Hybridization of Meta-heuristics for Optimizing Routing protocol in VANETs

Ratna Gautami et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 2, (Part - 6) February 2016, pp.24-28
www.ijera.com 24|P a g e
Hybridization of Meta-heuristics for Optimizing Routing protocol
in VANETs
* Ratna Gautami, **R.R Sedamkar, ***Harshali Patil
* M.E Student, Department of Computer Science, Thakur College of Engineering & Technology, Mumbai
University , Kandivali(E) ,Mumbai, India
**Dean(Academics) &Professor , Department of Computer Science, Thakur College of Engineering &
Technology, Mumbai University , Kandivali(E) ,Mumbai, India
*** Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, Thakur College of Engineering & Technology,
Mumbai University , Kandivali(E) ,Mumbai, India
ABSTRACT
The goal of VANET is to establish a vehicular communication system which is reliable and fast which caters to
road safety and road safety. In VANET where network fragmentation is frequent with no central control, routing
becomes a challenging task. Planning an optimal routing plan for tuning parameter configuration of routing
protocol for setting up VANET is very crucial. This is done by defining an optimization problem where
hybridization of meta-heuristics is defined. The paper contributes the idea of combining meta-heuristic
algorithm to enhance the performance of individual search method for optimization problem.
Keywords – Hybridization, Meta-heuristic, Routing Protocol, VANET
I. Introduction
Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) is the
emerging and important technologies which provide
various services like Road traffic and Road Safety
directly improving the Intelligent Transportation
System (ITS) services. VANET provide
communication among vehicles i.e. vehicle –to-
vehicle communication as well as between roadside
infrastructure i.e. vehicle-to-infrastructure
communication.
VANET are self organizing network which is
formed by collection of nodes that are moving
vehicles which are geographically located which do
the work of transmission, reception and routing to
other nodes without any help of any centralized
control.
Several VANET routing protocols have been
defined which caters to different application. These
Protocols are broadly classified into topology based,
Position based, Cluster based and broadcasting
Protocols [1]. Topology based routing approach can
be further categorized in to three groups: Proactive
routing, Reactive routing and Hybrid routing.
The scalabity of the network with a high number
of nodes, frequent changing network topology, data
delivery reliability, obstacles which leads to packet
loss and network fragmentation are the challenges
which impact the performance of the VANET as well
as its routing protocol.
Mainly all the VANET application depends on
the routing protocol used. Therefore an optimal
routing strategy that makes better use of resources is
crucial to deploy efficient VANETs that work in
frequently changing network topology. So finding
well-suited parameter for configuring the existing
protocols is the way of improving their performance
drastically [1].
OLSR protocol is widely used to deploy
VANET. It’s a unicast proactive protocol which has
simple operation but the continuous exchange [6] of
control packets leads to network congestion thereby
decreasing the performance of VANET, indirectly
depending on the selection of the parameters. OLSR
uses hop-by-hop routing, i.e., each node uses its local
information to route packets [2]. From C.Gomez et.al
work one can understand that OLSR has good scope
of improvement and can be optimally tuned by
changing the configuration Parameters.
To resolve this issue, offline optimization
problem has to be defined. The optimization problem
is to find minimum cost protocol with respect to QoS.
This falls under the Combinatorial Optimization
Problem where we have to find a optimal solution
with minimum objective function i.e. communication
cost. Number of possible combinations can be taken
this makes it very complex job [1].
Therefore we make use of automatic intelligent
tool, Meta-heuristic algorithms. In most of the
optimization problem individual meta-heuristic
algorithm is applied to fine tune the configuration
parameter [1].
Jamal Toutouh et.al [1] used meta-heuristics
algorithms and applied to OLSR protocol for finding
the optimized parameter for configuration. Four
different techniques: Particle Swarm Optimization
(PSO) , Differential Evolution (DE) ,Genetic
Algorithm (GA) , and Simulated Annealing (SA) was
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS

used separately .R.K Chauhan and Arzoo Dahiya [3]
came up with a scheme that avoids the delay
of communication that occurs due to frequent
disconnection in routing. For this, the Meta heuristic
search i.e. ant colony optimization (ACO) is
combined with AODV and route repair strategy is
applied to ACO. Pijush Kanti Bhattacharjee et.al
[4], among the various Meta heuristics algorithm the
Swarm Intelligence Technique has been implemented
in AODV.
