). Further research revealed that
employment figures were also higher
(Williams, 2004b: 10).
In your reference list, the publications would be shown as:
Williams, A. (2004a) Survey of living standards in the coastal
regions. London: Survey
Press.
Williams, A. (2004b) Employment figures for the coastal
regions. London: Survey Press.
How to cite works which have no obvious author
If possible, try to avoid citing works where the author is not
obvious. However if you do need
to cite a work which appears to have no author use the
abbreviation Anon (for Anonymous).
For example:
A recent article (Anon, 2007) stated that...
However, if it is a reference to newspapers where no author is
given the name of the paper
can be used in place of author or Anon whichever seems most
helpful. You will need to use
the same style in the reference list so the name of the newspaper

may be more helpful.
For example:
The Times (2007) stated that....
6
Web resources should be treated slightly differently. If you are
citing a web page in the text,
you should cite by the author if there is one clearly stated. If
there is no author you should
cite by the title. If neither author nor title is available use the
URL.
For example:
The latest study (http://www.........., 2006) revealed....
How to cite works with no publication date
If there is no obvious publication date in the work you want to
reference, use the
abbreviation n.d. to denote this.
For example:
Morris (n.d.) has argued that
OR
(Morris, n.d.)
In your reference list, the publication would be listed as:
Morris, D. (n.d.) History of Business. London: Business Press.
How to cite quotations that you have translated from a source
not written in the
English language

If in your research you read books that are not written in the
English language and you then
include quotations that you have translated in your essay or
dissertation, you should refer to
the fact that you have translated the text.
For example:
Van Hook (2002, p.33, own translation from the Dutch text)
argues that "The results of the
analysis established that his theory was correct".
OR
Van Hook (2002: 33, own translation from the Dutch text)
argues that "The results of the
analysis established that his theory was correct".
If you are including many quotations that have been translated
from another language, you
may want to instead include a general statement, such as "All
quotations from Dutch texts
are translated into English by this author, unless otherwise
stated" rather than repeatedly
acknowledge this after every quotation.
In the reference list, the publication would be listed in the
normal Harvard manner.
Developing a Bibliography
Full bibliographic citations
Bibliographical references given at the end of the text should be
sufficient to identify the
publications referred to in your text fully. The first two parts of
the reference, the authors
surname and the date, provide the link to the citation you made
in the text. A reference list
listing all of the sources you have cited appears at the end of
your work with the citations

7
listed in alphabetical order of the author's surname. Examples of
how to cite different types
of information are shown in the following sections of this guide.
The reference list lists all of the sources you have cited and
appears at the end of your work.
The citations should be listed in alphabetical order of the
author's family name.
For example:
Chang, E. (2003) 'Composite effects of extrinsic motivation on
work effort: case of Korean
employees', Journal of World Business, 38 (1), February, pp.70-
79.
Fedchak, E. & Duvall, L. (1996) 'An engineering approach to
electronic publishing',
Proceedings of the International Workshop on Multimedia
Software Development, 25-26
March, Berlin. Los Alamitos, California: IEEE Computer
Society Press, pp.80-88.
Financial Services Authority (2005) What we do [Online].
Available from:
http://www.fsa.gov.uk/Pages/About/What/index.shtml
(Accessed: 2 February 2006).

Harris, A., Robinson, K., Smith, P. & Turner, G. (2006)
Management skills. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Hilario, M. (2000) 'Architecture and techniques for knowledge-
based neurocomputing'. In:
Cloete, I. & Zurada, J. (ed.) Knowledge-based neurocomputing.
London: MIT Press, pp.27-
52.
Jones, S. ([email protected]), 20 June 2006. Re:How to cite an
email. Email to P. Smith
([email protected]).
Lugar, G.F. (2001) Artificial intelligence: structures and
strategies for complex problem
solving. 4th ed. Boston: Addison Wesley.
Marks, D. & Yardley, L. (2004) Research methods for clinical
and health psychology.
London: Sage.
Minnick, D. & Ireland, R. (2005) 'Inside the new organization; a
blueprint for surviving
restructuring, downsizing, acquisitions and outsourcing',
Journal of Business Strategy, 26
(1), pp.18-25, IngentaConnect [Online]. DOI:
10.1108/02756660510575014 (Accessed: 11
February 2005).
Morris, D. (n.d.) History of Business. London: Business Press.
Nature Podcast (2006) Podcast [Online]. Available from:
http://www.nature.com/environmental/index.html (Accessed: 25
May 2006 GMT 18:11:06).

