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This paper discusses the modeling and control of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) for wind turbines, emphasizing its effectiveness as a renewable energy source and its role in grid connectivity. The authors present a mathematical model and a control strategy using a proportional integral (PI) controller for managing active and reactive power and achieving efficient operation across various wind speeds. Simulations conducted in MATLAB/Simulink demonstrate the successful implementation of the proposed control scheme, showcasing its advantages in maximizing energy capture from the wind.
![Sai Sindhura K et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.532-538
exerting a turning force. The rotating blades turn a
shaft inside the nacelle, which goes into a gearbox.
The gearbox increases the rotational speed to that
which is appropriate for the generator, which uses
magnetic fields to convert the rotational energy into
electrical energy
The power contained in the wind is given by
the kinetic energy of the flowing air mass per unit
time.
That
is
III.
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DOUBLY FED INDUCTION
GENERATOR
3.1 Principle of operation
The WRIM is a conventional 3-phase wound
rotor induction machine. The machine stator winding
is directly connected to the grid and the rotor winding
is connected to the rotor-side VSC by slip rings and
brushes. A wide range of variable speed operating
mode can be achieved by applying a controllable
voltage across the rotor terminals. This is done
through the rotor-side VSC. The applied rotor voltage
can be varied in both magnitude and phase by the
converter controller, which controls the rotor currents.
The rotor side VSC changes the magnitude and angle
of the applied voltages and hence decoupled control of
real and reactive power can be achieved.
(1)
Where
is the power contained in wind (in
watts) , ρ is the air density (1.225 kg/m3 at 15°C and
normal pressure), A is the swept area in (square
meter), and
is the wind velocity without rotor
interference, i.e., ideally at infinite distance from the
rotor (in meter per second).
Although Eq. (1.1) gives the power available
in the wind, the power transferred to the wind turbine
rotor is reduced by the power coefficient,
(2)
(3)
IV.
DYNAMIC MODELING OF DFIG
The dynamic analysis of the symmetrical
induction machines in the arbitrary reference frame
has been intensively used as a standard simulation
approach from which any particular mode of operation
may then be developed. Matlab/Simulink has an
advantage over other machine simulators in modeling
the induction machine using dq0 axis transformation
[8, 9]. It can be a powerful technique in implementing
the machine equations as they are transferred to a
particular reference frame. Thus, every single equation
among the model equations can be easily implemented
in one block so that all the machine variables can be
made available for control and verification purposes
A maximum value of
is defined by the
Betz limit, which states that a turbine can never
extract more than 59.3% of the power from an air
stream. In reality, wind turbine rotors have maximum
values in the range 25-45%.
It is also conventional to define a tip speed ratio
𝜆=
as
(4)
Where ω is rotational speed of rotor (in rpm),
R is the radius of the swept area (in meter).The tip
speed ratio 𝜆 and the power coefficient
are the
dimensionless and so can be used to describe the
performance of any size of wind turbine rotor.
Fig 3. The dq0 equivalent circuit of an induction
motor
Driving the model equations can be
generated from the dq0 equivalent circuit of the
induction machine shown in figure 3. The voltage and
flux linkages equations associated with this circuit can
be found as follows:
(5)
(6)
Fig 2. The typical curves of Cp versus 𝜆 for various
values of the pitch angle ⍺
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(7)
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![Sai Sindhura K et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.532-538
be proved that variations in rotor current real and
imaginary components irx , iry are directly reflected on
their corresponding stator current components isx, isy
provided that they are all referred to the reference
frame fixed to the stator flux-linkage space phasor [8].
Therefore, and are used to control the stator reactive
and active powers, respectively. Thus, the steps
followed to model and implement this vector control
algorithm are described below and can also be
identified in Fig. 4.
1) Converting Three phase to two phase of both stator
and rotor side currents by using Clarke‟s
transformation
2) Estimation of the stator flux-linkage space phasor
𝜌s angular position with respect to the stationary direct
axis. Because the rotor side current components are to
be changed first from their natural axes to the
stationary reference frame, it is important to measure
the rotor angle. The equations to be followed are given
next
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(41)
Where,
(42)
(43)
(44)
The resultant voltages in both axes will be
referred to
as and
5) Expression for
and
according to the rotor
natural reference frame as follows.