From this one can understand that meta-
heuristics are used as standalone method for solving
the optimization problem.
But now the interest of researches is to use the
concept of high level algorithm namely hybrid
algorithms. In which two or more algorithm is
combined to improve the quality of the solution and
minimize the execution time. This paper introduces
the idea of using hybridization of meta-heuristics by
combining Genetic algorithm (GA) and Simulated
Annealing (SA) i.e. Hybrid GA-SA for optimizing
routing protocol thereby improving the Quality of
Service (QoS) to apply to VANETs. The reason for
choosing this hybrid method is explained in
following section
The organization of the paper is as follows: first
literature survey of where individual meta-heuristic
algorithm is used. Then the concept of hybridization
of meta-heuristics is explained. Finally the paper
concludes with the summary and future research
scope.
II. Problem Overview
2.1 Proposed Hybrid approach of metaheuristics
in VANETs
Optimization problem is choosing the best
configuration as a set of parameters that best fits the
specific behavior of VANETs. With countable
configurable parameters of the routing protocol but
the number of combinations of value that take is
more. So automatic intelligent tool like meta-
heuristic is chosen in particularly the high level
algorithm that is hybrid algorithms.
In hybrid algorithm not any single meta-heuristic
is used rather it combines the meta-heuristics
algorithms thus leading to hybridization of meta-
heuristics.
Hybridization means trying to combine two or
more algorithms to enhance the performance of the
single search method for optimization problems. This
is to combine the best features of the combined
algorithms into a new high level algorithm. Hybrid
models can be combined on two basis 1) type of
methods to hybridize- here we consider combining
two meta-heuristics or meta-heuristics with specific
search method like any dynamic programming or AI
techniques 2) level of hybridization-it refers to degree
of coupling, the sequence with which it is executed
and control strategy. Degree of coupling could be
loosely coupled where the meta-heuristics preserve
their flow ie high level of hybridization and strongly
coupled where the hybrid meta-heuristics inter-
change their inner procedures ie low level of
hybridization. The sequence of execution could be
sequential or parallel. The control strategy could be
coercive where the one meta-heuristics has the main
flow where as other is the subordinate to the main
flow and cooperative where two meta-heuristics
cooperatively explore different search space
differently [5].
2.2 Metaheuristic Algorithm and its types
Metaheuristic is to bring together basic heuristics
in higher-level frameworks It directs the search
strategy which will explore the search space to find
the optimal values. Meta-heuristics Algorithm can be
differentiated on various characteristics used to select
the algorithms. The characteristics could be based on
a) Origin of algorithm b) Objective function c)
Number of solutions d) Neighborhood structures e)
Memory Used.
Based on these characteristics, it can be
classified into five categories [8]
Nature-inspired Algorithm Population-based vs.
single point search Dynamic vs. static objective
function One vs. various neighborhoods structures
Memory usage vs. memory-less methods Nature-
inspired Algorithm-these are based on source of the
algorithm like Genetic and Ant Algorithm.
Population-based vs. single point search-these are
based on the number of solutions considered at a
given time. Single Point search are Iterated Local
Search , Tabu Search.
Dynamic vs. static objective function-algorithm
are classified based on how the objective function is
used. Whether the function remains the same till the
end of search or modified as the search progresses.
One vs. various neighborhoods structures-Mostly
Metaheuristic algorithm work on one topology, some
uses various neighborhood structures like Variable
Neighborhood Search where the search is spread
across different structures.
Memory usage vs. memory-less methods-this is
the important characteristics to differentiate the
metaheuristics algorithm where the memory is used
for search process or not .Memory involves the
moves performed, the space searched.
Combining the characteristics from different
algorithm to improve the performance of
optimization leads to Hybridization Method. It
involves combining population based algorithm with
single point search algorithm. Therefore we broadly
classify into two types, Local area based algorithm
and Population based algorithm.