Pears, R. & Shields, G. (1995) Cite them right: referencing
made easy [Online] Northumbria:
Northumbria University. Available from:
http://www.unn.ac.uk/central/isd/cite/index.htm
(Accessed: 21 May 2004).
Shea, D. & Holzschlag, M.E. (2005) The zen of css design:
visual enlightenment for the web,
Safari Tech Books Online [Online]. Available at:
8
http://proquestcombo.safaribooksonline.com/0321303474/ch01l
ev2sec4 (Accessed: 18 April
2006).
University of Liverpool (2004) University of Liverpool crest
[Online image]. Available from:
http://www.liv.ac.uk/images/logo.gif (Accessed: 20 June 2007).
University of Liverpool/Laureate Online Education (2007)
Lecture notes from Managing
People Module Seminar 4 [Online]. Available from: University
of Liverpool/Laureate Online
Education VLE (Accessed: 28 February 2007).
Vaughan, T. (1998) Multimedia: making it work. 4th ed.
California: Osborne/McGraw-Hill.

Williams, A. (2004a) Survey of living standards in the coastal
regions. London: Survey
Press.
Williams, A. (2004b) Employment figures for the coastal
regions. London: Survey Press.
Zarli, A. & Richaud, O. (1999) 'Requirements and technology
integration for IT-based
business-oriented frameworks in building and construction',
Electronic Journal of Information
Technology in Construction, no. 4, December [Online].
Available from:
http://www.itcon.org/1999/4 (Accessed: 20 June 2007).
Books and other printed works
A reference to a book or another printed work, such as a report,
should include the following
information, in this order:
Author(s), editor(s) or corporate author
Year of publication of book (in round brackets)
The title and any subtitle, which should be in italics
Series title and number (if they appear)
The edition if it is not the first
Place of publication
Publisher
For example:
Lugar, G.F. (2001) Artificial intelligence: structures and
strategies for complex problem
solving. 4th ed. Boston: Addison Wesley.

Electronic Books
A reference to an electronic book, should include the following
9
Author(s), editor(s) or corporate author
Year of publication of book (in round brackets)
The title and any subtitle, which should be in italics
Name of e-book supplier
Online (in square brackets)
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
For example:
Shea, D. & Holzschlag, M.E. (2005) The zen of css design:
visual enlightenment for the web,
Safari Tech Books Online [Online]. Available from:
http://proquestcombo.safaribooksonline.com/0321303474/ch01l
ev2sec4 (Accessed: 18 April
2006).
Guide to Referencing and developing a Bibliography

Journal articles (accessed in hard copy format)
A reference to a journal article should include the following
• The author(s) of the article
• The month and year of publication (in round brackets)
• The title of the article (in quotation marks)
• If you are referencing an editorial put [editorial]
• The title of the journal, which must be in italics
• The volume and part number
• The first and last page numbers of the article
For example:
Chang, E. (2003) 'Composite effects of extrinsic motivation on
work effort: case of Korean
employees', Journal of World Business, 38 (1), February, pp.70-
79.
Note: Manuscripts that have been accepted for publication but
are not yet published should
be cited with the designation "(In press)" following the journal
title.

10
Electronic journal articles (accessed online)
A reference to an e-journal, including those that have come
from an e-journal collection,
such as Business Source Premier, Emerald Fulltext, Science
Direct, should include the
following information in this order:
• Date of publication (in round brackets)
• Volume number and issue numbers
• Name of e-journal collection if applicable
• [Online]
• State where the article is available online from:
• Quote the DOI number (the Digital Object Identifier). The
Digital Object
Identifier (DOI) is a system for identifying content objects in
the digital
environment. DOIs are names assigned to any entity for use on

digital
networks. Information about a digital object may change over
time, including
where to find it, but its DOI will not change.
• If a DOI is not available, quote the URL of the home page of
the e-journal or
e-journal collection
• See the examples below for information about using DOI
numbers in your
reference.
• Accessed: followed by the date accessed (round brackets)
You can usually find the DOI number when you view the article
details - either on the
summary page after you have done a search or contained in the
full-text document of the
article itself (alternatively, try the Cross Ref DOI search tool
http://www.crossref.org/05researchers/37guest_login.html).
You can show DOI information in either of several formats
within your article reference:
• By displaying the DOI as a Web link:
The usual format for direct links to journals in our online
subscription systems is as follows:
http://www.crossref.org/05researchers/37guest_login.html�

