Harvard system powerpoint final

Version 1.0 Copyright © 2009 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.
Harvard Referencing System

What is a Reference?
• A way of showing that you have recognised
another person’s work ideas or opinions and that
you have acknowledged it in your work by
referring to the source
• This is often called citing a reference

What is the Harvard System?
• Developed in the USA
• Most common system in use internationally
• A flexible, simple, clear system both for author
and reader
• References are listed alphabetically in the
bibliography and cited in the body of the text so
no footnotes or chapter references needed

Why Reference Your Work?
• Acknowledge the work of other writers and
researchers
• Demonstrate your reading and research
• Enable others to trace your sources easily and
lead them on to further information
• Part of the marking criteria
• Provide a check against plagiarism
• Meet copyright regulations

When to Reference
• When you ‘lift’ material directly from a source –
for example – from a book or the internet
• When you take an idea, theory, argument or
viewpoint from a source that is not your own
• When you summarise or paraphrase another
person’s work

Title of presentation
Journal
Article
Referencing in Context
Book
Web Page
Research,
read and
make notes
Your
Project
Evidence to
support your
own ideas or
arguments
• Paraphrase
• Direct Quote
Acknowledge
Sources Used
• Briefly in
your text
and/or
• In full at the
end

How to Reference
You need to reference in two places:
• Brief details – these will go into the main
body of your assignment
• Full details – these will go at the end of your
assignment

Definitions
• Citing – this is the process of formal recognition,
within your text, of the resources from which you
have gathered your information
• A Citation – this is a passage or phrase quoted
within your text which is supported with evidence
of its source
• Bibliography – a list of the sources that you have
used
• Reference – a detailed description of the item
from which you have obtained your information

Citing References within your Text
Single Author, Single Source
• Each time a reference is made to a book,
document or other source from the author, put the
reference in ( ) brackets immediately afterwards
Example - Life as a Jew under German rule during the
Second World War was explored (Frank 1942)
• If the author’s name occurs naturally in the text
then only the year is quoted in the brackets
Example - In her diary, Anne Frank, described life as a Jew
under German rule during the Second World War (1942)

Single Author, Single Source
• If quoting from a specific section of a single
source of the author’s work, also include the page
number(s) of the quote
Example - There are no greater enemies on earth than the
Germans and the Jews (Frank 1942, 74) or (Frank
1942:74)

Single Author, Multiple Source
If sourcing from more than one publication from a single author,
referencing can take place as before providing none of the
sources originate from the same year
Examples
• The far reaching implications of our understanding of evolution
were explored (Dawkins,1976)
• Arguments for God’s existence were challenged by Dawkins (2006)
These two sources are different (The Selfish Gene followed by
The God Delusion), but because they were published in
different years, the full reference at the end of the assignment
will distinguish between the two sources

Where multiple sources are used from the same
year, the sources are identified by adding a, b,
c… after the date
Example – In 1997 several publications were produced of
Betrand Russell’s collected papers –
• The Collected Papers of Betrand Russell, vol 2
• Collected Papers, vol 11
If more than one of these sources is used they would
be cited in the text as (1997a) and (1997b) and then
identified by year and letter in the full reference at
the end of the assignment

Citing References within Text
Multiple Authors
• If there are three or fewer authors then put in all
their names
• If there are more than three authors then put in
only the first surname followed by ‘et al’
Examples
• A ‘Freakonomic’ approach argued by Levitt and
Dubner (2005)
• Summarised by Lichtenberger et al (2004)

Examples of Citation
If the author’s name occurs naturally in the text:
• The year should follow in () brackets
Example – The gene’s eye view of Darwinism is implicit in the
writings of R.A. Fisher (1930)
For a source that is cited within another book:
• If the source referred to is in another work, cite
both the original source and the secondary source
Example – Larson and Witham (1998, quoted in Dawkins
2006, p.127) set out their reasons for the continuing the
teaching of evolution in public schools
Version 1.0 Copyright © 2009 AnnQA and its licensors. All rights
reserved.