2.3 Local area based algorithm
A Local area based algorithm starts from an
initial point and describes a trajectory in the state
space and tries to find a better solution in the space.
These kind focuses on exploitation rather than
exploration where they find a solution in single
direction without doing a scanning of the entire
search space. Local area based algorithms also called
as Trajectory methods include Simulated annealing
(SA), Tabu Search (TA), Iterated Local Search and
Variable Neighborhood Search.
Simulated Annealing is method for finding a
nearly global optimal value of a given function. The
name comes from annealing technique, where it
involves heating and controlled cooling of crystal to
reduce the defect and reach a state where it’s strong
and sturdy.
The algorithm begins by generating an initial
solution chosen randomly and by initializing the
temperature parameter T. Then, at each iteration a
solution s’ is randomly sampled and it is accepted as
new current solution depending on f(s), f(s’) and T.
s’ and s is replaced only if f(s’)< f(s) or f(s’)>=f(s) ,
with a probability which is a function of T and f(s’) -
f(s).[8]
Algorithm 2.3.1
Simulated Annealing Algorithm (SA):
s is GenerateInitialSolution()
T intialsied to T0
while termination conditions not met do
s’ is suchas PickAtRandom(N (s))
if ( f (s') < f (s)) then
s’ replaces s
else
Accept s’ as new solution with probability
p(T,s’,s)
endif
Update(T)
Endwhile
The temperature T is reduced during the process,
thus at the start of the search the chances of taking
uphill moves is high and it slowly decreases,
converging to a simple iterative algorithm. The
acceptance probability is always > 1 when the new
solution is better than the old one and gets smaller as
the new solution is more bad than previous one. And
also gets smaller if temperature decreases.
Simulated Annealing is one of the best and
easiest methods to solve combinatorial optimization
problem.
2.4 Population area based algorithm
Population based algorithm uses a set of
solution i.e. population of solution rather than a
single solution in every iteration of the algorithm,
uses a natural way to explore the search space.
Yet, the final performance depends strongly on
the way the population is manipulated. The most
studied population-based methods in combinatorial
optimization are Evolutionary Computation (EC) and
Ant Colony Optimization (ACO). In EC algorithms, a
population of individuals is modified by
recombination and mutation operators and in ACO a
colony of artificial ants is used to construct solutions
guided by the pheromone trails and heuristic
information [8].
EC algorithms are inspired from nature’s
evolution process where at every iteration number of
operators is applied to every individuals of the
current population to generate next generation
population. Crossover/ Recombination is applied to
two or more individuals to produce new individuals.
The performance of the algorithm depends on the
selection of the individual which will form the
current population based on the fitness i.e. the
objective function. Higher the fitness, more chances
to chosen as parent for the new generation.Genetic
Algorithm is inspired from EC algorithms which are
used for combinatorial optimization problems.
Combinatorial optimization problem is a problem in
which the number of possible solution is finite and
not continuous. Techniques used are inspired by
nature evolution process, such as inheritance,
mutation, selection, and crossover.
The evolution begins from a population of
randomly generated individuals. It’s an iterative
process, in each iteration the population participating
is called a generation. Candidate solutions are the
individuals in the population being evolved by the
algorithm.
The fit individuals are selected from the current
population and each individual under goes
recombination or crossover to recombine two or more
individuals to form a new generation.
In each generation, the fitness is evaluated for
every individual in the population. The fitness is
usually the value or the quality measure of the
objective function in the optimization problem being
solved This selection process is the most important
part ,as individuals with a higher fitness value have a
higher probability to be chosen for population of next
iteration.
The algorithm stops when either a maximum
number of generations have been produced, or a
satisfactory fitness level has been reached for the
population.
Algorithm 2.4.1
Genetic Algorithm (GA):
INITIALISE population with random candidate
solutions
EVALUATE each candidate solution
While termination condition is not true do
SELECT individuals for next generation

RECOMBINE pairs of parents
MUTATE the resulting offspring
EVALUATE each candidate solution
End
Both the metaheu ristic algorithm is
designed to explore search space with best solution
and as well as improvise the search method to
explore unvisited areas to generate quality solutions.