11
http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.liv.ac.uk/ followed by the DOI
(Digital Object Identifier) number, e.g.
http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.liv.ac.uk/10.1108/09600039610150479
For example:
Al-Madhoun, M. & Analoui, F. (2004) 'Developing SME
managers under fire: negotiating
obstacles and weaknesses in Palestine', Journal of Management
Development, 23 (5),
pp.479-495, IngentaConnect [Online]. Available from:
(Accessed: 9 June 2005).
Note. The DOI link should provide direct access to the article
within one of our subscribed
systems, however in order for an individual to access the
resource, they must have a
University of Liverpool (MWS) login. Also see the later section
in this guide on adding direct
links (URLs) to electronic resources.
• By displaying the DOI number:
For example:
pp.479-495, IngentaConnect [Online]. DOI:
10.1108/02621710410537083 (Accessed: 9

June 2005).
• Or by indicating the Journal system or Web site you used, thus
allowing the reader to
locate the item themselves, e.g.
For example:
http://www.ingentaconnect.com/
Obviously you need to follow the prefered method required by
your tutor(s), contact your
tutor or Student Support Manager for details.
Journal articles in internet journals
A reference to an e-journal article from a journal that is only
published on the internet, with
no printed issue available, you should include the following

12
• Volume number and issue numbers
• [Online]
• Available from: followed by the URL
• Accessed: followed by the date accessed (in round brackets)
For example:
Zarli, A. & Richaud, O. (1999) 'Requirements and technology
integration for IT-based
business-oriented frameworks in building and construction',
Electronic Journal of Information
Technology in Construction, no. 4, December [Online].
Available from:
http://www.itcon.org/1999/4 (Accessed: 21 May 2004).
Adding direct links to electronic resources
It is possible to add a URL link in your bibliographic reference
to an electronic resource.
• Create a direct link to an e-journal article using the Document
Object Identifier
number (DOI)

• Create a direct link to an e-journal article using the e-journal
search tool
• Create a direct link to resources in WestLaw (Law database)
Create a direct link to an e-journal article using the Document
Object Identifier
number (DOI)
Please note - a number of our subscribed systems cannot be
linked using the normal
method below, also see special instructions for the WestLaw
law collection.
To create a direct link to a resource on our systems, you should
try to obtain the Document
Object Identifier number (DOI).
You can usually find the DOI number when you view the article
details - either on the
summary page after you have done a search or contained in the
full-text document of the
article itself (alternatively, try the Cross Ref DOI search tool
http://www.crossref.org/05researchers/37guest_login.html to
locate a DOI number).
a DOI number looks like this: 10.1108/09600039610150479

13
You can also find DOI numbers for resources using a
Bibliographic Index (see the E-
Journals search page, then click on the link to Bibliographic
Indexes in the left hand menu.
You can show DOI information in either of several formats
within your article reference:
Method 1:
You can use a DOI number to create a direct link to the resource
(so the reader can 'follow'
this link to the resource):
The usual format for creating direct links to journals in our
online subscription systems is as
follows:
http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.liv.ac.uk/ followed by the DOI
(Digital Object Identifier) number, e.g.
For example:

Note. The DOI link should provide direct access to the article
within one of our subscribed
systems, however in order for an individual to access the
resource, they must have a
University of Liverpool (MWS) login.
Method 2:
You can also provide access to a resource by simply displaying
the DOI number in your
reference:
For example:
pp.479-495, IngentaConnect [Online]. DOI:
10.1108/02621710410537083 (Accessed: 9
June 2005).
Method 3:
Or simply indicate the Journal system or Web site you used,
thus allowing the reader to
locate the item themselves, e.g.
For example:
http://www.ingentaconnect.com/

14
Obviously you need to follow the prefered method required by
your tutor(s), contact your
tutor or Student Support Manager for details.
Create a direct link to an e-journal article using the e-journal
search tool
If the DOI number is unavailable, ou can also create a persistent
link to an e-journal article
using our e-journal search tool.
1. Visit our e-journals page and use the search tool called Go
straight to an article.
2. Complete the fields as accurately as possible (e.g. Journal
title (not article title),
Volume, Issue etc.
3. Click 'Find', you should be shown a new screen with details
of our subscription to the
journal (if available).
4. To copy the URL in the aqddress bar to the clipboard,
either...