(45)
(46)
6) By using Inverse Clarke‟s transformation the rotor
three phase voltages are obtained from two phase to
three phase
(31)
(32)
(33)
(34)
5.2 Grid side controller
The grid side voltage source controller
provides regulation of voltage of DC bus capacitor
and also provides control of the reactive power and
also adjusts the power factor on grid side. The grid
side VSC acts as rectifier at sub-synchronous speeds
and as inverter during super-synchronous speeds
(35)
3) Based on the errors in both compared current
quantities i.e., irx and iry with their corresponding irxrey,
iryref set-point values we get the voltage components
and
which are to be applied to the rotor side
are generated by means of two identical PI controllers,
as shown below
(36)
(37)
(38)
Fig 5.Control Structure of Grid Side Converter
Control.
(39)
The PI controllers used in Simulink are
discrete PI controllers
4) In order to improve the decoupling between x & y
axes, the
and
decoupling voltage
components given below are added to
and
respectively.
(40)
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![Sai Sindhura K et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.532-538
Rotor current space phasor modulus
Stator side active power reference value
Stator side reactive power reference value
Direct- and quadrature-axis rotor current
components respectively expressed in the stator-fluxoriented reference frame
Reference values of the rotor current
components, respectively
Direct- and Quadrature – axis rotor current
components respectively expressed in the rotor natural
reference frame
Direct – and quadrature- axis stator current
components respectively, expressed in the stationary
reference frame
Direct – and quadrature – axis stator current
components respectively, expressed in the stator- fluxoriented reference frame
Inner loop vector controller PI compensator
parameters
Outer loop vector controller PI compensator
parameters
Direct- quadrature-axis stator magnetizing
current components respectively, expressed in the
stationary reference frame
Direct- and quadrature- axis rotor
decoupling voltage components, respectively,
expressed in the stator- flux- oriented reference frame
Direct- and quadrature- axis rotor voltage
components, respectively, expressed in the statorflux- oriented reference frame
Direct- and quadrature- axis rotor voltage
components, respectively, expressed in the rotor
natural reference frame
Stator voltage space phasor modulus
Direct- and quadrature- axis stator voltage
components, respectively, expressed in the stationary
reference frame
Phase angle of stator flux- linkage space phasor
with respect to the direct – axis of the stationary
reference frame
Angular slip frequency
Direct- and quadrature- axis rotor voltage
components, respectively, expressed in the stationary
reference frame
DC Link Voltage Reference Value
Quadrature axis reference current
Stator voltage at Phase A
Stator voltage at Phase B
Stator voltage at Phase C
SUFFICES, SUPERSCRIPTS
s, r
Stator, rotor
𝛼, 𝛽
𝛼, 𝛽 Stationary reference frame
d, q
d-q reference frame
x, y
x, y stator-flux-oriented reference frame
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a, b, c Three-phase reference
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
Srinath Vanukuru,
Sateesh Sukhavasi,
“Active & Reactive Power Control Of A
Doubly Fed Induction Generator Driven By
A Wind Turbine”, International Journal of
Power System Operation and Energy
Management, ISSN (PRINT): 2231–4407,
Volume-1, Issue-2, 2011
Arantxa Tapia, Gerardo Tapia, J. Xabier
Ostolaza, “Modeling and Control of a Wind
Turbine Driven doubly fed Induction
Generator”, IEEE 2003. (reference2).
A. Peterson “Analysis, Modeling and Control
of Doubly fed Induction Generators for Wind
Turbines,” in Energy and Environment. 2005,
PhD Dissertation thesis, Chalmers University
of Technology:
A. Tapia “Modeling and Control of a wind
turbine driven doubly fed induction
generator.” Energy Conversion, IEEE
Transaction on, 2003, 194-204.
D.J. Atkinson, R.A. Larkin, and R. Jones, “A
vector-controlled doubly- fed induction
generator for a variable- speed wind turbine
application,” Trans, Inst, Meas, Contr.,
vol.19, no. 1, 2-12,1997.
I.P.Kopilov,’Mathematical Simulation of
ElectricalMachines’,VishayaShcola,Moscow,
1987.
R.S. Pena, J.C. Clare, and G.M. Asher,
“Vector control of a variable speed doublyfed induction machine for wind generation
system, EPEJ” vol. 6, no 3-4, 60-67,
Dec.1996.