“A metaheuristic will be successful on a given
optimization problem if it can provide a balance
between the exploitation of the accumulated search
experience and the exploration of the search space to
identify regions with high quality solutions in a
problem specific, near optimal way’’ [8].
Optimization problem is choosing the best
configuration as a set of parameters that best fits the
specific behavior of VANETs. Therefore to enhance
the performance of metaheuristic search method, the
concept of Hybridization is used. Hybridization
method is to merge two or more algorithms to
increase the performance of the single search method
for optimization problems.The popular way of
hybridization is to use the trajectory methods in
population-based methods. Also finding a right
balance for combining the Intensification and
Diversification effect of the metaheuristic algorithm
for deciding which two or more component can be
exchanged among metaheuristic for Hybridization
effect. Intensification is to search carefully around
good quality solutions found in the past search.
Diversification, on the other hand, is to direct the
search to unvisited area.
2.5 Hybrid GA-SA
Hybrid GA-SA algorithm is combining Genetic
algorithm and Simulated Annealing.
In this we combine the trajectory components in
population-based methods. As we saw the strength of
SA Algorithm is the cooling schedule and acceptance
criterion. The objective function guides the
acceptance criterion and it also includes a changing
amount of randomness. The decrease of the
temperature factor drives the system from
diversification to intensification. In GA selection,
mutation and recombination process determines the
diversification and intensification strategy.
The power of local area based methods is
established in the way they explore a capable region
in the search space. In this local search is the driving
component, a capable area in the search space is
searched in a more controlled way than in
population-based methods. In this way there is less
chance of missing a good solution as compared to
population-based methods.
Hybrid approach is applied in various problems
like a hybrid GA-TS (Genetic Algorithm – Tabu
Search) algorithm is used for optimizing networked
manufacturing resources configuration [6]. Hybrid
GA-TS is used for channel equalization and fiber
tracking in wireless communication [7]. Hybrid
Genetic and Simulated Annealing is used to solve
travelling salesman problem [8]. In this hybrid
approach has shown successful performance. But
unfortunately this hybrid approach in optimization
problem in VANET is limited.
In summary, population-
based methods is superior in identifying potential
areas in the search space, whereas trajectory methods
are better in exploring potential areas in the search
space. Thus, hybridization of metaheuristics in
several ways deals to unite the advantage of
population-based methods with the strength of
trajectory methods.
III. Conclusion
In this paper a new approach for optimization
problem where hybrid approach of meta-heuristics
for tuning configuration parameters for routing
protocol is suggested. By using this hybrid approach
where goodness of two or more meat-heuristics is
combined to chose the best suitable configuration for
the protocol that makes better use of the resources
and improves the performance of the VANET. Future
work includes using hybrid approach for tuning
OLSR Protocol coupled with network simulator (ns-
2)
REFERENCES
[1] Jamal Toutouh , Jose Garcia-Nieto, and
Enrique Alba, “Intelligent OLSR Routing
Protocol Optimization for VANETs “,IEEE
TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR
TECHNOLOGY, IN PRESS(c) 2012 IEEE
[2] T. Clausen and P. Jacquet. “Optimized Link
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3626, [online] Available in URL
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3626.txt, 2003.
[3] R.K.Chauhan and Arzoo Dahiya,” AODV
Extension using Ant Colony Optimization
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[4] Pijush Kanti Bhattacharjee and Utpal
Roy,"Modified AODV Routing Protocol
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in VANET Communications."CIS Journal,
VOL. 3, NO. 2, February 2012 ISSN 2079-
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[5] Yan Zhan∗, Jiansha Lu and Shiyun Li “A
Hybrid GA-TS Algorithm for Optimizing
Networked Manufacturing Resources
Configuration”, Applied Mathematics &
Information Sciences,An International
JournalReceived: 1 Nov. 2012, Revised: 3
Mar. 2013, Accepted: 8 Mar. 2013

[6] C. G´omez, D. Garc´ıa, and J. Paradells,
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