References of images and diagrams
All externally sourced images and diagrams
must be referenced
• Enter the title underneath the image or diagram
• Add, in brackets, the author, date of publication
and page number
• Where there is no author use the title of the
source i.e. book, website etc.

Example 1 (Book/Publication):
Figure 1: Risk assessment guidelines for lifting and lowering
(Essentials of Health and Safety at Work 2008, 48)

Example 2 (Website):
Figure 1: Marriages, United Kingdom, 1951 –
2007 (Office for National Statistics website 2009)

Incorporating Quotations in Text
Quotations up to 2 lines in length can be
incorporated straight into the body of the text
• Use quotation marks around the quote
• In brackets () add the author’s name, the year of
publication and the page number
Example
• Moss (1998, 63) stated that “ the greatest impact of human
use of land is the removal of the original vegetation cover”

Longer Quotations
• Should be indented in a separate paragraph
• Quotation marks are not necessary
Example
• Sneve and Saint James (2003, 17) illustrated the wisdom of
the sayings of the Native Americans, who had no written
language:
It was our belief that the love of possessions is a
weakness to be overcome. Therefore the child must
early learn the beauty of generosity.
1911, Ohiyesa, Santee Physician and Author

If part of a quotation is omitted, this may be
indicated in the quotation by the use of three dots:
Example
• Greenwood (1990,36) reflected that “Quakers …
eschewed the use of ‘saint’ or ‘bishop’ or ‘abbot’
in place names”

Examples of techniques for
introducing Direct Quotes
• As Kant…states…believes…suggests…indicates
…points out…observes…explains…argues…
outlines…contradicts…proposes…advances…
intimates, “………”
• For example, Descartes has argued that “………”
• According to Marx, “………”
• Sartre suggests…believes…contends that “………”

Referencing at the end of your
assignment
There are two processes that must be
undertaken:
• Reference List – a single alphabetical list of
everything that has been specifically mentioned in
your assignment
• Bibliography – a list of the resources you have
researched from but not specifically referred to in
your assignment

Guidance on Creating a
Bibliography / Reference List
• List references in alphabetical order by author
surname
• Enter author or editor surname first, followed by
the initials
• Include all authors listed on the title page of each
source, do not abbreviate by using et al, as is
good practice in the main body of the assignment
• If the book has an editor rather than an author
then enter (ed.) after the name and initials

• Where necessary use the name of the corporate
body or institution responsible for gathering the
information in a publication or on a website - e.g.
Office for National Statistics or Department for
Children, Schools and Families (DCSF)
• Edition – only include if you are not using the first
edition e.g. (3rd
edn.)
• Title – this should be in italics and include the title
and subtitle (if relevant) separated by a colon

• Series – Information relating to a series of
publications or to periodicals should be included
at the end of the entry in the reference list or
bibliography
• Pages – page references are normally the final
part of the reference
• Information required for referencing is normally
found on the title page and the back of the title
page

Referencing Types
All sources used should be referenced. The
following is a list of the possible source types:
• Books
• Periodical Articles
• Web Pages
• Internet Images
• Newspaper Articles
• CD-ROM
• Videos / DVDs
• Personal Communication

Referencing Books (Summary)
Entries for books in the reference list should contain
the following information (in the order set out here):
• Author / Editor
• Year of publication (in brackets)
• Title (in italics)
• Edition - if not the first edition
• Place of publication: Publisher
• Series – if appropriate (rarely used)
• Page / pages

Referencing Books (Summary)
Examples
• Dawkins, R (2006) The Selfish Gene (30th
edn.)
New York: Oxford University Press, 269–271
• Baynes, N.H. ed. (1942) The Speeches of Adolf
Hitler, vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Russell, B. (1997b). Collected Papers, vol.11, ed.
J.C. Slater and P. Kollner. London: Routledge