R. Pena, J.C. Clare, G.M. Asher, “Double fed
Induction generator using back-to-back
PWM converters and its application to
variable-speed wind-energy generation”.
Electric
Power
Applications,
IEE
Proceedings 1996. 143(3),231-241
A. Miller, E. Muljadi, and D. Zinger, “A
variable speed wind turbine power control,”
IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, vol. 12, pp.
181–186, June 1997.
D. J. Atkinson, R. A. Lakin, and R. Jones,
“A vector-controlled doubly-fed induction
generator for a variable-speed wind turbine
application,” Trans. Inst. Meas. Contr., vol.
19, no. 1, pp. 2–12, 1997.
J.B.Ekanayake, „Control of Doubly Fed
Induction Generator Wind Turbines’, IEE
Power Engineer, Feb. 2003.
538 | P a g e](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cm36532538-131122002701-phpapp01/85/Cm36532538-7-320.jpg)
Cm36532538
- 1. Sai Sindhura K et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.532-538 RESEARCH ARTICLE www.ijera.com OPEN ACCESS Control And Modeling Of Doubly Fed Induction Machine For Wind Turbines Sai Sindhura K, G. Srinivas Rao Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, V.R Siddhartha Engineering College, Kanuru, Vijayawada-07, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh, India ABSTRACT Wind power is the most reliable and developed renewable energy source. The share of wind power with respect to total installed power capacity is increasing worldwide. The doubly fed induction generator is an important type of wind generator (WG) due to its robustness and versatility. Its accurate and efficient modeling is very important in distribution system planning and analysis studies. This paper deals with the analysis, modeling and control of a grid connected doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbine. A mathematical model is derived for modeling of doubly fed induction generator wind turbines. And a control structure using standard proportional integral PI controller and a field-oriented control strategy based on a reference frame rotating synchronously with the rotor flux for variable speed wind turbines using doubly fed induction generator and for attaining injected rotor voltages is described and simulated. The modeling of the machine considers operating conditions below and above synchronous speed, which are actually accomplished by means of double sided converters joining the machine rotor to the grid. The control strategy successfully decouples the active and reactive powers generated by the machine. Keywords – Active and Reactive Powers, DFIG, Grid side Converter (GSC), Rotor Side Converter (RSC), StatorFluxOrientedcontrol I. INTRODUCTION Wind energy is one of the most important and promising source of renewable energy all over the world, mainly because it reduces the environmental pollution caused by traditional power plants as well as the dependence on fossil fuel, which have limited reserves. Electric energy, generated by wind power plants is the fastest developing and most promising renewable energy source. Off-shore wind power plants provide higher yields because of better conditions. With increased penetration of wind power into electrical grids, wind turbines are largely deployed due to their variable speed feature and hence influencing system dynamics. But unbalances in wind energy are highly impacting the energy conversion and this problem can be overcome by using a Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG). Doubly fed wound rotor induction machine with vector control is very attractive to the high performance variable speed drive and generating applications. In variable speed drive application, the so called slip power recovery scheme is a common practice here the power due to the rotor slip below or above synchronous speed is recovered to or supplied from the power source resulting in a highly efficient variable speed system. Slip power control can be obtained by using popular Static Scherbius drive for bi directional power flow. The major advantage of the DFIG is that the power electronic equipment used i.e. a back to back converter that handles a fraction of (2030%) total system power. The back to back converter www.ijera.com consists of two converters i.e. Grid Side Converter (GSC) and Rotor Side Converter (RSC) connected back to back through a dc link capacitor for energy storage purpose. In this paper a control strategy is presented for DFIG and Stator Active and Reactive power control principle is also presented. In order to decouple the active and reactive powers Stator Flux Oriented control is used and hence the induction machine model is developed. The grid side converter and the rotor side converter are used for the control of the active and reactive powers and various wind speed applications. The simulation model is developed and implemented using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. Fig 1. DFIG driven by wind turbine II. WIND TURBINE MODEL Wind turbines produce electricity by using the power of the wind to drive an electrical generator. Wind passes over the blades, generating lift and 532 | P a g e