...select/block the URL in the address bar with your mouse then
right-click (right
mouse button) and select 'Copy'.
You can then paste the URL into Word or another application.
...Or... select/ block
the URL in the address bar and hold down the CTRL+C keys on
the keyboard (only
works in Windows), the URL is now copied to the clipboard and
can be pasted in
another application.
Creating Direct links to WestLaw resources
WestLaw resources cannot be linked directly using the normal
method described above.
There are two sets of instructions, one for WestLaw
International and another for WestLaw
UK, so you must be able to identify the source of the required
resource from either of these
two collections.
Create a direct link to resources in WestLaw International
1. Go to Westlaw International and obtain the citation to the
item that you want to link to
(or obtain the citation from other source)
2. Go to
http://intranetsolutions.westlaw.com/uk/tools/linkbuilder/intCite
Builder.asp
3. Type in the citation, e.g. 93 A.L.R.5th 47
4. Type in a name for the link (doesn't really matter what you

type)
5. Type in our proxy url: http://ezproxy.liv.ac.uk/login?url=
6. Type in our sponsor code: ukliverpool-000 (a different one is
used in Westlaw UK)
7. Click the Build Link button
http://www.westlaw.com.ezproxy.liv.ac.uk/search/default.wl?Fo
rceTo=international.westlaw.com&rs=WLIN7.02&vr=2.0&sp=u
kliverpool-000�
http://intranetsolutions.westlaw.com/uk/tools/linkbuilder/intCite
Builder.asp�
15
8. This gives you a link with your chosen link text that you can
test, and the code that is
used to generate the link. If you just want the URL you can
right-click on the link and
choose Copy Shortcut, or you can copy the relevant bit from the
HTML code.
9. Note that this builds links like
http://ezproxy.liv.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.westlaw.com/...
This isn't the usual way
we build links via EZproxy. For a 'normal' link, omit our proxy
url from the link builder
form. This will give a URL like http://www.westlaw.com/...
which you will have to

amend by hand to http://www.westlaw.com.ezproxy.liv.ac.uk/...
Create a direct link to resources in WestLaw UK
1. Go to the Westlaw UK login page:
http://login.westlaw.co.uk.ezproxy.liv.ac.uk/ (not
our normal link to Westlaw UK - for the link builder you need
to be a specific user not
an anonymous IP-authenticated user)
2. Login with:
Username: tbucknell
Password: livw35t
Client ID: uklivuni-1
3. Browse or search to the content that you want to build a link
to.
4. Click on the Build Link link over towards the top right of the
screen.
5. In the IP Authentication box type in our sponsor code:
uklivuni-1 (a different one is
used in Westlaw International)
6. Then either copy and paste the URL that is appears in the box
(taking care to copy
ALL of the URL), or click the Copy to Clipboard button (and
accept that pop-up that
asks if you want to allow access to your clipboard).
e.g. if you browse to the Legislation section and click on the
link builder you will get:

http://login.westlaw.co.uk.ezproxy.liv.ac.uk/maf/wluk/ext/app/t
ocectory?stnew=true&s
ttype=stdtemplate&crumb-action=reset&crumb-
label=Legislation&ao=o.I2EEC59061DD211B2952C0900A20EE
996&ndd=2&sp=ukli
vuni-1
Book Chapters
When citing a contribution to a book or a paper given at a
conference, you must reference
the surname of the author who made that contribution and the
title of that contribution. A
reference to a contribution to a book should include the
following information, in this order:
• The author(s) of the chapter/section
• The date of publication (in round brackets)
• The title of the chapter/section (in quotation marks)
http://login.westlaw.co.uk.ezproxy.liv.ac.uk/�
ocectory?stnew=true&sttype=stdtemplate&crumb-
action=reset&crumb-
996&ndd=2&sp=uklivuni-1�
action=reset&crumb-