Referencing Chapters
Process for referencing a specific chapter:
• Author / Editor
• Title of Chapter (in quotation marks)
• Author / Editor of book (surname and initials)
• Title of book (in italics)
• Place of publication: Publisher
• Page / pages
Example
Maynard Smith, J. (1972) ‘Game theory and the evolution of
fighting’, in: Maynard Smith J. On Evolution. Edinburgh:
Edinburgh University Press. 8-28

Referencing Periodical Articles
Process for referencing periodical articles:
• Author
• Title of article
• Title of Periodical (in italics)
• Volume, number/part (in brackets)
• Page number/s (p. for a single page, pp. for more than one
page)
Example
Burgess, J.W. (1976) Social Spiders. Scientific American
234 (3), pp. 101-6.

Referencing Web Pages
Process for referencing Web Pages:
• Author / Editor
• Title (in italics, underlined or in bold)
• The word Internet, in square brackets [ ] followed
by a comma
• Edition - if relevant (e.g. update 4 or version 3.7)
followed by a full stop
• Place of publication – followed by a comma

Referencing Web Pages
• Publisher (if known) – followed by a full stop
• The phrase Available at (or from) – followed by a colon
• The internet address - in chevrons < >
• The word Accessed and the date that the web page was
viewed by you – in square brackets [ ] followed by a full
stop
• Example
Holloway,R (2003) ‘Recovering Christian’ Book Review
[Internet], London, Guardian. Available at:
<http://books.guardian.co.uk/reviews/scienceandnature/0,6
121,894941,00html> [Accessed 26 March 2005].

Referencing Internet Images
Entries for books in the reference list should contain
the following information (in the order set out here):
• Author / Artist
• Year of publication – if given (in brackets)
• Title of image (in italics)
• [Online Image]
• Available at: URL
• (Accessed: date)

Referencing
Internet Images
Example
Escher M.C. (1960) Ascending and Descending
[Online image]. Available at: < http://www.math.
technion.ac.il/~rl/M.C.Escher/2/escher-stair.gif>
(Accessed: 21 February 2010).

Referencing Newspaper Articles
• Author (if no author, cite title of paper in italics first)
• Article title (in quotation marks)
• Newspaper title (italics)
• Day and month
• Page / pages
Example
Sergeant, Harriet (2010) “Schools are churning out
the unemployable”. The Sunday Times, 21
February, p.19.

Referencing a CD-ROM
• Author
• Title of article
• Title of periodical/newspaper (italics)
• [CD-ROM]
• Numeration (volume and page number)
Example
Woodhead, Chris. Keeping the Faith. The Sunday
Times, [CD-ROM], 19 November 2006, Feature 1.

Referencing Videos / DVDs
• Title (in italics)
• Year of distribution (in brackets)
• Director
• Videocassette or DVD [in square brackets]
• Place of distribution: Distribution Company
Example
The French Connection (1971) Directed by William
Friedkin. [DVD] Los Angeles, 20th
Century Fox

Referencing Personal
Communication
• Name of speaker/author/sender
• Year (in brackets)
• Medium (e.g. conversation / letter / phone call / e-
mail / text / twitter)
• Recipient
• Day and Month
Example
Blair, T. (2006) e-mail to Gordon Brown, 17 March

Plagiarism
What is Plagiarism?
• The practice of sourcing someone else’s work or
ideas and passing them off as one’s own
• Copying, infringing copyright, piracy, theft, stealing
• The process of reusing material found in any
media
With the advent of the World Wide Web and the ease
with which material is now available, plagiarism is
now much more common

Avoiding Plagiarism
In order to avoid plagiarism you must always give
credit when:
• You use another person’s ideas, opinions or
theories
• You use facts, statistics, graphics, drawings, music,
or any other type of information or resource that
would not be classified as Common Knowledge
• You use quotations from another person’s spoken
or written word
• You paraphrase another person’s spoken or written
word

Harvard system powerpoint final

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