- 2. Sai Sindhura K et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.532-538 exerting a turning force. The rotating blades turn a shaft inside the nacelle, which goes into a gearbox. The gearbox increases the rotational speed to that which is appropriate for the generator, which uses magnetic fields to convert the rotational energy into electrical energy The power contained in the wind is given by the kinetic energy of the flowing air mass per unit time. That is III. www.ijera.com DOUBLY FED INDUCTION GENERATOR 3.1 Principle of operation The WRIM is a conventional 3-phase wound rotor induction machine. The machine stator winding is directly connected to the grid and the rotor winding is connected to the rotor-side VSC by slip rings and brushes. A wide range of variable speed operating mode can be achieved by applying a controllable voltage across the rotor terminals. This is done through the rotor-side VSC. The applied rotor voltage can be varied in both magnitude and phase by the converter controller, which controls the rotor currents. The rotor side VSC changes the magnitude and angle of the applied voltages and hence decoupled control of real and reactive power can be achieved. (1) Where is the power contained in wind (in watts) , ρ is the air density (1.225 kg/m3 at 15°C and normal pressure), A is the swept area in (square meter), and is the wind velocity without rotor interference, i.e., ideally at infinite distance from the rotor (in meter per second). Although Eq. (1.1) gives the power available in the wind, the power transferred to the wind turbine rotor is reduced by the power coefficient, (2) (3) IV. DYNAMIC MODELING OF DFIG The dynamic analysis of the symmetrical induction machines in the arbitrary reference frame has been intensively used as a standard simulation approach from which any particular mode of operation may then be developed. Matlab/Simulink has an advantage over other machine simulators in modeling the induction machine using dq0 axis transformation [8, 9]. It can be a powerful technique in implementing the machine equations as they are transferred to a particular reference frame. Thus, every single equation among the model equations can be easily implemented in one block so that all the machine variables can be made available for control and verification purposes A maximum value of is defined by the Betz limit, which states that a turbine can never extract more than 59.3% of the power from an air stream. In reality, wind turbine rotors have maximum values in the range 25-45%. It is also conventional to define a tip speed ratio 𝜆= as (4) Where ω is rotational speed of rotor (in rpm), R is the radius of the swept area (in meter).The tip speed ratio 𝜆 and the power coefficient are the dimensionless and so can be used to describe the performance of any size of wind turbine rotor. Fig 3. The dq0 equivalent circuit of an induction motor Driving the model equations can be generated from the dq0 equivalent circuit of the induction machine shown in figure 3. The voltage and flux linkages equations associated with this circuit can be found as follows: (5) (6) Fig 2. The typical curves of Cp versus 𝜆 for various values of the pitch angle ⍺ www.ijera.com (7) 533 | P a g e
- 3. Sai Sindhura K et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.532-538 (8) www.ijera.com The three-phase stator voltages of an induction machine under balanced conditions can be expressed as: Flux linkage equations. (26) (27) (9) (10) (11) (28) These three-phase voltages are transferred to a synchronously rotating reference frame in only two phases (d-q axis transformation). This can be done using the following two equations. (12) Where, (13) (29) The two phase currents (d-q axis) are transferred to three phase using the below equation (14) (30) (15) Then substituting the values of the flux linkages to find the currents, (16) (17) (18) (19) Based on the above equations, the torque and rotor speed can be determined as follows, V. CONTROL SCHEME The DFIM control structure shown in Fig. 4 contains two cascaded control-loops. The outer one governs both the stator side active and reactive powers, so that the power factor set point value demanded by the electric energy distribution company is complied with as accurately as possible. Simultaneously, it would be convenient to employ profitably the whole active power generation capability provided by the wind at each moment, from the income-yield capacity point of view. On the other hand, the inner control-loop task consists in controlling independently the rotor current direct irx and quadrature iry components expressed according to the reference frame fixed to the stator flux-linkage space phasor. In order to implement this inner controlloop, the stator-flux-oriented vector control method based on two identical PI controllers is used. (20) (21) The active and reactive powers are obtained by using equations (22) (23) (24) (25) www.ijera.com Fig 4. Overall control structure of DFIM 5.1 Vector Control Implementation As stated in (9) and (10), when governing a stator-flux-oriented vector-controlled generator, it can 534 | P a g e