action=reset&crumb-
action=reset&crumb-
16
• Author(s), editor(s) or corporate author(s) of the book
• The title and any subtitle, which should be in italics
• Place of publication
• Publisher
• The first and last page numbers of the chapter/section
For example:
Hilario, M. (2000) 'Architecture and techniques for knowledge-
based neurocomputing'. In:
Cloete, I. & Zurada, J. (ed.). Knowledge-based neurocomputing.
London: MIT Press, pp.27-
52.
Conference papers
When citing a paper given at a conference, you should include

this information, in this order:
• Author(s) of paper
• Title of paper (in quotation marks)
• Editor(s) (if they appear)
• Title of conference: subtitle (including location and date of
conference) (in italics)
• Place of publication
• Publisher
• Pagination for the paper
For example:
Fedchak, E. & Duvall, L. (1996) 'An engineering approach to
electronic publishing',
Proceedings of the International Workshop on Multimedia
Software Development, 25-26
March, Berlin. Los Alamitos, California: IEEE Computer
Society Press, pp.80-88.
World Wide Web (WWW) Resources
A reference to a World Wide Web document should include the
following information, in this
order:
The author(s), editor(s) or corporate author(s) of the document
(if they can be identified)
Date of publication (in round brackets)
The title of the document, which must be in italics (or the first
few words of the document

if the title is not clear)
[Online]
17
Place of publication
Publisher
Available from: followed by the URL
Accessed: followed by the date the document was accessed (in
round brackets)
For example:
Pears, R. & Shields, G. (1995) Cite them right: referencing
made easy [Online] Northumbria:
Northumbria University. Available from:
http://www.unn.ac.uk/central/isd/cite/index.htm
(Accessed: 21 May 2004).
URLs (Uniform resource locator/internet address)
There are a number of approaches to citing work from the
Internet. The following points
should be noted:
Be consistent throughout. Fit with the Harvard style as this is
the method that you have
used for other sources of information.

Many Web documents do not give an author. If the information
is not explicit you may
find it in the header of the HTML encoded text (although that
may reflect who
"marked up" the document, rather than who actually wrote it.)
You can view the
header by choosing the option to view document source.
Otherwise use the title as
the main reference point.
If a document on the web is a series of linked pages - what is
the title of the document?
Do you cite the main contents page, or a particular page you are
quoting from? This
is a grey area.
You should cite the date the document was last updated if this is
apparent, or the date
when you accessed it if not.
If you are citing a web page in the text, you should cite by the
author if there is one
clearly stated. If there is no author you should cite by the title.
If neither author or title
are available use the URL - for example, 'The latest study
(http://www.........., 2006)
revealed....'.
For example:
Financial Services Authority (2005) What we do [Online].
Available from:
http://www.fsa.gov.uk/Pages/About/What/index.shtml
(Accessed: 2 February 2006).
Online images

A reference to an Online Image should include the following
Author/artist
Year (in round brackets)
Title of Image, or a description, which must be in italics
18
[Online image]
Available from: URL
Filename including extension
Accessed: followed by the date the document was accessed (in
round brackets)
For example:
University of Liverpool (2004) University of Liverpool crest
[Online image]. Available from:
http://www.liv.ac.uk/images/logo.gif (Accessed: 20 May 2004).
Electronic Communications (Email, Podcast etc.)
Emails
When citing emails it is important that you get the permission
of the sender of the email
before citing it.
A reference to an email should include the following
Sender

Sender’s email address (in round brackets)
Day, month and year the email was sent
Subject of message (in italics)
The words Email to followed by the recipient’s name
Recipient’s e-mail address (in round brackets)
For example:
Jones, S. ([email protected]), 20 June 2006. Re:How to cite an
email. Email to P. Smith
([email protected]).
Podcast
A reference to a podcast should include the following
Title (in italics)
(Year)
Podcast
[Online]
Available from: URL
(Date of access & time and time zone) (this should include
hours, minutes & seconds)
For example:
Nature Podcast (2006). Podcast [Online]. Available from:
http://www.nature.com/environmental/index.html (Accessed: 25
May 2006 GMT 18:11:06).