- 4. Sai Sindhura K et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.532-538 be proved that variations in rotor current real and imaginary components irx , iry are directly reflected on their corresponding stator current components isx, isy provided that they are all referred to the reference frame fixed to the stator flux-linkage space phasor [8]. Therefore, and are used to control the stator reactive and active powers, respectively. Thus, the steps followed to model and implement this vector control algorithm are described below and can also be identified in Fig. 4. 1) Converting Three phase to two phase of both stator and rotor side currents by using Clarke‟s transformation 2) Estimation of the stator flux-linkage space phasor 𝜌s angular position with respect to the stationary direct axis. Because the rotor side current components are to be changed first from their natural axes to the stationary reference frame, it is important to measure the rotor angle. The equations to be followed are given next www.ijera.com (41) Where, (42) (43) (44) The resultant voltages in both axes will be referred to as and 5) Expression for and according to the rotor natural reference frame as follows. (45) (46) 6) By using Inverse Clarke‟s transformation the rotor three phase voltages are obtained from two phase to three phase (31) (32) (33) (34) 5.2 Grid side controller The grid side voltage source controller provides regulation of voltage of DC bus capacitor and also provides control of the reactive power and also adjusts the power factor on grid side. The grid side VSC acts as rectifier at sub-synchronous speeds and as inverter during super-synchronous speeds (35) 3) Based on the errors in both compared current quantities i.e., irx and iry with their corresponding irxrey, iryref set-point values we get the voltage components and which are to be applied to the rotor side are generated by means of two identical PI controllers, as shown below (36) (37) (38) Fig 5.Control Structure of Grid Side Converter Control. (39) The PI controllers used in Simulink are discrete PI controllers 4) In order to improve the decoupling between x & y axes, the and decoupling voltage components given below are added to and respectively. (40) www.ijera.com 535 | P a g e
- 5. Sai Sindhura K et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.532-538 www.ijera.com Fig 8. Stator current Iabcs Fig 6. Matlab/simulink diagram of DFIM VI. Even when the speed equal to synchronous speed the stator produces current and as the speed increases then the stator current also tends to increase. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Fig 9. Rotor currents Iabcr Fig 6. Speed ω When speed equal to synchronous speed rotor current is zero and as the speed increases the rotor current also increases. Fig 10. Rotor voltages Fig 7. Torque Tm Below synchronous speed the torque is positive and the machine acts as motor, above synchronous speed the torque is negative and machine acts as generator equal to synchronous speed the torque is zero www.ijera.com 536 | P a g e
- 6. Sai Sindhura K et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.532-538 Fig 11. Stator Active and Reactive powers (P s,Qs) Here the stator active power is negative which means that the active power is send from stator to the grid Fig 13. Active-power flows in the Doubly-fed Induction machine. Wound Rotor Induction Machine Parameters:Nominal Power Pn = 7.5 Kw Stator Voltage Vs = 415 V Stator Frequency fs = 50 Hz Stator Resistance Rs = 7.83 Ω Stator Inductance Ls = 0.4751 H Rotor Resistance Rr = 7.55 Ω Rotor Inductance Lr = 0.4751 H Mutual Inductance Lm = 0.4535 H Inertia Constant J = 0.06 Kg-m2 Number of Pair of Poles P =2 Rating Speed Nr = 1440rpm. VII. Fig 12. Rotor Active and Reactive powers (P r,Qr) Generally the absolute value of slip is much lower than 1 and, consequently, Pr is only a fraction of Ps. Since Tm is positive for power generation and since ωs is positive and constant for a constant frequency grid voltage, the sign of P r is a function of the slip sign. Pr is positive for negative slip (speed greater than synchronous speed) and it is negative for positive slip (speed lower than synchronous speed). For super-synchronous speed operation, Pr is transmitted to DC bus capacitor and tends to rise the DC voltage. For sub-synchronous speed operation, Pr is taken out of DC bus capacitor and tends to decrease the DC voltage www.ijera.com www.ijera.com CONCLUSION This paper presents the doubly fed induction generator used in variable-speed wind power generation. And a control structure using standard proportional integral PI controller and a field-oriented control strategy based on a reference frame rotating synchronously with the rotor flux for variable speed wind turbines using doubly fed induction generator and for obtaining injected rotor voltages is described and simulated. Hence results are determined subsynchronous, super synchronous and synchronous speeds and the active and reactive power control is achieved by the RSC and GSC. For the purpose of future extension instead of standard PI controllers fuzzy controllers etc. can be used. NOMENCLATURE Stator and rotor voltages Stator and rotor currents Stator and rotor flux linkages Machine magnetizing inductance, Reactance Stator and rotor per phase winding inductances Stator and rotor per phase leakage inductances Stator and rotor per phase winding resistances Leakage factor Stator and rotor apparent power Stator and rotor active power Stator and rotor reactive power Wind Turbine net active & reactive powers Grid frequency Stator magnetizing current space phasor modulus 537 | P a g e
- 7. Sai Sindhura K et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.532-538 Rotor current space phasor modulus Stator side active power reference value Stator side reactive power reference value Direct- and quadrature-axis rotor current components respectively expressed in the stator-fluxoriented reference frame Reference values of the rotor current components, respectively Direct- and Quadrature – axis rotor current components respectively expressed in the rotor natural reference frame Direct – and quadrature- axis stator current components respectively, expressed in the stationary reference frame Direct – and quadrature – axis stator current components respectively, expressed in the stator- fluxoriented reference frame Inner loop vector controller PI compensator parameters Outer loop vector controller PI compensator parameters Direct- quadrature-axis stator magnetizing current components respectively, expressed in the stationary reference frame Direct- and quadrature- axis rotor decoupling voltage components, respectively, expressed in the stator- flux- oriented reference frame Direct- and quadrature- axis rotor voltage components, respectively, expressed in the statorflux- oriented reference frame Direct- and quadrature- axis rotor voltage components, respectively, expressed in the rotor natural reference frame Stator voltage space phasor modulus Direct- and quadrature- axis stator voltage components, respectively, expressed in the stationary reference frame Phase angle of stator flux- linkage space phasor with respect to the direct – axis of the stationary reference frame Angular slip frequency Direct- and quadrature- axis rotor voltage components, respectively, expressed in the stationary reference frame DC Link Voltage Reference Value Quadrature axis reference current Stator voltage at Phase A Stator voltage at Phase B Stator voltage at Phase C SUFFICES, SUPERSCRIPTS s, r Stator, rotor 𝛼, 𝛽 𝛼, 𝛽 Stationary reference frame d, q d-q reference frame x, y x, y stator-flux-oriented reference frame www.ijera.com www.ijera.com a, b, c Three-phase reference REFERENCES [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] Srinath Vanukuru, Sateesh Sukhavasi, “Active & Reactive Power Control Of A Doubly Fed Induction Generator Driven By A Wind Turbine”, International Journal of Power System Operation and Energy Management, ISSN (PRINT): 2231–4407, Volume-1, Issue-2, 2011 Arantxa Tapia, Gerardo Tapia, J. Xabier Ostolaza, “Modeling and Control of a Wind Turbine Driven doubly fed Induction Generator”, IEEE 2003. (reference2). A. Peterson “Analysis, Modeling and Control of Doubly fed Induction Generators for Wind Turbines,” in Energy and Environment. 2005, PhD Dissertation thesis, Chalmers University of Technology: A. Tapia “Modeling and Control of a wind turbine driven doubly fed induction generator.” Energy Conversion, IEEE Transaction on, 2003, 194-204. D.J. Atkinson, R.A. Larkin, and R. Jones, “A vector-controlled doubly- fed induction generator for a variable- speed wind turbine application,” Trans, Inst, Meas, Contr., vol.19, no. 1, 2-12,1997. I.P.Kopilov,’Mathematical Simulation of ElectricalMachines’,VishayaShcola,Moscow, 1987. R.S. Pena, J.C. Clare, and G.M. Asher, “Vector control of a variable speed doublyfed induction machine for wind generation system, EPEJ” vol. 6, no 3-4, 60-67, Dec.1996. R. Pena, J.C. Clare, G.M. Asher, “Double fed Induction generator using back-to-back PWM converters and its application to variable-speed wind-energy generation”. Electric Power Applications, IEE Proceedings 1996. 143(3),231-241 A. Miller, E. Muljadi, and D. Zinger, “A variable speed wind turbine power control,” IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, vol. 12, pp. 181–186, June 1997. D. J. Atkinson, R. A. Lakin, and R. Jones, “A vector-controlled doubly-fed induction generator for a variable-speed wind turbine application,” Trans. Inst. Meas. Contr., vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 2–12, 1997. J.B.Ekanayake, „Control of Doubly Fed Induction Generator Wind Turbines’, IEE Power Engineer, Feb. 2003. 538 | P a g e