19
Textbooks and course information
You may want to cite information from a course textbook
created by your institution or
information from a lecture. For printed textbooks, also see the
general notes on how to
reference books and electronic books. For Web-based material
also see the general notes
on referencing WWW sources and other E-Sources.
A reference to information from a University textbook or online
module should include the
following information where applicable, in this order (see
examples below):
• Corporate author e.g. University of Liverpool/Laureate Online
Education
• Year of publication for printed resources or year notes were
issued (in round
brackets), e.g. (2007)
• Details of the module and seminar the information is taken
from (in italics), e.g.
Lecture notes from CPD module
• Source of notes eg. Available from: University of
Liverpool/Laureate Online
Education Blackboard
• Day, month and year notes were accessed (in round brackets),
e.g. (Accessed: 28
February 2007)

For example:
A printed textbook -
Managing Resources, 2nd ed.
Dorchester, Great Britain: Pearson Education Limited.
Notes issued during a class -
Lecture notes from Managing
People Module Seminar 4 [Online]. Available from: University
of Liverpool/Laureate Online
Education Blackboard (Accessed: 28 February 2007).
Guide to Referencing and developing a BibliographyCiting in
the text of your workSecondary ReferencingHow to cite works
with more than one authorHow to cite two works by an author
published in the same yearHow to cite works which have no
obvious authorHow to cite works with no publication dateHow
to cite quotations that you have translated from a source not
written in the English languageDeveloping a BibliographyFull
bibliographic citationsBooks and other printed worksElectronic
BooksGuide to Referencing and developing a
BibliographyJournal articles (accessed in hard copy
format)Electronic journal articles (accessed online)Journal
articles in internet journalsAdding direct links to electronic
resourcesCreate a direct link to an e-journal article using the
Document Object Identifier number (DOI)Create a direct link to
an e-journal article using the e-journal search toolVisit our e-
journals page and use the search tool called Go straight to an
article.Complete the fields as accurately as possible (e.g.
Journal title (not article title), Volume, Issue etc.Click 'Find',

you should be shown a new screen with details of our
subscription to the journal (if available).To copy the URL in the
aqddress bar to the clipboard, either... ...select/block the URL in
the address bar with your mouse then right-click (right mouse
button) and select 'Copy'. You can then paste the URL into
Word or another application. ...Or... ...Creating Direct links to
WestLaw resourcesGo to UWestlaw InternationalU and obtain
the citation to the item that you want to link to (or obtain the
citation from other source)Go to
Uhttp://intranetsolutions.westlaw.com/uk/tools/linkbuilder/intCi
teBuilder.aspUType in the citation, e.g. 93 A.L.R.5th 47Type in
a name for the link (doesn't really matter what you type)Type in
our proxy url: http://ezproxy.liv.ac.uk/login?url=Type in our
sponsor code: ukliverpool-000 (a different one is used in
Westlaw UK)Click the Build Link buttonThis gives you a link
with your chosen link text that you can test, and the code that is
used to generate the link. If you just want the URL you can
right-click on the link and choose Copy Shortcut, or you can
copy the relevant bit from the HTML code.Note that this builds
links like
http://ezproxy.liv.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.westlaw.com/...
This isn't the usual way we build links via EZproxy. For a
'normal' link, omit our proxy url from the link builder form.
This will give a URL like http://ww...Go to the Westlaw UK
login page: Uhttp://login.westlaw.co.uk.ezproxy.liv.ac.uk/U
(not our normal link to Westlaw UK - for the link builder you
need to be a specific user not an anonymous IP-authenticated
user)Login with: Username: tbucknell Password: livw35t
Client ID: uklivuni-1Browse or search to the content that you
want to build a link to.Click on the Build Link link over
towards the top right of the screen.In the IP Authentication box
type in our sponsor code: uklivuni-1 (a different one is used in
Westlaw International)Then either copy and paste the URL that
is appears in the box (taking care to copy ALL of the URL), or
click the Copy to Clipboard button (and accept that pop-up that
asks if you want to allow access to your clipboard). e.g. if you

browse to the Legi...Book ChaptersConference papersWorld
Wide Web (WWW) ResourcesURLs (Uniform resource
locator/internet address)Online imagesElectronic
Communications (Email, Podcast etc.)EmailsPodcastTextbooks
and course information

Online Library Training Module 1 Library Service.docx

More Related Content

Similar to Online Library Training Module 1 Library Service.docx (20)

More from hopeaustin33688 (20)

Recently uploaded (20)

Online Library Training Module 1 Library Service.docx